Tamar Herzog (born 10 April 1965) is a historian and jurist. She is the Monroe Gutman Professor of Latin American Affairs at Harvard University, [1] Radcliffe Alumnae Professor, [2] and an Affiliated Faculty Member at the Harvard Law School. [3] She previously taught at Stanford University, University of Chicago and Autonomous University of Madrid. Her work concentrates on early modern European history, colonial Latin American history, imperial history, Atlantic history, and Legal history.
Herzog studied at the Lester B Pearson United World College of the Pacific before graduating in 1987 with a degree in law from Hebrew University of Jerusalem, followed by a Master of Arts from the Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies and a Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies (Master of Advanced Studies) from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris. [4]
Herzog, who practiced as a litigating attorney prior to pursuing her academic career, obtained her Ph.D. at the École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris, and started her teaching career in Spain, first as a visitor at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and then as an associate professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM). In 1996 she was invited as a member to the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) [5] at Princeton and, in 1997, she joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in the department of history, where she became professor of history in 2003. During her years in Chicago, Herzog spent a year as the Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy.
In 2005 she was appointed professor of history at Stanford University and, in 2013, after a sabbatical year as a Guggenheim fellow, she joined Harvard University as the Monroe Gutman Professor of Latin American Affairs, professor of Spanish and Portuguese history, Radcliffe Alumnae Professor, and became an affiliated faculty member at the Harvard Law School.
Herzog is the co-director of the Columnaria, [6] an international research network centered on the working of the Spanish monarchy and has worked in multiple international panels evaluating or advising on projects funded by the European Science Foundation, and national research agencies across the globe.
Edited Volumes:
Upholding Justice -Society, State, and the Penal System in Quito (1650–1750)
In this 2004 revised edition of her first book Herzog is using a combination of legal and historical analysis and challenges the traditional paradigm of an all powering colonial state. Her research reveals a dynamic interaction between the administration and society, where social network, reputation, and morality guide the work of individuals involved in making justice. Upholding Justice demonstrate the impossibility of studying crime without understanding the system that administered its prosecution and punishment. [29]
Defining Nations -Immigrants and Citizens in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America
In this 2003 book Herzog explores early modern categories of citizenship and belonging. Challenging the theories that communities were either the natural result of common factors such as language or religion, or that they were artificially imagined, Herzog reexamines how Spaniards constructed their communities on both sides of the Ocean. She argues that the distinction between Spaniards and foreigners came about as local communities distinguished individuals who were willing to take on the rights and duties of membership in that community from those who did not. She demonstrates that, rather than states replacing local communities, local citizenship persisted in the early modern period, the Spanish state in both Europe and the Americas consisting of a conglomerate of local communities, each defining its own citizens. Herzog also argues that if we followed her analysis, which reads from conflict what ordinary life were like, we may be able to apply this reinterpretation also to the English, Italian, and French cases, which so far were studied by using a different methodology. [30]
Frontiers of Possession -Spain and Portugal in Europe and the Americas
In this 2015 book described as "ground breaking work" [31] and "pioneering approach", [32] Herzog asks how territorial divisions were established in Europe and the Americas during the early modern period and challenges the standard view that boundaries between polities were largely determined by military conflicts or treaties. Focusing on Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New and Old Worlds, Herzog reconstructs the different ways land rights were discussed and enforced, sometimes violently, among ordinary people who vindicated old rights or envisioned obtaining new ones. Questioning the habitual narrative that starts with Europe in order to understand the Americas, Herzog begins in the Americas, where settlers, military men, governor and missionaries had to decide who could settle the land, who could collect fruit, and who had river rights. She examines how these individuals dealt with the presence of indigenous peoples, whom they classified as enemies to vanquish or allies to befriend. In Europe, meanwhile, the formation and re-formation of boundaries could last for centuries, as demands to respect ancient entitlements clashed with changing economic, political, and legal conditions. Herzog demonstrates that territorial control was subject to ongoing negotiations confronting members, neighbors, and outsiders.
A Short History of European Law:The Last Two and a Half Millennia
In this engaging book, Herzog offers a comprehensive, yet brief, summary of the development of European law from Roman times to the emergence and establishment of the European Union. Herzog embraces the history of both common and civil law, and demonstrates how colonialism contributed to their emergence and expansion. This great journey across time and space targets both specialists and non-specialists, both historians and lawyers. The aim is to give students, scholars and even a broader audience a solid and at the same time inspiring introduction to the political, social, and cultural roots of law as well as the impact of law upon society. In this survey, Herzog stresses the constructed character of the law and its context-dependency. She makes a powerful case for why this history is important not only to understand the past, but also to acquire instruments to understand the present.
The foreign relations of Spain could be constructed upon the foreign relations of the Hispanic Crown. The personal union of Castile and Aragon that ensued with the joint rule of the Catholic Monarchs was followed by the annexation of the Kingdom of Granada and the Kingdom of Navarre. The crown also built a large colonial empire in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus to the New World in 1492.
Amazonas is a state of Brazil, located in the North Region in the north-western corner of the country. It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the ninth-largest country subdivision in the world. It is the largest country subdivision in South America, being greater than the areas of Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay combined. Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere, Amazonas is the third-largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland. Located entirely in the Western Hemisphere, it is the fourth-largest country subdivision in the Western Hemisphere after Greenland, Nunavut, and Alaska. If independent, Amazonas could become the sixteenth-largest country in the world, slightly larger than Mongolia. Neighbouring states are Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. It also borders the nations of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela. This includes the Departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia, as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela, and the Loreto Region in Peru.
