| TMEM69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | TMEM69 , C1orf154, transmembrane protein 69 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 3045357 HomoloGene: 9531 GeneCards: TMEM69 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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TMEM69, also known as Transmembrane protein 69, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM69 gene. [5] A notable feature of the protein encoded by TMEM69 is the presence of five transmembrane segments. [6]
| Accession Numbers | Location | Identifiers | M.W. | pI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA: NM_016486.3 protein: NP_057570.2 [5] | 1p34.1 | HSPC229, C1orf154, FLJ21029, LOC51249 | 27.6 kDa | 10.3 |
The TMEM69 gene, located on chromosome 1p34.1, covers 7.24 kb. [7] It is on the plus strand in the genomic sequence from 46152886 to 46160121 and encodes a primary mRNA transcript that contains 3 exons and is 6262 bp in length. Three alternative transcripts are predicted to encode the TMEM69 gene. [8]
| Name of Gene | Location | Orientation | Function | |
| GPBP1L1 (GC-rich promoter binding protein 1-like 1) | 1p34.1 | minus | Functions in regulation of transcription [9] | |
| CCDC17 (coiled-coil domain containing 17) | 1p34.1 | minus | No functional information found | |
| MAST2 (microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase 2) | 1p34.1 | plus | Functions in a multi-protein complex in spermatid maturation. Regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 synthesis in macrophages [10] | |
| IPP (Intracisternal A particle-promoted polypeptide) | 1p34-p32 | minus | interacts with actin [11] | |
The exact function of TMEM69 is not yet understood by the scientific community. It is, however, thought to play a role as a scaffolding protein in a G-coupled protein receptor complex in Xenopus tropicalis . It has been shown to form a cluster with the xtGPR54-2 gene IPP, and GPBP1 in scaffold_41. [12] This complex is part of a G-coupled protein receptor which acts as the receptor for a binding ligand, kisspeptin in the plasma membrane of brain cells. [12]
TMEM69 is 247 amino acids in length. Five transmembrane segments are present as well as a domain of unknown function, DUF3429, which spans amino acids 91-232. [13]
Properties of TMEM69 that were predicted using Bioinformatics tools:
TMEM69 is expressed ubiquitously at low levels throughout the human body, although EST Profile data reveal that TMEM69 is expressed particularly high in neuroendocrine tissues such as the liver, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. [17] TMEM69 was found to be expressed in lower than normal values in patients suffering from atherosclerosis. [18]
The TMEM69 gene is deeply conserved in several life forms. Although it shows highest conservation among mammalian orthologs, along with other chordates such as fish, birds, and amphibians, there is some conservation in plants, insects, fungi, and bacteria. [13]
| Genus/Species | Organism Common Name | Accession Number | Sequence Identity | Length (AAs) | |
| Macaca fascicularis | Crab-eating macaque | EHH61428.1 | 89% | 246 | |
| Callithrix jacchus | Monkey | XP_002750811.1 | 83% | 249 | |
| Mus musculus | House Mouse | AAI06179.1 | 69% | 245 | |
| Xenopus tropicalis | Frog | NP_001016103.1 | 49% | 253 | |
| Rattus norvegicus | Rat | EDL90276.1 | 70% | 247 | |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus | Rabbit | XP_002715715 | 74% | 250 | |
| Anolis carolinensis | Lizard | XP_003220264.1 | 50% | 257 | |
| Danio rerio | Zebrafish | XP_685684.1 | 49% | 249 | |
| Salmo salar | Salmon | NP_001134056.1 | 50% | 259 | |
| Daphia pulex | Water flea | EFX84634.1 | 35% | 208 | |
| Ostreococcus tauri | Green algae | XP_003081614.1 | 34% | 166 | |
| Pseudomonas putida W619 | Soil bacterium | YP_001748891.1 | 32% | 152 | |
| Schizophyllum commune | Fungus | XP_003035659.1 | 27% | 363 | |
No paralogs were found for TMEM69.
TMEM69 is well conserved in a variety of organisms. Although most orthologs are found in placental mammals, some orthologs are found in bacteria and fungi. The most distant ortholog found to have sequence similarity with TMEM69 is Pseudomonas putida W619, which is a type of soil bacterium. [19] Particularly well conserved in even the most distant orthologs, including Pseudomonas putida W619, is most of the second transmembrane segment of TMEM69. In strict orthologs, all five transmembrane domains are conserved. [20] Conserved domains found within TMEM69 are part of DUF3429, which is a family of uncharacterized proteins found in bacteria and eukaryotes. [13]
Transmembrane protein 98 is a single-pass membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM98 gene. The function of this protein is currently unknown. TMEM98 is also known as UNQ536/PRO1079.
