Lu Yin | |
---|---|
陸胤 | |
Commander of the Left Hulin (左虎林督) | |
In office ? –? | |
Monarch | Sun Xiu |
Area Commander of Xiling (西陵督) | |
In office 258 –? | |
Monarch | Sun Xiu |
General Who Pacifies the South (安南將軍) | |
In office ? –258 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan / Sun Liang |
Colonel Who Pacifies the South (安南校尉) | |
In office 248 –? | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Inspector of Jiao Province (交州刺史) | |
In office 248 –? | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Commandant Who Supervises the Army (督軍都尉) | |
In office ? –248 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Personal details | |
Born | Unknown Suzhou,Jiangsu |
Died | Unknown |
Relations | |
Children | Lu Shi |
Occupation | Military general, politician |
Courtesy name | Jingzong (敬宗) |
Peerage | Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯) |
Lu Yin (fl. third century), courtesy name Jingzong, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the younger brother of Lu Kai and a relative of Lu Xun, who respectively served as the eighth and third Imperial Chancellors of Eastern Wu.
Lu Yin was from Wu County, Wu Commandery (吳郡), which is present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu. The Lu clan, which he was from, was one of the four most influential clans in Wu Commandery and also in the Jiangdong (or Wu) region at the time. [lower-alpha 1] He was the younger brother of Lu Kai and a relative of Lu Xun, who served as the eighth and third Imperial Chancellors of Eastern Wu respectively. [1] [2]
Lu Yin started his career as an Imperial Clerk (御史) and Gentleman in the Selection Bureau of the Imperial Secretariat (尚書選曹郎) during the reign of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu. Sun He, Sun Quan's third son and heir apparent, heard of Lu Yin's talent and treated him exceptionally well. [3]
Around the 240s, there was a power struggle between Sun He, the Crown Prince, and his fourth brother Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu, over the succession to their father's throne. While Sun He became worried that his father would depose and replace him, Sun Ba became increasingly set on seizing the position of Crown Prince from Sun He. [4] Each of the two princes had a faction supporting him. During this time, Sun Quan considered replacing Sun He with Sun Ba so he privately asked Yang Zhu (楊笁), one of Sun Ba's supporters, about his thoughts on Sun Ba. Yang Zhu sang praises of Sun Ba and nearly convinced Sun Quan to replace Sun He with Sun Ba. A servant who eavesdropped on the private conversation between Sun Quan and Yang Zhu secretly reported what he heard to Sun He. [5]
At the time, Lu Yin had been assigned to a position in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) and was about to leave the imperial capital, Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). When he went to bid Sun He farewell, Sun He publicly declined to meet him. However, Sun He later disguised himself and sneaked into Lu Yin's carriage to discuss with him how to safeguard his position as Crown Prince. They decided to seek help from Lu Yin's relative Lu Xun, a senior general who later became the third Imperial Chancellor of Wu. [6] Lu Xun then wrote a memorial to Sun Quan to dissuade him from replacing Sun He with Sun Ba. Sun Quan was surprised to receive Lu Xun's memorial and he thought that Yang Zhu revealed the details of their private conversation. When Yang Zhu insisted that he did not, Sun Quan ordered him to find out how Lu Xun knew about it. Yang Zhu then deduced that it must have been Lu Yin who told Lu Xun in Wuchang. Sun Quan then sent a messenger to check with Lu Xun, who confirmed that it was Lu Yin who told him. [7]
Sun Quan then ordered Lu Yin to be arrested and interrogated. While being tortured during interrogation, Lu Yin refused to reveal that it was actually the servant who told them, so as to protect Sun He and prevent him from being implicated. Instead, he lied that it was Yang Zhu who told them about it. Sun Quan then ordered Yang Zhu to be arrested and interrogated as well. Yang Zhu, unable to withstand the torture, falsely admitted that he told Lu Yin. As Sun Quan had already suspected that it was Yang Zhu who leaked the secret, he became even more convinced after hearing Yang Zhu's false confession, so he executed Yang Zhu and released Lu Yin. [8] [9]
