The Cleanest Race

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The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves—and Why It Matters
The Cleanest Race book cover.jpg
Cover
AuthorB. R. Myers
LanguageEnglish
SubjectNorth Korean history and propaganda
PublisherMelville House Publishing
Publication date
2010
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint
Pages169
ISBN 1933633913

The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why it Matters is a 2010 book by Brian Reynolds Myers. Based on a study of the propaganda produced in North Korea for internal consumption, Myers argues that the guiding ideology of North Korea is a race-based far-right nationalism derived from Japanese fascism, rather than any form of communism. The book is based on author's study of the material in the Information Center on North Korea.

Contents

Author

Brian Reynolds Myers was born in the U.S. and was educated on the graduate level in Germany. [1] He is an editor of The Atlantic magazine and the author of A Reader's Manifesto , [2] as well as of Han Sorya and North Korea Literature (1994), which was the only book in English about North Korean literature until Tatiana Gabroussenko's literary history Soldiers on the Cultural Front (2010). Myers has studied North Korea for twenty years and is fluent in Korean. [3] He holds an assistant professorship in international studies at Dongseo University in South Korea. [2]

For the book, Myers studied North Korean mass culture with reference to domestically published novels, films, and serials available at the Ministry of Unification in Seoul. [3] [4] Myers claims his analysis differs from that of conventional North Korea watchers, because he focuses on internal Korean-language propaganda, rather than on Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) external broadcasts and English-language reports from South Korea. [4] [5]

Contents

The Cleanest Race is divided into two sections: the first covers North Korean history through its propaganda, from Korea under Japanese rule to the 2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea. [6] The second section analyzes themes in the propaganda, including chapters such as "Mother Korea", Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, perceptions of foreigners, and South Korea. [5]

Techniques of propaganda analysis by Myers include translation of poems, discussion of metaphors and monumental architecture, and description of racist tropes. [6] The book also contains sixteen separate pages of color illustrations, [5] including reprints of posters that ethnically caricature Japanese and White Americans [7] and which portray the late leaders Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il as paternal figures. [8]

Racial identity

Pro-unification propaganda on the Korean Demilitarized Zone Demilitarized Zone of Korea 03.JPG
Pro-unification propaganda on the Korean Demilitarized Zone

The Cleanest Race argues that the overarching ideology of the North Korean government is founded on far-right politics rather than far-left politics. It notes that the North Korean government is xenophobic and militaristic. It cites a report of a mob attack on Afro-Cuban diplomats and the forcing of female North Koreans to abort mixed-ethnicity children. [4] [7] It mentions that the 2009 North Korean constitution omits all mention of communism. [7] The author argues that Juche is not the leading ideology of North Korea. Rather, he surmises, it was designed in order to trick foreigners. [4]

Myers says North Korea's government does not base its ideology on Marxism–Leninism or Neo-Confucianism. He instead links it to Japanese fascism. [9] He states that the government's racist criteria for national identity paints its genetically Korean citizens as innocent and morally virtuous (as opposed to foreigners) but militarily weak, [6] requiring Kim Il Sung's charismatic guidance and protection. [3] The author supposes that this may be a strategy by the government to decrease the amount of repression and surveillance needed to control that public. [3]

Foreign policy implications

According to Myers, North Korean government propaganda portrays South Korea as a land polluted by foreign domination, particularly by the permanent presence of U.S. soldiers. Anti-Americanism is the cornerstone of North Korean foreign policy. [4]

Similarly, internal propaganda within North Korea portrays U.S. humanitarian efforts such as food aid as signs of U.S. cowardice and make no distinction "between 'good' American workers and 'bad' American capitalists" as the Soviet Union's regime in the Cold War did. [3] He laments that North Koreans openly flout the "dictates of an impure world" as inapplicable to the pure Korean race. [9]

Reception

Press reviews

Upon its release, The Cleanest Race received significant media attention and "rave reviews" in the United States press. [10] The journalist Christopher Hitchens (who had visited North Korea at the beginning of the 21st century) recounted that after reading the book, he concluded that his earlier view of the country as Stalinist was simplistic and incorrect. [7] Some reviewers confirmed anecdotal instances of North Korean xenophobia and alarm at the rate of interracial marriage in South Korea. [7] [9] Hitchens also found some "obscene corollaries" from Myers' conclusions, including that many South Koreans feel the North Korean regime to be more "'authentically' Korean" than their own government. [7]

