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Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another,usually a child,from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities,along with filiation,from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.
A child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty,or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. It may also refer to an unborn human being. The legal definition of child generally refers to a minor,otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority. Children generally have fewer rights and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions.
Child abandonment is the practice of relinquishing interests and claims over one's offspring in an illegal way,with the intent of never resuming or reasserting guardianship. The phrase is typically used to describe the physical abandonment of a child,but it can also include severe cases of neglect and emotional abandonment,such as when parents fail to provide financial and emotional support for children over an extended period of time. An abandoned child is referred to as a foundling. Baby dumping refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the intent of terminating their care for the child. It is also known as rehoming when adoptive parents use illegal means,such as the internet,to find new homes for their children. In the case where child abandonment is anonymous within the first 12 months,it may be referred to as secret child abandonment.
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a person. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction,a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by a healthcare professional such as a midwife or doctor.
Child labor laws in the United States address issues related to the employment and welfare of working children in the United States. The most sweeping federal law that restricts the employment and abuse of child workers is the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA),which came into force during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform.
In United States history,the Gilded Age is a term coined by Mark Twain and used to refer roughly to the period from 1865 to 1904,which occurred between the Reconstruction Era and the Progressive Era. It was a time of rapid economic growth,especially in the Northern and Western United States. As American wages grew much higher than those in Europe,especially for skilled workers,and industrialization demanded an increasing unskilled labor force,the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants.
The Children's Rights Movement is a historical and modern movement committed to the acknowledgment,expansion,and/or regression of the rights of children around the world. This act laid several constitutional laws for the growth of a child's mental and physical health.. It began in the early part of the last century and has been an effort by government organizations,advocacy groups,academics,lawyers,lawmakers,and judges to construct a system of laws and policies that enhance and protect the lives of children. While the historical definition of child has varied,the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that "A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years,unless under the law applicable to the child,majority is attained earlier." There are no definitions of other terms used to describe young people such as "adolescents","teenagers" or "youth" in international law.
Susan Maree Ryan was an Australian politician and public servant. She was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and held ministerial office in the Hawke government as Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women (1983–1988),Minister for Education and Youth Affairs (1983–1984),Minister for Education (1984–1987) and Special Minister of State (1987–1988). She was the first woman from the ALP to serve in cabinet and was notably involved in the creation of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 and the Affirmative Action Act 1986. Ryan served as a senator for the Australian Capital Territory from 1975 to 1987. After leaving politics she served as the Age Discrimination Commissioner from 2011 to 2016,within the Australian Human Rights Commission.
GoodWeave International is a network of non-profit organizations dedicated to ending illegal child labour in the rug making industry. Founded in 1994 by children's rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Kailash Satyarthi,it provides a certification program that allows companies that pass inspection to attach a logo certifying that their product is made without child labour. It is an example of a product-oriented multistakeholder governance group.
Merle Eugene Curti was an American progressive historian who influenced peace studies,intellectual history and social history,including by using cliometrics. At Columbia University and for decades at the University of Wisconsin,Curti directed 86 finished Ph.D. dissertations and had a wide range of correspondents. He was known for his commitment to democracy,as well as the Turnerian thesis that social and economic forces shape American life,thought and character.
Steven Howard Hahn is Professor of History at New York University.
Leon Fink is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of History at the University of Illinois at Chicago. A historian,his research and writing focuses on labor unions in the United States,immigration and the nature of work. He is the founding editor of Labor:Studies in Working-Class History,the premier journal of labor history in the United States.
Leonora M. Kearney Barry was born in County Cork,Ireland,to John and Honor Granger Kearney. As the only woman to hold national office within the Knights of Labor,she brought attention to the conditions of working women through her involvement in the labor reform movement. She also furthered the progress of women's rights during the period following the American Civil War and Reconstruction.
Mary Ellen Wilson,also called Mary Ellen McCormack,was an American victim of child abuse whose case led to the creation of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children,the first child protection agency in the world. At the age of eight,she was severely abused by her foster parents,Francis and Mary Connolly. Because she was assisted by Henry Bergh,then the head of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,some sources incorrectly state that statutes against cruelty to animals had to be used to remove her from the home. Hers was the first documented case of child abuse in the United States.
Philip Joseph Deloria is a historian,author and member of the Dakota Nation who specializes in Native American,Western American,and environmental history. He is the son of scholar Vine Deloria,Jr.,and the great nephew of ethnologist Ella Deloria. Deloria is the author of the award-winning books Playing Indian (1998) and Indians in Unexpected Places (2004),among others. Deloria received his Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale University and currently teaches in the Department of History at Harvard University. In 2021 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Caroline White was an American philanthropist and anti-vivisection activist. She co-founded the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PSPCA) in 1867,founded its women's branch (WPSPCA) in 1869,and founded the American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) in 1883.
Transgender rights in Australia have legal protection under federal and state/territory laws,but the requirements for gender recognition vary depending on the jurisdiction. For example,birth certificates,recognised details certificates,and driver licences are regulated by the states and territories,while Medicare and passports are matters for the Commonwealth.
Susanna L. Blumenthal is the William Prosser Professor of Law and Professor of History at the University of Minnesota. She won the Merle Curti Award for her book Law and the Modern Mind.
Jefferson Cowie is an American historian,author and an academic. He is a James G. Stahlman Professor of History and the Director of Economics and History Major at Vanderbilt University;a former fellow of Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science at Stanford University;a fellow at the Society for Humanities at Cornell University,and at the Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies at UC San Diego.
Michael H. v. Gerald D.,491 U.S. 110 (1989),was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States involving substantive due process in the context of paternity law. Splitting five to four,the Court rejected a challenge to a California law that presumed that a married woman's child was a product of that marriage,holding that the due-process rights of a man who claimed to be a child's biological father had not been violated.
References
- 1 2 "Susan J. Pearson CV" (PDF). history.northwestern.edu. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- 1 2 Burnett, L.D. (April 28, 2012). "Susan Pearson's Book Wins Merle Curti Award". s-usih.org. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ↑ Herman, Ellen (2012). "Review of The Rights of the Defenseless: Protecting Animals and Children in Gilded Age America". The Historian . 74 (3): 582–584. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2012.00328_24.x. S2CID 143073608 . Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ↑ Beers, Diane L. (Spring 2014). "Review of The Rights of the Defenseless: Protecting Animals and Children in Gilded Age America". Journal of Social History . 47 (3): 814–816. doi:10.1093/jsh/sht090 . Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ↑ "FACULTY AWARD AND PRIZES". history.northwestern.edu. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ↑ "Susan J. Pearson F'12". acls.org. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ↑ Schiller, Reuel E. (2016). "The Birth of the Birth Certificate: Age, Child Labor and the Growth of the Administrative State reviewing Susan J. Pearson, "Age Ought to be a Fact": The Campaign Against Child Labor and the Rise of the Birth Certificate". The Journal of American History . Retrieved July 16, 2020.
