TIP39

PTH2
Identifiers
Aliases	PTH2 , TIP39, parathyroid hormone 2
External IDs	OMIM: 608386 MGI: 2152297 HomoloGene: 14235 GeneCards: PTH2
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	49,423,441 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 7 (mouse)
End	44,831,262 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	secondary oocyte; ; rhombencephalon; ; metencephalon; ; cerebellum; ; cerebellar cortex; ; cerebellar hemisphere; ; sensory nervous system; ; occipital lobe; ; sensory organ; ; breast;
	Top expressed in
	olfactory epithelium; ; seminiferous tubule; ; spermatid; ; olfactory bulb; ; spermatocyte; ; artery; ; carotid body; ; islet of Langerhans; ; rhombencephalon; ; mesencephalon;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Orthologs
	113091
	114640
	ENSG00000142538
	ENSMUSG00000038300
	Q96A98
	Q91W27
	NM_178449
	NM_053256
	NP_848544
	NP_444486
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated November 28, 2023

Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH2 gene.^[5]^[6]

TIP39 is related to parathyroid hormone (PTH; MIM 168450) and PTH-related protein (PTHRP; MIM 168470) and is a ligand for PTH receptor-2 (PTHR2; MIM 601469) (John et al., 2002).[supplied by OMIM]^[6]

The molecular interaction of TIP39 with the PTH2 receptor has been characterized in full 3D molecular detail, identifying among other residues, Tyr-318 in transmembrane helix 5 as a key residue for high affinity binding ^[7]

Expression of TIP39 has been linked to social interaction in both zebrafish ^[8] and rats.^[9] In these species, mutations of TIP39 or its receptor lead to abnormal social behavior.^[10]^[11]

Related Research Articles

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues. POMC is synthesized in corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary from the 267-amino-acid-long polypeptide precursor pre-pro-opiomelanocortin (pre-POMC), by the removal of a 26-amino-acid-long signal peptide sequence during translation. POMC is part of the central melanocortin system.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine.

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a proteinaceous hormone and a member of the parathyroid hormone family secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells. However, it also has normal functions in bone, teeth, vascular tissues and other tissues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neuropeptide Y</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is secreted alongside other neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agouti-related peptide</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesized in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene.

Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors.

There are two known parathyroid hormone receptors in mammals termed PTH1R and PTH2R. These receptors bind parathyroid hormone and are members of the GPCR family of transmembrane proteins.

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found on beta cells of the pancreas and on neurons of the brain. It is involved in the control of blood sugar level by enhancing insulin secretion. In humans it is synthesised by the gene GLP1R, which is present on chromosome 6. It is a member of the glucagon receptor family of GPCRs. GLP1R is composed of two domains, one extracellular (ECD) that binds the C-terminal helix of GLP-1, and one transmembrane (TMD) domain that binds the N-terminal region of GLP-1. In the TMD domain there is a fulcrum of polar residues that regulates the biased signaling of the receptor while the transmembrane helical boundaries and extracellular surface are a trigger for biased agonism.

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a Class C G-protein coupled receptor which senses extracellular levels of calcium ions. It is primarily expressed in the parathyroid gland, the renal tubules of the kidney and the brain. In the parathyroid gland, it controls calcium homeostasis by regulating the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). In the kidney it has an inhibitory effect on the reabsorption of calcium, potassium, sodium, and water depending on which segment of the tubule is being activated.

The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PrRPR) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRLHR gene.

Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, also known as parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH1R gene. PTH1R functions as a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), also called parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH).

Melanocortin 3 receptor (MC₃R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC3R gene.

Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY1R gene.

Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) is a member of the neuropeptide Y receptor family of G-protein coupled receptors, that in humans is encoded by the NPY2R gene.

Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH2R gene.

Substance-K receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TACR2 gene.

Neuropeptide FF receptor 2, also known as NPFF2 is a human protein encoded by the NPFFR2 gene.

Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1, also known as Neuropeptide Y receptor type 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPYR1 gene.

Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2, also known as RXFP2, is a human G-protein coupled receptor.

NPFF Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized as a pain-modulating peptide, with anti-opioid activity on morphine-induced analgesia.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000142538 - Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038300 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ John MR, Arai M, Rubin DA, Jonsson KB, Juppner H (Feb 2002). "Identification and characterization of the murine and human gene encoding the tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues". Endocrinology. 143 (3): 1047–57. doi: 10.1210/endo.143.3.8698 . PMID 11861531.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: TIP39 tuberoinfundibular 39 residue protein precursor".
↑ Weaver RE, Mobarec JC, Wigglesworth MJ, Reynolds CA, Donnelly D (2017). "High affinity binding of the peptide agonist TIP-39 to the Parathyroid hormone 2 (PTH2) receptor requires the hydroxyl group of Tyr-318 on transmembrane helix 5". Biochemical Pharmacology. 127: 71–81. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.013. PMC 5303546 . PMID 28012961.
↑ Anneser L, Alcantara I, Gemmer A, Mirkes K, Ryu S, Schuman EM (2020). "The neuropeptide Pth2 dynamically senses others via mechanosensation". Nature. 588: 653–657. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2988-z. hdl: 10871/123941 . PMID 33268890.
↑ Keller D, Láng T, Cservenák M, Puska G, Barna J, Csillag V, Farkas I, Zelena D, Dóra F, Küppers S, Barteczko L, Usdin TB, Palkovits M, Hasan MT, Grinevich V, Dobolyi A (2022). "A thalamo-preoptic pathway promotes social grooming in rodents". Current Biology. 32: 4593–4606. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.062 . PMID 36113471.
↑ Anneser L, Gemmer A, Eilers T, Alcantara I, Loos AY, Ryu S, Schuman EM (2022). "The neuropeptide Pth2 modulates social behavior and anxiety in zebrafish". iScience. 25: 103868. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103868. PMC 8861652 . PMID 35243231.
↑ Gellén B, Zelena D, Usdin TB, Dobolyi A (2017). "The parathyroid hormone 2 receptor participates in physiological and behavioral alterations of mother mice". Physiology and Behavior. 181: 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.005. PMID 28890271.

