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The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the state of Shu and the state of Wu, between the years 221 and 222 in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate, before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei, Shu's founding emperor.
Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande (玄德), was a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who later became the founding emperor of Shu Han, one of the Three Kingdoms of China.
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Zhang Fei, courtesy name Yide, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.
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References
- ↑ Sun Huan's biography in Sanguozhi recorded that he was 25 (by East Asian reckoning) when he joined Lu Xun in resisting Liu Bei during Liu's invasion of Wu, which took place in 221-222.
- ↑ Sun Huan's biography in Sanguozhi only recorded that he died "shortly after" his assignment to Hengjiang.
- ↑ de Crespigny (2007), p. 769.
- ↑ (孫桓字叔武，河之子也。) Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- ↑ (伯父河，字伯海，本姓俞氏，亦吳人也。) Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- ↑ (吳書曰：河，堅族子也，出後姑俞氏，後復姓為孫。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- ↑ (吳書曰：河有四子。長助，曲阿長。次誼，海鹽長。並早卒。次桓，儀容端正，器懷聦朗，博學彊記，能論議應對，權常稱為宗室顏淵，擢為武衞都尉。從討關羽於華容，誘羽餘黨，得五千人，牛馬器械甚衆。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- ↑ (初，孫桓別討備前鋒於夷道，為備所圍，求救於遜。遜曰：「未可。」諸將曰：「孫安東公族，見圍已困，柰何不救？」遜曰：「安東得士衆心，城牢糧足，無可憂也。待吾計展，欲不救安東，安東自解。」及方略大施，備果奔潰。桓後見遜曰：「前實怨不見救，定至今日，乃知調度自有方耳。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58.
- ↑ (年二十五，拜安東中郎將，與陸遜共拒劉備。備軍衆甚盛，彌山盈谷，桓投刀奮命，與遜勠力，備遂敗走。桓斬上兜道，截其徑要。備踰山越險，僅乃得免，忿恚歎曰：「吾昔初至京城，桓尚小兒，而今迫孤乃至此也！」) Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- ↑ (桓以功拜建武將軍，封丹徒侯，下督牛渚，作橫江塢，會卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).