Lu Yin was later commissioned as a Commandant Who Supervises the Army (督軍都尉) in Hengyang Commandery (衡陽郡; around present-day Xiangtan, Hunan). [10]
In 248, rebel forces in the southern commanderies of Jiaozhi (around present-day Hanoi, Vietnam) and Jiuzhen (九真; around present-day Thanh Hóa, Vietnam) attacked and seized control of cities from their administrators appointed by the Wu government. This triggered a wave of unrest throughout Jiao Province, which Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen commanderies were part of. In response, Sun Quan appointed Lu Yin as the Inspector (刺史) of Jiao Province and promoted him to Colonel Who Pacifies the South (安南校尉) to deal with the unrest. [11]
After assuming office in Jiao Province, Lu Yin managed to placate the locals through acts of kindness and goodwill, and succeeded in gaining their trust and respect. Huang Wu (黃吳), a local chieftain from Gaoliang Commandery (高涼郡; around present-day Yangjiang, Guangdong), led over 3,000 households to surrender to Lu Yin. [12] Lu Yin then led Wu forces southward to pacify the revolts. In order to convince the local tribes of his sincerity towards making peace with them, he distributed large sums of money to the locals. Won over by Lu Yin's generosity, more than 100 local chieftains led over 50,000 households out of the hills to surrender to him and pledge allegiance to Wu. With the surrender of these local tribes, Lu Yin succeeded in restoring peace and stability in Jiao Province. [13]
The Wu government promoted Lu Yin to General Who Pacifies the South (安南將軍) as a reward for his achievements. Lu Yin later led Wu forces to attack rebels in Cangwu Commandery (蒼梧郡; around present-day Wuzhou, Guangxi) and defeated them. Throughout the campaign against the rebels, Lu Yin recruited over 8,000 troops to serve in his army. [14]
In Vietnamese history, Lady Triệu was the one who led the people of Jiuzhen (Cửu Chân) Commandery to rebel against Wu rule. She managed to resist the Wu forces for about five or six months before she lost and decided to take her own life. [15] [16]
In 258, during the reign of Sun Xiu, Lu Kang was appointed as the Area Commander of Xiling (西陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei) near the western frontier of Wu. He was also awarded the peerage of a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). However, he was soon reassigned from the border to serve as a commander of the Left Hulin (左虎林) corps of the Wu army. [17]
Around this time, Hua He, an assistant official in the Palace Secretariat, wrote a memorial to the emperor to praise Lu Yin for his achievements during his decade-long tenure as the governor of Jiao Province and recommend him as a talent to serve in higher positions in the Wu central government. [18]
Lu Yin died in an unknown year. His son, Lu Shi (陸式), inherited his peerage as a Marquis of a Chief Village. Like his father, Lu Shi served as a military officer in Wu and held the positions of Area Commander of Chaisang (柴桑; around present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and General Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武將軍). [19] In 275, the last Wu emperor Sun Hao forced Lu Shi and his relative Lu Yi (陸禕) to relocate from Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to the remote Jian'an Commandery (建安郡; covering parts of present-day Fujian) in the south. [20] Three years later, Sun Hao recalled Lu Shi back to Jianye and restored him to his previous position and peerage. [21]
The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting, was fought between the state of Shu and the state of Wu, between the years 221 and 222 in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate, before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei, Shu's founding emperor.