Transmembrane protein 53, or TMEM53, is a protein that is encoded on chromosome 1 in humans. It has no paralogs but is predicted to have many orthologs across eukaryotes.
TMEM106A is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 106A (TMEM106A) in Homo sapiens. It is located at 17q21.31 on the plus strand next to cancer-related genes NBR1 and BRCA1. The TMEM106A gene contains a domain of unknown function, DUF1356.
Transmembrane protein 131 (TMEM131) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM131 gene in humans. The TMEM131 protein contains three domains of unknown function 3651 (DUF3651) and two transmembrane domains. This protein has been implicated as having a role in T cell function and development. TMEM131 also resides in a locus (2q11.1) that is associated with Nievergelt's Syndrome when deleted.
TMEM260 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM260 gene. The function of TMEM260 is not yet clearly understood. TMEM260 is also known as UPF0679, c14orf101, and FLJ0392.
Protein FAM214A, also known as protein family with sequence similarity 214, A (FAM214A) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FAM214A gene. FAM214A is a gene with unknown function found at the q21.2-q21.3 locus on Chromosome 15 (human). The protein product of this gene has two conserved domains, one of unknown function (DUF4210) and another one called Chromosome_Seg. Although the function of the FAM214A protein is uncharacterized, both DUF4210 and Chromosome_Seg have been predicted to play a role in chromosome segregation during meiosis.
Coiled-coil domain containing 94 (CCDC94), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC94 gene. The CCDC94 protein contains a coiled-coil domain, a domain of unknown function (DUF572), an uncharacterized conserved protein (COG5134), and lacks a transmembrane domain.
Coiled-coil domain 47 (CCDC47) is a gene located on human chromosome 17, specifically locus 17q23.3 which encodes for the protein CCDC47. The gene has several aliases including GK001 and MSTP041. The protein itself contains coiled-coil domains, the SEEEED superfamily, a domain of unknown function (DUF1682) and a transmembrane domain. The function of the protein is unknown, but it has been proposed that CCDC47 is involved in calcium ion homeostasis and the endoplasmic reticulum overload response.
Transmembrane protein 134 is a protein encoded by the TMEM134 gene. TMEM134 does not have any other known aliases. There are two transmembrane domains and a domain of unknown function (DUF872). Evolutionary, the majority of the organisms that have this gene are primates and mammals, although there are some organisms dating back to Drosophila and C. elegans. Through current research, there has not been any confirmed function of TMEM134.
TMEM143 is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM143 gene. TMEM143, a dual-pass protein, is predicted to reside in the mitochondria and high expression has been found in both human skeletal muscle and the heart. Interaction with other proteins indicate that TMEM143 could potentially play a role in tumor suppression/expression and cancer regulation.
Transmembrane protein 251, also known as C14orf109 or UPF0694, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM251 gene. One notable feature of this protein is the presence of proline residues on one of its predicted transmembrane domains., which is a determinant of the intramitochondrial sorting of inner membrane proteins.
Transmembrane protein 268 is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM268 gene. The protein is a transmembrane protein of 342 amino acids long with eight alternative splice variants. The protein has been identified in organisms from the common fruit fly to primates. To date, there has been no protein expression found in organisms simpler than insects.
TMEM44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM44 gene. DKFZp686O18124 is a synonym of TMEM44.
Transmembrane protein 171 (TMEM171) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM171 gene.
TMEM267 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM267 gene. It is a possible oncogene which encodes a transmembrane protein. The function of TMEM267 most likely involves transportation of molecules from the cytosol, as the presence of motifs and domains involved in transportation were conserved in orthologs. TMEM267 has orthologs in many species and is expressed at highest levels in the thyroid.
Transmembrane protein 221 (TMEM221) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM221 gene. The function of TMEM221 is currently not well understood.
Transmembrane protein 247 is a multi-pass transmembrane protein of unknown function found in Homo sapiens encoded by the TMEM247 gene. Notable in the protein are two transmembrane regions near the c-terminus of the translated polypeptide. Transmembrane protein 247 has been found to be expressed almost entirely in the testes.
TMEM275 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM275 gene. TMEM275 has two, highly-conserved, helical trans-membrane regions. It is predicted to reside within the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum's membrane.
Transmembrane protein 212 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM212 gene. The protein consists of 5 transmembrane domains and localizes in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. TMEM212 has orthologs in vertebrates but not invertebrates. TMEM212 has been associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease, facial processing, and adiposity in African Americans.
Transmembrane Protein 144 (TMEM144) is a protein in humans encoded by the TMEM144 gene.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
