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Propionic acid (, from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. It is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. The anion CH3CH2CO2− as well as the salts and esters of propionic acid are known as propionates or propanoates.
Acidogenesis is the second stage in the four stages of anaerobic digestion:
In biology, syntrophy, synthrophy, or cross-feeding is the phenomenon of one species living off of the metabolic products of another species. In this type of biological interaction, the growth of one partner depends on the nutrients, growth factors, or substrates provided by the other partner. Jan Dolfing describes syntrophy as "the critical interdependency between producer and consumer". This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. Morris et al. have described the process as "obligately mutualistic metabolism".
Syntrophobacter wolinii is a species of bacteria notable for degrading propionate. It is non-motile, gram-negative and rod-shaped.
Desulfobulbus propionicus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic chemoorganotroph. Three separate strains have been identified: 1pr3T, 2pr4, and 3pr10. It is also the first pure culture example of successful disproportionation of elemental sulfur to sulfate and sulfide. Desulfobulbus propionicus has the potential to produce free energy and chemical products.
Thermacetogenium phaeum is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is strictly anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic and acetate-oxidizing. Its cells are gram-positive, endospore-forming and rod-shaped. Its type strain is PBT. It has a potential biotechnological role.
Clostridium uliginosum is a mesophilic bacterium oxidizing acetate in syntrophic association with a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic bacterium. It is a spore-forming, gram-positive, rod-shaped organism, with type strain BST. Its genome has been sequenced.
Syntrophomonas sapovorans is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing and obligately proton-reducing. Its type strain is OM.
Syntrophomonas curvata is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing. Its type strain is GB8-1T.
Syntrophomonas palmitatica is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing. Its type strain is GB8-1T. Cells are slightly curved, non-motile rods.
Syntrophomonas zehnderi is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic and fatty acid-oxidizing. The type strain is OL-4T. Cells are slightly curved, non-motile rods.
Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans is a species of syntrophic propionate-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium. Strain MPOBT is the type strain. Its genome has been fully sequenced.
"Syntrophothermus lipocalidus" is a bacterium, the type species and only currently described species in its genus. It is thermophilic, syntrophic, fatty-acid-oxidizing and anaerobic, and utilises isobutyrate. TGB-C1T is its type strain. Its genome has been fully sequenced.
Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum is an anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium, the type species of its genus. The type strain is strain SI(T).
Syntrophobacter pfennigii is a species of syntrophic propionate-oxidising anaerobic bacterium. Strain KoProp1 is the type strain.
Smithella propionica is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is anaerobic, syntrophic, propionate-oxidizing bacteria, with type strain LYPT.
Thermosyntropha lipolytica is a lipolytic, anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacteria. It lives in syntrophic coculture with a methanogen. Its cells are non-motile, non-spore forming, straight or slightly curved rods. Its type strain is JW/VS-265T.
Syntrophaceticus schinkii is a species of strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, endospore-forming, syntrophic, acetate-oxidizing bacterium, the type species of its genus. Its type strain is Sp3T, which was isolated from an anaerobic filter treating wastewater in a fishmeal factory.
Pelotomaculum is a Gram-positive strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, thermophilic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Peptococcaceae.
References
- ↑ Chen, S. (2005). "Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens sp. nov., a novel syntrophic, propionate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from UASB reactors". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (3): 1319–1324. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63565-0 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 15879275.
