Transmembrane Protein 144 (TMEM144) is a protein in humans encoded by the TMEM144 gene. [1]
Transmembrane Protein 144 (TMEM144) is a protein in humans encoded by the TMEM144 gene. [1]
Transmembrane Protein 144 is located on the plus strand of chromosome 4 (4q32.1), spanning a total of 40,857 base pairs. [2] The TMEM144 gene transcribes a mRNA sequence 3,210 nucleotides in length and composed of 13 exons. [3]
There exist two isoforms of human Transmembrane Protein 144. [3] Isoform one consist of 345 amino acids with a total mass of 37.6 kDa. [1] [4] This isoform has a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.63. [5] The second isoform is 169 amino acids long with a mass of 18.3 kDa. [3]
TMEM144 is over-expressed in adult brain tissue with low regional specificity. [6] [7] TMEM144 appears enriched in oligodendrocytes [8] [7] and immune cells, such as dendritic cells and monocytes. [9] [7]
Precise cell localization has multiple predicted locations. Localization tools state TMEM144 is likely found in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, [10] Lysosome/Vacuole, or Golgi apparatus. [11] However, an immunofluorescent staining of various human cell lines display localization to the mitochondria. [7]
There exists five predicted post translational modifications for TMEM144, including four sites of phosphorylation [12] and a sumoylation site. [13]
Several proteins have been observed to be physically associated with TMEM144, including Transmembrane Protein 237, Homocysteine-Responsive Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Ubiquitin-Like Domain Member 2 Protein, Translocase of Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Domain-Containing Protein 1, Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2, Aquaporin 6, Serine Rich Single-Pass Membrane Protein 1, and Adrenoceptor Beta 2. [14] [15]
Transmembrane Protein 144 arose approximately 694 million years ago in desert locust. [16] It can be found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. [16] [17] It takes TMEM144 approximately 6.8 million years to make a 1% change to its amino acid sequence, indicating a moderately low rate of evolution.
| Genus and Species | Common Name | Taxonomic Class | Median Date of Divergence (MYA) | Accession # | Sequence Length (aa) | Sequence Identity (%) | Sequence Similarity (%) |
| Homo Sapiens | Human | Mammalia | 0 | NP_060812.2 | 345 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Carlito syrichta | Philippine tarsier | Mammalia | 69 | XP_012639059.1 | 345 | 94.2 | 97.4 |
| Mus musculus | House mouse | Mammalia | 87 | NP_001366471.1 | 348 | 85.9 | 92.2 |
| Trichosurus vulpecula | Brushtail possum | Mammalia | 160 | XP_036620586.1 | 349 | 77.7 | 90.3 |
| Chelydra serpentina | Snapping turtle | Reptilia | 319 | KAG6931534.1 | 358 | 67.0 | 84.1 |
| Gallus gallus | Red junglefowl | Aves | 319 | XP_420383.2 | 357 | 66.9 | 82.6 |
| Zootoca vivipara | Viviparous lizard | Reptilia | 319 | XP_034969125.1 | 360 | 65.9 | 82.3 |
| Rana temporaria | Common frog | Amphibia | 353 | XP_040188243.1 | 358 | 64.2 | 81.0 |
| Protopterus annectens | West African lungfish | Dipnoi | 408 | XP_043918387.1 | 407 | 56.4 | 69.6 |
| Latimeria chalumnae | African coelacanth | Coelacanthi | 414 | XP_014346971.1 | 407 | 56.0 | 71.6 |
| Danio rerio | Zebrafish | Actinopterygii | 431 | NP_001005983.1 | 380 | 50.0 | 64.8 |
| Amblyraja radiata | Thorny skate | Chondrichthyes | 464 | XP_032874310.1 | 486 | 45.7 | 58.4 |
| Branchiostoma lanceolatum | European lancelet | Leptocardii | 556 | CAH1267272.1 | 402 | 44.1 | 58.8 |
| Petromyzon marinus | Sea lamprey | Hyperoartia | 599 | XP_032811478.1 | 396 | 50.1 | 64.9 |
| Ciona intestinalis | Vase tunicate | Ascidiacea | 603 | XP_026696612.1 | 395 | 46.6 | 59.2 |
| Strongylocentrotus purpuratus | Purple sea urchin | Echinoidea | 619 | XP_030836295.1 | 363 | 46.8 | 64.7 |
| Echinococcus multilocularis | Cyclophyllid tapeworm | Cestoda | 694 | CDS37915.1 | 351 | 41.0 | 59.8 |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | Roundworm | Chromadorea | 694 | NP_498062.2 | 345 | 38.7 | 56.0 |
| Mytilus edulis | Blue mussel | Bivalvia | 694 | CAG2251154.1 | 385 | 36.0 | 52.0 |
| Schistocerca gregaria | Desert locust | Insecta | 694 | XP_049849104.1 | 278 | 25.6 | 44.1 |
Transmembrane Protein 144 is predicted to be a direct or indirect negative regulator of kisspeptin. [18] High expression of TMEM144 is prognostically favorable for patient with endometrial cancer. [19] [7] Whereas in patients with pancreatic cancer, high expression of TMEM144 is associated with poor prognostic outcomes. [19] [7]
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