Lu Xun, courtesy name Boyan, also sometimes called Lu Yi, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He began his career as an official under the warlord Sun Quan in the 200s during the late Eastern Han dynasty and steadily rose through the ranks. In 219, he helped Sun Quan's general Lü Meng invade Jing Province, which led to the defeat and death of Liu Bei's general Guan Yu. In 222, he served as the field commander of the Wu army in the Battle of Xiaoting against Liu Bei's forces and scored a decisive victory over the opponent. Lu Xun reached the pinnacle of his career after this battle as Sun Quan regarded him more highly, promoted him to higher positions, and bestowed upon him unprecedented honors. Throughout the middle and later parts of his career, Lu Xun oversaw both civil and military affairs in Wu while occasionally participating in battles against Wu's rival state, Wei. In his final years, Lu Xun was drawn into a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons and fell out of Sun Quan's favor as a consequence. He managed to retain his appointment as Imperial Chancellor—an office he assumed in 244—but died a year later in frustration. Lu Xun's role in the Wu government was likened to that of a custos morum, as he believed firmly in and upheld Confucian principles and practices. On the one hand, he provided constant and timely advice to Sun Quan to exercise benevolence and consider the people's welfare. On the other, he vehemently objected to Sun Quan's idea of replacing his legitimate heir apparent in favor of a younger son.
Zhuge Jin, courtesy name Ziyu, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhuge Jin started his career in the 200s as an official under the warlord Sun Quan, who later became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. In 215, he served as Sun Quan's representative in a territorial dispute over southern Jing Province between Sun Quan and his ally, Liu Bei. In 219, he joined Sun Quan's general Lü Meng in an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province after Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance. He was subsequently appointed as a general and commandery administrator. Before the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222, Zhuge Jin attempted to dissuade Liu Bei from going to war with Sun Quan but was unsuccessful. The battle ultimately concluded with victory for Sun Quan's side; both sides made peace later and reestablished an alliance between the Eastern Wu and Shu Han states against their rival state, Cao Wei. From 222 until his death in 241, despite being rather incompetent in military affairs, Zhuge Jin served as one of Eastern Wu's top generals and participated in some battles against Cao Wei forces.
Sun He, courtesy name Zixiao, was an imperial prince of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the third son of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu. In 242, he became the crown prince after the death of his brother Sun Deng, the eldest son and first heir apparent of Sun Quan. In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between Sun He and his fourth brother, Sun Ba, over the succession to their father's throne. The conflict ended in 250 when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, deposed Sun He and replaced him with Sun Liang. In 253, during Sun Liang's reign, the regent Sun Jun reduced Sun He to commoner status and forced him to commit suicide. In 264, one of Sun He's sons, Sun Hao, became the fourth emperor of Eastern Wu. After his coronation, Sun Hao honoured his father with the posthumous title Emperor Wen.
Lü Dai, courtesy name Dinggong, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Lü Dai started his career as a minor official in his home commandery in present-day Taizhou, Jiangsu before migrating south to the Jiangdong region, where he became an assistant magistrate and later a county chief under the warlord Sun Quan. He rose to prominence after his successes in suppressing some rebellions in Sun Quan's territories. Around the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Quan, who later became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu, appointed Lü Dai as the governor of the restive Jiao Province in the south. During his ten-year-long tenure in Jiao Province, Lü Dai quelled a number of revolts, maintained peace in the area, and contacted some foreign kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia and made them pay tribute to Eastern Wu. In 231, he was recalled to Wuchang to oversee civil and military affairs in Jing Province alongside his colleague Lu Xun. Throughout the 230s, he suppressed a few rebellions in Wu territories. By 240, as he neared the age of 80, he was still in good physical health and competent enough to perform his duties. He rose to the position of Senior General-in-Chief in 246 and later Grand Marshal in 252 during the reign of Sun Quan's successor Sun Liang. He died aged 95 and was one of the longest-living notable persons of the Three Kingdoms period.
