The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994,commonly referred to as the 1994 Crime Bill,or the Clinton Crime Bill,is an Act of Congress dealing with crime and law enforcement;it became law in 1994. It is the largest crime bill in the history of the United States and consisted of 356 pages that provided for 100,000 new police officers,$9.7 billion in funding for prisons which were designed with significant input from experienced police officers. Sponsored by U.S. Representative Jack Brooks of Texas,the bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Then-Senator Joe Biden of Delaware drafted the Senate version of the legislation in cooperation with the National Association of Police Organizations,also incorporating the Assault Weapons ban and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) with Senator Orrin Hatch.
Parole is a form of early release of a prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by behavioral conditions,including checking-in with their designated parole officers,or else they may be rearrested and returned to prison.
Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced negative consequences of that behavior,or have been trained to extinguish it. Recidivism is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.
Roper v. Simmons,543 U.S. 551 (2005),is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The 5–4 decision overruled Stanford v. Kentucky,in which the court had upheld execution of offenders at or above age 16,and overturned statutes in 25 states.
The Supreme Court of Missouri is the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located at 207 West High Street in Jefferson City,Missouri. Missouri voters have approved changes in the state's constitution to give the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction –the sole legal power to hear –over five types of cases on appeal. Pursuant to Article V,Section 3 of the Missouri Constitution,these cases involve:
A probation or parole officer is an official appointed or sworn to investigate,report on,and supervise the conduct of convicted offenders on probation or those released from incarceration to community supervision such as parole. Most probation and parole officers are employed by the government of the jurisdiction in which they operate,although some are employed by private companies that provide contracted services to the government.
The Antonin Scalia Law School is the law school of George Mason University,a public research university in Virginia. It is located in Arlington,Virginia,roughly 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Washington,D.C.,and 15 miles (24 km) east-northeast of George Mason University's main campus in Fairfax,Virginia.
A habitual offender,repeat offender,or career criminal is a person convicted of a crime who was previously convicted of other crimes. Various state and jurisdictions may have laws targeting habitual offenders,and specifically providing for enhanced or exemplary punishments or other sanctions. They are designed to counter criminal recidivism by physical incapacitation via imprisonment.
Some jurisdictions may commit certain types of dangerous sex offenders to state-run detention facilities following the completion of their sentence if that person has a "mental abnormality" or personality disorder that makes the person likely to engage in sexual offenses if not confined in a secure facility. In the United States,twenty states,the federal government,and the District of Columbia have a version of these commitment laws,which are referred to as "Sexually Violent Predator" (SVP) or "Sexually Dangerous Persons" laws.
The California State Prison System is a system of prisons,fire camps,contract beds,reentry programs,and other special programs administered by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Division of Adult Institutions to incarcerate approximately 117,000 people as of April 2020. CDCR owns and operates 34 prisons throughout the state and operates 1 prison leased from a private company.
The Second Chance Act of 2007,titled "To reauthorize the grant program for reentry of offenders into the community in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968,to improve reentry planning and implementation,and for other purposes," was submitted to the House by Representative Danny Davis (D-IL) to amend the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to reauthorize,rewrite,and expand provisions for adult and juvenile offender state and local reentry demonstration projects to provide expanded services to offenders and their families for reentry into society. H.R. 1593 was signed into law April 9,2008.
Indefinite imprisonment or indeterminate imprisonment is the imposition of a sentence of imprisonment with no definite period of time set during sentencing. It was imposed by certain nations in the past,before the drafting of the United Nations Convention against Torture (CAT). The length of an indefinite imprisonment was determined during imprisonment based on the inmate's conduct. The inmate could have been returned to society or be kept in prison for life.
Ketanji Onyika Brown Jackson is an American lawyer and jurist who is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Jackson was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Joe Biden on February 25,2022,and confirmed by the U.S. Senate and sworn into office that same year. She is the first black woman and the first former federal public defender to serve on the Supreme Court. From 2021 to 2022,Jackson was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
A Gladue report is a type of pre-sentencing and bail hearing report that a Canadian court can request when considering sentencing an offender of Indigenous background under Section 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code.
Dr. Lane Murray Unit is a women's prison of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice located in Gatesville,Texas. The prison is located on Texas State Highway 36,between Farm to Market Road 215 and Farm to Market Road 929. The 1,317 acres (533 ha) unit,which opened in November 1995,is co-located with the Christina Crain Unit,the Hilltop Unit,the Mountain View Unit,and the Woodman Unit. The unit is named after Lane Murray,who was the first superintendent of the Windham School District.
As of 2013,across the world,625,000 women and children were being incarcerated in correctional facilities,and the female prison population was increasing in all continents. The list of countries by incarceration rate includes a main table with a column for the historical and current percentage of prisoners who are female.
The constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States has been challenged on a number of state and federal constitutional grounds. While the Supreme Court of the United States has twice upheld sex offender registration laws,in 2015 it vacated a requirement that an offender submit to lifetime ankle-bracelet monitoring,finding it was a Fourth Amendment search that was later ruled constitutionally unreasonable by the state court.
Prisoner reentry is the process by which prisoners who have been released return to the community. Many types of programs have been implemented with the goal of reducing recidivism and have been found to be effective for this purpose. Consideration for the conditions of the communities formerly incarcerated individuals are re-entering,which are often disadvantaged,is a fundamental part of successful re-entry.
Decarceration in the United States involves government policies and community campaigns aimed at reducing the number of people held in custody or custodial supervision. Decarceration,the opposite of incarceration,also entails reducing the rate of imprisonment at the federal,state and municipal level. As of 2019,the US was home to 5% of the global population but 25% of its prisoners. Until the COVID-19 pandemic,the U.S. possessed the world's highest incarceration rate:655 inmates for every 100,000 people,enough inmates to equal the populations of Philadelphia or Houston. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinvigorated the discussion surrounding decarceration as the spread of the virus poses a threat to the health of those incarcerated in prisons and detention centers where the ability to properly socially distance is limited. As a result of the push for decarceration in the wake of the pandemic,as of 2022,the incarceration rate in the United States declined to 505 per 100,000,resulting in the United States no longer having the highest incarceration rate in the world,but still remaining in the top five.
Wisconsin v. Kizer is a pending murder case in which the deceased's alleged sex trafficking of the defendant is being raised as an affirmative defense,for the first time in Wisconsin and possibly anywhere in the United States.