The Viceroyalty of Peru officially known as the Kingdom of Peru was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima. Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
Luis de Onís y González-Vara was a career Spanish diplomat who served as Spanish Envoy to the United States from 1809 to 1819, and is remembered for negotiating the cession of Florida to the US in the Adams–Onís Treaty with United States Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, in 1819.
The suppression of the Society of Jesus was the removal of all members of the Jesuits from most of Western Europe and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the Holy See in 1773. The Jesuits were serially expelled from the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Empire (1767) and Austria, and Hungary (1782). Political manoeuvrings both in Rome and within each country involved influenced this timeline. The papacy reluctantly acceded to the anti-Jesuit demands of various Catholic kingdoms while providing minimal theological justification for the suppressions.
The Treaty of Madrid was an agreement concluded between Spain and Portugal on 13 January 1750. In an effort to end decades of conflict in the region of present-day Uruguay, the treaty established detailed territorial boundaries between Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish colonial territories to the south and west. Portugal also recognized Spain's claim to the Philippines while Spain acceded to the westward expansion of Brazil. The treaty included a mutual guarantee of support in case either state's American colonies were attacked by a third power.
The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700. The period of reform and 'enlightened despotism' under the eighteenth-century Bourbons focused on centralizing and modernizing the Spanish government, and improvement of infrastructure, beginning with the rule of King Charles III and the work of his minister, José Moñino, count of Floridablanca. In the political and economic sphere, the crown implemented a series of changes, collectively known as the Bourbon reforms, which were aimed at making the overseas empire more prosperous to the benefit of Spain.
Slavery in the Spanish American colonies was an economic and social institution which existed throughout the Spanish Empire including Spain itself. In its American territories, early Spanish monarchs put forth laws against enslaving Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Queen Isabella outlawed the enslavement of Native Americans in the Spanish colonies of the New World because she viewed the natives as subjects of the Spanish monarchy. While Spain displayed an early abolitionist stance towards the Indigenous, some instances of illegal Native American slavery continued to be practiced by rogue individuals, particularly until the New Laws of 1543 which expressly prohibited it.
Uti possidetis is an expression that originated in Roman private law, where it was the name of a procedure used in litigation about land. It came from a praetorial edict that could be abbreviated "As you possess, so shall you possess". Later, by a misleading analogy, the phrase was transferred to international law, where it has had more than one meaning.
IESE Business School is the graduate business school of the University of Navarra. It was established in Barcelona in 1958 by Opus Dei, a Roman Catholic organisation. From 1963, in collaboration with Harvard Business School, it offers a two-year Master of Business Administration degree, an executive MBA, and executive education courses. It has other campuses in Madrid, Munich, New York City and São Paulo.
Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was a Spanish politician, administrator, and Catholic clergyman in 17th century Spain and a viceroy of Mexico.
Miguel Cabello de Balboa was a Spanish secular priest and writer.
The Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church, also translated as Reformed Episcopal Church of Spain, or IERE is the church of the Anglican Communion in Spain. It was founded in 1880 and since 1980 has been an extra-provincial church under the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Its cathedral is the Anglican Cathedral of the Redeemer in Madrid.
Samuel Fritz SJ was a Czech Jesuit missionary, noted for his exploration of the Amazon River and its basin. He spent most of his life preaching to Indigenous communities in the western Amazon region, including the Omaguas, the Yurimaguas, the Aisuare, the Ibanomas, and the Ticunas. In 1707 he produced the first accurate map of the Amazon River, establishing as its source the Marañón.
Robert Murrell Stevenson was an American musicologist. He studied at the College of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Texas at El Paso, the Juilliard School of Music, Yale University (MM) and the University of Rochester ; further study took him to Harvard University, Princeton Theological Seminary and Oxford University. He taught at the University of Texas and at Westminster Choir College in the 1940s. In 1949 he became a faculty member at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he taught until 1987. Stevenson is well known for having studied with Igor Stravinsky when he was young, and for later being a teacher of influential minimalist La Monte Young.
José María Michavila Núñez is a lawyer, entrepreneur, professor and former Spanish politician for the People's Party (PP). He is the founding partner of the law firm "MA ABOGADOS" and also of the wealth advisory company "MDF Family Partners". He has a degree in Contemporary History as well as a PhD in Law. He was an MP in the Spanish Parliament from 1993 to 2009 and a member of the Government of Spain during the eight years that José María Aznar was Prime Minister. He is the father of five children with Irene Vázquez Romero, who died on 22 November 2013.
José María de Areilza Carvajal, Count of Motrico and Count of Rodas, is a Spanish Professor and Jean Monnet Chair at ESADE Business School, Ramón Llull University, Barcelona and Madrid and Secretary General of Aspen Institute España foundation, partner of The Aspen Institute in the USA.
Jesús Martín-Barbero was a Spanish-Colombian communication scientist.
María Concepción Zardoya González, also known as Concha Zardoya, was a Chilean poet and literary critic. During her career, she published nearly 40 poetry collections and won multiple literary awards.
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