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Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. A person who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan.
Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat. It may also include abstaining from eating all by-products of animal slaughter.
A lacto-vegetarian diet is a diet that abstains from the consumption of meat as well as eggs, while still consuming dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, ghee, cream, and kefir.
A flexitarian diet, also called a semi-vegetarian diet, is one that is centered on plant foods with limited or occasional inclusion of meat. For example, a flexitarian might eat meat only some days each week. Flexitarian is a portmanteau of the words flexible and vegetarian, signifying its followers' less strict diet pattern when compared to vegetarian pattern diets.
Christian vegetarianism is the practice of keeping to a vegetarian lifestyle for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith. The three primary reasons are spiritual, nutritional, and ethical. The ethical reasons may include a concern for God's creation, a concern for animal rights and welfare, or both. Likewise, Christian veganism is not using any animal products for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith.
Many species of fish are caught by humans and consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. Fish has been an important dietary source of protein and other nutrients throughout human history.
The practice of vegetarianism is strongly linked with a number of religious traditions worldwide. These include religions that originated in India, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. With close to 85% of India's billion-plus population practicing these religions, India remains the country with the highest number of vegetarians in the world.
Conversations regarding the ethics of eating meat are focused on whether or not it is moral to eat non-human animals. Ultimately, this is a debate that has been ongoing for millennia, and it remains one of the most prominent topics in food ethics.
Vegetarian and vegan dietary practices vary among countries. Differences include food standards, laws, and general cultural attitudes toward vegetarian diets.
Colleen Patrick-Goudreau is an American author, lecturer, TEDx speaker, cultural commentator, and podcaster. Patrick-Goudreau advocates veganism as a means by which to prevent cruelty to animals.
The earliest records of vegetarianism as a concept and practice amongst a significant number of people are from ancient India, especially among the Hindus and Jains. Later records indicate that small groups within the ancient Greek civilizations in southern Italy and Greece also adopted some dietary habits similar to vegetarianism. In both instances, the diet was closely connected with the idea of nonviolence toward animals, and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers.
Diet in Hinduism signifies the diverse traditions found across the Indian subcontinent. Hindu scriptures promote a vegetarian dietary ideal based on the concept of ahimsa—non-violence and compassion towards all beings. According to a Pew Research Center survey, 44% of Hindus say they are vegetarian.
Pescetarianism is a dietary practice based on the consumption of fish and shellfish to the exclusion of land-based meats. The practise incorporates seafood into an otherwise vegetarian diet, and may or may not include other animal products such as eggs and dairy products. Approximately 3% of adults worldwide are pescetarian, according to 2017–2018 research conducted by data and analytics companies.
Non-vegetarian food contains meat, and sometimes, eggs. The term is common in India, but not usual elsewhere. In the generally vegetarian environment of India, restaurants offering meat and fish usually have a "non-vegetarian" section of their menu, and may include the term in their name-boards and advertising. When describing people, non-vegetarians eat meat and/or eggs, as opposed to vegetarians. But in India, consumption of dairy foods is usual for both groups.
Carnism is a concept used in discussions of humanity's relation to other animals, defined as a prevailing ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products, especially meat. Carnism is presented as a dominant belief system supported by a variety of defense mechanisms and mostly unchallenged assumptions. The term carnism was coined by social psychologist and author Melanie Joy in 2001 and popularized by her book Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009).
Professor Gidon Eshel is an American oceanography, climatology, and geophysics academic best known for his quantification of the "geophysical consequences of agriculture and diet". As of 2017, he is research professor at Bard College in New York.
Vegan studies or vegan theory is the study of veganism, within the humanities and social sciences, as an identity and ideology, and the exploration of its depiction in literature, the arts, popular culture, and the media. In a narrower use of the term, vegan studies seek to establish veganism as a "mode of thinking and writing" and a "means of critique".
John Howard Moore was an American zoologist, philosopher, educator, humanitarian and socialist. He is considered to be an early, yet neglected, proponent of animal rights and ethical vegetarianism, and was a leading figure in the American humanitarian movement. Moore was a prolific writer, authoring numerous articles, books, essays, pamphlets on topics including animal rights, education, ethics, evolutionary biology, humanitarianism, socialism, temperance, utilitarianism and vegetarianism. He also lectured on many of these subjects and was widely regarded as a talented orator, earning the name the "silver tongue of Kansas" for his lectures on prohibition.
Why I Am a Vegetarian is an 1895 pamphlet based on an address delivered by J. Howard Moore before the Chicago Vegetarian Society. It was reprinted several times by the society and other publishers.
References
- ↑ "Barbara J. King". Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ↑ "Barbara J. King". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ↑ "A Messy Sort of Gratitude: Giving Thanks For Radiation". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ↑ "After 27 Years, A Goodbye To College Teaching". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ↑ "Barbara J. King | World Science Festival". World Science Festival. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ↑ "Bettering the Lives of Animals". americanscientist.org. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ↑ King, Barbara J. (2017). Personalities on the Plate: The Lives and Minds of Animals We Eat. University of Chicago Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-226-19518-6 "I myself (owing to some long-term health challenges) feel healthiest when I supplement my almost-vegetarian diet with an occasional fish."
- ↑ "We Are All Part-Time Vegans Now". WBUR News. Retrieved 26 December 2019. "My own way of eating is conventionally described as pescatarian: I eat fish, but not other meats. I don't count as a vegetarian because of the fish, and because I eat cheese, yogurt and other dairy products."
- ↑ "On Animals, Part III: A Conversation with Barbara J. King and Jessica Pierce". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 26 December 2019. "At the moment, I’m myself a pescatarian, and I’m grappling with what that means and whether I want to continue to eat fish and if so, which fish."
- ↑ "'Personalities on the Plate' explores reasons to resist the temptations of the flesh-eater". College of William & Mary. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ↑ Fiona Wilson (22 April 2017). "Personalities on the Plate: The Lives and Minds of the Animals We Eat by Barbara J King | Saturday Review | The Times & The Sunday Times". Thetimes. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ↑ Personalities on the Plate: The Lives and Minds of Animals We Eat, King. Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ↑ King, Barbara J. (16 March 2017). "Excerpts From Barbara J. King's 'Personalities on the Plate: The Lives & Minds of Animals We Eat' : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture". NPR. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ↑ Morell, Virginia (20 April 2017). "Before you put that fennel and garlic-scented chicken leg in your mouth, read this". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ↑ "Participants | World Science Festival". World Science Festival. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ↑ "Professor Bio Page". www.thegreatcourses.com. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