Quan Cong, courtesy name Zihuang, was a Chinese military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in present-day Hangzhou towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Quan Cong became famous at a young age when he performed acts of charity by giving grain to people suffering from famine and providing shelter to refugees from central China. He started his career under the warlord Sun Quan as a military officer and achieved success in his early career by pacifying the restive Shanyue tribes in the Jiangdong territories. After Sun Quan became an independent ruler of Wu in 222, Quan Cong rose to the rank of General and participated in battles against Wu's rival state Wei. He also pacified rebellions by local tribes in Danyang, Wu and Kuaiji commanderies. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, Quan Cong married his daughter Sun Luban and became one of his most trusted generals. During this time, although he was less active in battles, he became more outspoken on state affairs. He strongly objected to Sun Quan's decision to let his heir apparent Sun Deng lead troops into battle because it was against traditions, and attempted to dissuade Sun Quan from launching an invasion of Zhuya and Yizhou. Towards the end of his life, he became embroiled in a power struggle between Sun Quan's sons Sun He and Sun Ba over the succession to their father's throne. Although he supported Sun Ba, he died before he could see the power struggle end in 250 with neither Sun He nor Sun Ba becoming the new heir apparent. Throughout his life, Quan Cong was known for being a respectful and agreeable man who remained humble despite his high social status and prestige. As a military commander, he was known for being courageous and decisive, and for conducting himself with dignity and often taking the bigger picture into consideration.
Wu Can, courtesy name Kongxiu, was an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Gu Tan, courtesy name Zimo, was an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Zhu Ju (194–250), courtesy name Zifan, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. A son-in-law of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan, Zhu Ju served briefly as the fifth Imperial Chancellor of Wu from 249 to 250.
Pan Jun, courtesy name Chengming, was a minister and military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a minor official serving under the warlords Liu Biao and later Liu Bei in Jing Province, Pan Jun reluctantly switched allegiance to another warlord Sun Quan after Sun Quan seized control of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province in 220. While serving under Sun Quan, Pan Jun held military commands and quelled a rebellion. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, he appointed Pan Jun as Minister Steward and later Minister of Ceremonies. During this time, Pan Jun joined the general Lü Dai in suppressing a rebellion by indigenous tribes in his native Wuling Commandery. He also oversaw civil and military affairs in Wuchang alongside the general Lu Xun. In the 230s, he repeatedly spoke up against Lü Yi's abuses of power and even planned to assassinate him. Throughout his life, Pan Jun was known for being a man of bold character and an honest official who strictly and fairly upheld the law without fearing how others would see him.
Bu Zhi, courtesy name Zishan, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a scholar of humble background, he became a subordinate of the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty and gradually rose through the ranks. Between 210 and 220, he served as the governor of the remote and restive Jiao Province in southern China. During the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222, he quelled local uprisings in Sun Quan's territories in southern Jing Province and maintained peace in the area. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229, Bu Zhi oversaw the Wu armed forces guarding the Wu–Shu border at Xiling for about 20 years. During this time, he also gave advice to Sun Quan's first heir apparent, Sun Deng, and spoke up for officials affected by Lü Yi's abuses of power. In 246, he became the fourth Imperial Chancellor of Wu, but died in office in the following year.
Zhu Huan (177–238), courtesy name Xiumu, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Although he started his career early under the warlord Sun Quan, he did not receive any important responsibilities until after the Battle of Jiangling in 209. Since then, Zhu Huan had taken charge of some local defences and successfully quelled a few rebellions. Between 222 and 225, when Cao Pi, the emperor of Wu's rival state Wei, launched a three-pronged invasion of Wu, Sun Quan appointed Zhu Huan as a military commander to resist the Wei invaders. Zhu Huan defeated the Wei general Cao Ren at the Battle of Ruxu (222–223).
This article contains the family trees of members of the Sun clan, who ruled the state of Eastern Wu (229–280), in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280), in China.
Sun Ba, courtesy name Ziwei, was an imperial prince of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the fourth son of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu.
Sun Luyu, courtesy name Xiaohu, was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also referred to as Princess Zhu (朱公主/朱主) because of her marriage to Zhu Ju.
Sun Luban, courtesy name Dahu, was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the elder daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also a grand princess (長公主) a title given to the emperor's favorite daughter, and was also Princess Quan (全公主/全主) because of her marriage to Quan Cong.
Shi Ji, also known as Zhu Ji, courtesy name Gongxu, was a Chinese military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the son of Zhu Ran, a general who served under Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan.
Gu Shao, courtesy name Xiaoze, was an official serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Gu Cheng, courtesy name Zizhi, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Lady Xu was a concubine of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.