Usdin TB, Hoare SR, Wang T, et al. (1999). "TIP39: a new neuropeptide and PTH2-receptor agonist from hypothalamus". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (11): 941–3. doi:10.1038/14724. PMID 10526330. S2CID 22744817.
Hoare SR, Clark JA, Usdin TB (2000). "Molecular determinants of tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) selectivity for the parathyroid hormone-2 (PTH2) receptor. N-terminal truncation of TIP39 reverses PTH2 receptor/PTH1 receptor binding selectivity". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (35): 27274–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003910200. PMID 10854439.
Dobolyi A, Ueda H, Uchida H, et al. (2002). "Anatomical and physiological evidence for involvement of tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues in nociception". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (3): 1651–6. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1651D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.042416199 . PMC 122245 . PMID 11818570.
Hansen IA, Jakob O, Wortmann S, et al. (2002). "Characterization of the human and mouse genes encoding the tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues, a ligand of the parathyroid hormone receptor family". J. Endocrinol. 174 (1): 95–102. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1740095 . PMID 12098667.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932.
Della Penna K, Kinose F, Sun H, et al. (2003). "Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39): molecular structure and activity for parathyroid hormone 2 receptor". Neuropharmacology. 44 (1): 141–53. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00335-0. PMID 12559132. S2CID 9974844.
Misiano P, Scott BB, Scheideler MA, Garnier M (2004). "PTH2 receptor-mediated inhibitory effect of parathyroid hormone and TIP39 on cell proliferation". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 468 (3): 159–66. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01673-X. PMID 12754053.
Bisello A, Manen D, Pierroz DD, et al. (2004). "Agonist-specific regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 2 activity: structural and functional analysis of PTH- and tuberoinfundibular peptide (TIP) 39-stimulated desensitization and internalization". Mol. Endocrinol. 18 (6): 1486–98. doi: 10.1210/me.2003-0487 . PMID 14988434.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928 . PMID 15489334.

This article on a gene on human chromosome 19 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000142538 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038300 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid11861531-5] John MR, Arai M, Rubin DA, Jonsson KB, Juppner H (Feb 2002). "Identification and characterization of the murine and human gene encoding the tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues". Endocrinology. 143 (3): 1047–57. doi: 10.1210/endo.143.3.8698 . PMID 11861531.

[entrez-6] 1 2 "Entrez Gene: TIP39 tuberoinfundibular 39 residue protein precursor".

[7] Weaver RE, Mobarec JC, Wigglesworth MJ, Reynolds CA, Donnelly D (2017). "High affinity binding of the peptide agonist TIP-39 to the Parathyroid hormone 2 (PTH2) receptor requires the hydroxyl group of Tyr-318 on transmembrane helix 5". Biochemical Pharmacology. 127: 71–81. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.013. PMC 5303546 . PMID 28012961.

[8] Anneser L, Alcantara I, Gemmer A, Mirkes K, Ryu S, Schuman EM (2020). "The neuropeptide Pth2 dynamically senses others via mechanosensation". Nature. 588: 653–657. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2988-z. hdl: 10871/123941 . PMID 33268890.

[9] Keller D, Láng T, Cservenák M, Puska G, Barna J, Csillag V, Farkas I, Zelena D, Dóra F, Küppers S, Barteczko L, Usdin TB, Palkovits M, Hasan MT, Grinevich V, Dobolyi A (2022). "A thalamo-preoptic pathway promotes social grooming in rodents". Current Biology. 32: 4593–4606. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.062 . PMID 36113471.

[10] Anneser L, Gemmer A, Eilers T, Alcantara I, Loos AY, Ryu S, Schuman EM (2022). "The neuropeptide Pth2 modulates social behavior and anxiety in zebrafish". iScience. 25: 103868. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103868. PMC 8861652 . PMID 35243231.

[11] Gellén B, Zelena D, Usdin TB, Dobolyi A (2017). "The parathyroid hormone 2 receptor participates in physiological and behavioral alterations of mother mice". Physiology and Behavior. 181: 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.005. PMID 28890271.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

TIP39

Related Research Articles

References

Further reading