Sumatra toad | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Amphibia |
Order: | Anura |
Family: | Bufonidae |
Genus: | Duttaphrynus |
Species: | D. sumatranus |
Binomial name | |
Duttaphrynus sumatranus (Peters, 1871) | |
Synonyms | |
Bufo sumatranusPeters, 1871 [2] |
The Sumatra toad, Duttaphrynus sumatranus, is a species of toad endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, and only known from Lubuk Selasi. [1] [3] It has been found along a small, clear stream in secondary forest. It is locally common but listed as a critically endangered species due to a restricted range and continuing habitat loss (conversion of habitat into rice paddies, causing siltation of streams). [1]
Duttaphrynus silentvalleyensis, also known as the Silent Valley toad or South Indian hill toad, is a species of toad endemic to Kerala, southern India. The type specimen was collected near or in the Silent Valley National Park. It may be a synonym of Duttaphrynus parietalis.
Duttaphrynus himalayanus, also known as the Himalaya toad, Himalayan toad, Himalayan broad-skulled toad, and Günther's high altitude toad, is a species of toad that is widely distributed throughout the Himalayan mountains. The Yunnanese populations are sometimes considered a separate species, Duttaphrynus cyphosus.
Duttaphrynus beddomii is a species of toad endemic to the Western Ghats of India. It is found in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states in the southern Western Ghats at elevations of 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft) asl.
Duttaphrynus hololius, known as Günther's toad, Malabar toad, or rock toad, is an uncommon, rock-dwelling toad found in the Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau of peninsular India.
Ansonia leptopus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is known from a few lowland localities in Borneo, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Peninsular Malaysia; it is reported as common in lowland Malaysian Borneo. Its presence in Peninsular Malaysia is uncertain. Its common names are brown slender toad, Matang stream toad, and cricket-voiced toad.
Atelopus balios, the Rio Pescado stubfoot toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to southwestern Ecuador, with records from Pacific lowlands in Azuay, Cañar, and Guayas Provinces. It is a rare species that was already suspected to be extinct, but a single specimen was discovered in 2011 by a team from Conservation International during a hunt for missing amphibians. The decline in amphibian populations is well documented. The Atelopus balios is Critically Endangered as a result of the widespread amphibian Chytridiomycosis fungus that has decimated other amphibian populations. There are only 10 known findings of the tadpole, Atelopus balios.
Duttaphrynus atukoralei is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka where it is found on the coastal lowlands of southern half of Sri Lanka below 200 m (660 ft) asl.
Duttaphrynus brevirostris is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats of India and only known from its type locality, Kempholey in Hassan district, Karnataka. The elevation is believed to have been about 200–300 m (660–980 ft) asl. It is known only from the now lost holotype, and nothing is known about its habitat or ecology.
Ingerophrynus claviger is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Indonesia where it is found on Sumatra and Nias island. It is found in lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Duttaphrynus crocus is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae endemic to the Rakhine State, Myanmar. Its natural habitat is primary evergreen forest. It is threatened by habitat loss (logging).
The Dhofar toad or Oman toad, Duttaphrynus dhufarensis, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Arabian Peninsula and is found in Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
Ingerophrynus divergens is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Natuna Islands. It occurs in well-drained lowland rainforests. It breeds in standing water and slow-moving intermittent streams. It is widespread in suitable habitat but not abundant. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by clear-cutting.
Duttaphrynus kotagamai is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. D. kotagamaii is named after Sarath Kotagama. A grown male is 33–40 mm in length, while a female reaches 55–63 mm. It is nocturnal, and lives commonly under rocks or decomposed leaves. It is found in Massena, Kitulgala, and Singharaja forests. Its diet consists of termites and grasshoppers. Its breeding biology has not been recorded, but it presumably takes place in water, probably in streams.
Duttaphrynus noellerti is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the rainforests of southwestern Sri Lanka. It is named after Andreas Nöllert, a German herpetologist and photographer who first noted the distinctiveness of the species.
Duttaphrynus olivaceus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in southeastern Iran and western Pakistan. Its presence in Afghanistan and India is doubtful. Common names olive toad, Baluchistan coastal toad, Baluchestan coastal toad, and Makran toad have been coined for it.
Ingerophrynus parvus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in southern Myanmar, southwestern Thailand, southwestern Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, and Java and Sumatra (Indonesia). Its natural habitats are primary and regenerating rainforests where it is found inhabiting streams. Breeding takes place in pools and slow-moving streams. It is common in the mainland but uncommon in Indonesia.
Duttaphrynus scaber is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Bufo fergusonii, now synonymized with Duttaphrynus scaber, was named after Harold S. Ferguson who collected the type specimen.
Mertensophryne taitana is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in southeastern Kenya and southward through Tanzania to southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern Zambia, Malawi, and adjacent Mozambique. Its natural habitats are sandy places in woodlands, grasslands, open savanna, and agricultural fields. It is an opportunistic breeder utilizing small, temporary pools, and apparently, streams. The tadpole develop very fast, reaching metamorphosis in only 13 days. This adaptable species is not believed to face any significant threats.
Duttaphrynus valhallae is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Weh Island, located northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia. Known only from the holotype, its ecology is unknown, but it is assumed to be a lowland forest species. Practically no forest habitat remains on Weh Island, and it is not known whether the species still persists there. Also its taxonomic validity is uncertain.