The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994,commonly referred to as the 1994 Crime Bill,or the Clinton Crime Bill,is an Act of Congress dealing with crime and law enforcement;it became law in 1994. It is the largest crime bill in the history of the United States and consisted of 356 pages that provided for 100,000 new police officers,$9.7 billion in funding for prisons which were designed with significant input from experienced police officers. Sponsored by U.S. Representative Jack Brooks of Texas,the bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Then-Senator Joe Biden of Delaware drafted the Senate version of the legislation in cooperation with the National Association of Police Organizations,also incorporating the Assault Weapons ban and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) with Senator Orrin Hatch.
Measure 11,also known as "One Strike You're Out",was a citizens' initiative passed in 1994 in the U.S. State of Oregon. This statutory enactment established mandatory minimum sentencing for several crimes. The measure was approved in the November 8,1994 general election with 788,695 votes in favor,and 412,816 votes against.
Incarceration in the United States is one of the primary means of punishment for crime in the United States. In 2021,over five million people were under supervision by the criminal justice system,with nearly two million people incarcerated in state or federal prisons and local jails. The United States has the largest known prison population in the world. It has 5% of the world’s population while having 20% of the world’s incarcerated persons. China,with more than four times more inhabitants,has fewer persons in prison. Prison populations grew dramatically beginning in the 1970s,but began a decline around 2009,dropping 25% by year-end 2021.
Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced negative consequences of that behavior,or have been trained to extinguish it. Recidivism is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.
Roper v. Simmons,543 U.S. 551 (2005),is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The 5–4 decision overruled Stanford v. Kentucky,in which the court had upheld execution of offenders at or above age 16,and overturned statutes in 25 states.
The Supreme Court of Missouri is the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located at 207 West High Street in Jefferson City,Missouri. Missouri voters have approved changes in the state's constitution to give the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction –the sole legal power to hear –over five types of cases on appeal. Pursuant to Article V,Section 3 of the Missouri Constitution,these cases involve:
A habitual offender,repeat offender,or career criminal is a person convicted of a crime who was previously convicted of other crimes. Various state and jurisdictions may have laws targeting habitual offenders,and specifically providing for enhanced or exemplary punishments or other sanctions. They are designed to counter criminal recidivism by physical incapacitation via imprisonment.
Some jurisdictions may commit certain types of dangerous sex offenders to state-run detention facilities following the completion of their sentence if that person has a "mental abnormality" or personality disorder that makes the person likely to engage in sexual offenses if not confined in a secure facility. In the United States,twenty states,the federal government,and the District of Columbia have a version of these commitment laws,which are referred to as "Sexually Violent Predator" (SVP) or "Sexually Dangerous Persons" laws.
The Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law is a liberal or progressive nonprofit law and public policy institute. The organization is named after Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr. The Brennan Center advocates for public policy positions including raising the minimum wage,opposing voter ID laws,and calling for public funding of elections. The organization opposed the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United v. FEC,which held that the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent political expenditures by nonprofit organizations.
The California state prison system is a system of prisons,fire camps,contract beds,reentry programs,and other special programs administered by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Division of Adult Institutions to incarcerate approximately 117,000 people as of April 2020. CDCR owns and operates 34 prisons throughout the state and operates 1 prison leased from a private company.
The Second Chance Act of 2007,titled "To reauthorize the grant program for reentry of offenders into the community in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968,to improve reentry planning and implementation,and for other purposes," was submitted to the House by Representative Danny Davis (D-IL) to amend the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to reauthorize,rewrite,and expand provisions for adult and juvenile offender state and local reentry demonstration projects to provide expanded services to offenders and their families for reentry into society. H.R. 1593 was signed into law April 9,2008.
Indefinite imprisonment or indeterminate imprisonment is the imposition of a sentence of imprisonment with no definite period of time set during sentencing. It was imposed by certain nations in the past,before the drafting of the United Nations Convention against Torture (CAT). The length of an indefinite imprisonment was determined during imprisonment based on the inmate's conduct. The inmate could have been returned to society or be kept in prison for life.
The National Criminal Justice Association (NCJA) is a Washington,D.C. based organization that represents a variety of local,state,and tribal governments on crime prevention and control issues. The organization primarily works as a public policy liaison that promotes understanding of the best criminal justice practices between federal and state governments.
A Gladue report is a type of pre-sentencing and bail hearing report that a Canadian court can request when considering sentencing an offender of Indigenous background under Section 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code.
Dr. Lane Murray Unit is a women's prison of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice located in Gatesville,Texas. The prison is located on Texas State Highway 36,between Farm to Market Road 215 and Farm to Market Road 929. The 1,317 acres (533 ha) unit,which opened in November 1995,is co-located with the Christina Crain Unit,the Hilltop Unit,the Patrick O'Daniel Unit,and the Woodman Unit. The unit is named after Lane Murray,who was the first superintendent of the Windham School District.
The constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States has been challenged on a number of state and federal constitutional grounds. While the Supreme Court of the United States has twice upheld sex offender registration laws,in 2015 it vacated a requirement that an offender submit to lifetime ankle-bracelet monitoring,finding it was a Fourth Amendment search that was later ruled constitutionally unreasonable by the state court.
Prisoner reentry is the process by which prisoners who have been released return to the community. Many types of programs have been implemented with the goal of reducing recidivism and have been found to be effective for this purpose. Consideration for the conditions of the communities formerly incarcerated individuals are re-entering,which are often disadvantaged,is a fundamental part of successful re-entry.
David Bernhard is an American jurist who is a trial judge of the Fairfax Circuit Court,elected February 23,2017,by the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates,for an 8-year term commencing July 1,2017. Bernhard is the second immigrant,and the first one from Latin America,to have been elected to the Virginia Circuit Court. Bernhard was sworn into office on June 30,2017.
Incarceration in California spans federal,state,county,and city governance,with approximately 200,000 people in confinement at any given time. An additional 55,000 people are on parole.