The New York Times characterized the book as "often counterintuitive" and its arguments as "wily and complex". [2] Bradley K. Martin of The New Republic , however, warned that the book could "[play down] the Stalinist, Maoist, and traditional East Asian contributions" to North Korean ideology. [9] Martin argues that North Korean ideology can be understood in the terms of Japanese pre-fascist psychology, including amae (dependence on parents) and banzai (wishing long life for the ruler). [9]

Academic reception

Journals

Charles K. Armstrong in The Journal of Asian Studies states that the conclusions of the book are "not news". [10] He explains that historian Bruce Cumings, whom Myers excoriates, addresses the influence of "Japanese colonial militarism" on North Korea. Armstrong faults Myers for exaggerating the Japanese angle and suggests that North Korea is "actually closer to European fascism" than to Imperial Japanese fascism, because Imperial Japan lacked a charismatic leader and a mass-mobilizing party. [10]

Alzo David-West in Journal of Contemporary Asia claims Myers writes "in the tradition of 'axis of evil' cultural criticism", obscures the differences between Nazism and Stalinism, and overlooks the historical influence of Maoism in North Korea. He also says Myers does not cite the relevant North Korean studies scholarship of Han S. Park, most notably North Korea: The Politics of Unconventional Wisdom (2002); makes scarce treatment of the Songun military-first ideology; and claims Juche ideology is universalist-humanist rather than ethnic nationalist. [6]

Gerd Jendraschek in Studies on Asia says that Myers "downplays synchronic and diachronic variation"; he "does not explain"; he "ignores counter-evidence ... while exaggerating"; he "contradicts himself"; and he is "anecdotal ... biased and speculative". [11]

Suzy Kim in Critical Asian Studies explains that Myers reads North Korea through an "infantilizing Orientalist gaze"; he "lack[s] ... understanding of ... Confucian relations", "denies Confucian influence" and "chooses to ignore North Korean kinship metaphors"; he has "his own preconceptions"; he "conflat[es] North Korean solipsism and nationalism with racism" and "whitewash[es] American racism and Orientalism"; he "never interrogates ... representations and lived realities"; he "never contextualizes the different kinds of sources he is using" but "lumps together" a "Text" that "becomes a straw man  ... to serve his own arguments"; and he "takes at face value" the "simple dichotomy between 'Koreans' and 'foreigners'." [12]

Craig MacKie in The Political Economy of Affect in East Asia says, "Myers' formulation of the 'child race' is deeply problematic as a result of the instrumental way he uses it in his text" even though the "work does correctly register ... filial and familial themes and the fixation on the dead father that characterizes propaganda in North Korea." [13]

Magazines

Andrei Lankov in Far Eastern Economic Review states Myers takes a "fresh approach" to North Korea. [14] Lankov also says Myers' work is "informative" [15] but is not sure whether his thesis has any relation to reality. [16]

Other

Felix Abt, a business affairs specialist who lived in North Korea for seven years, observes that Myers's book is "flawed"; makes "shaky," "absurd," and "questionable" claims; and takes North Korean "propaganda more seriously than North Koreans do themselves." [17]

Published in Korean language

In 2011, The Cleanest Race (Korean : 가장 깨끗한 민족) [18] was translated into Korean language in South Korea and published. However, the title of the translation has been changed to suit the local sentiment: Why North Korea is a far-right country (Korean : 왜 북한은 극우의 나라인가); Myers translates minjok (Korean : 민족) as 'race' rather than 'nation' or 'ethnic group', which is controversial among some scholars and South Koreans. [19] [20] [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korea</span> Country in East Asia

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.

<i>Juche</i> State ideology of North Korea

Juche, officially the Juche idea, is a component of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, the state ideology of North Korea and the official ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea. North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to Kim Il Sung, the country's founder and first leader. Juche was originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism until Kim Jong Il, Kim Il Sung's son and successor, declared it a distinct ideology in the 1970s. Kim Jong Il further developed Juche in the 1980s and 1990s by making ideological breaks from Marxism–Leninism and increasing the importance of his father's ideas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean nationalism</span> Political ideology

Korean nationalism can be viewed in two different contexts. One encompasses various movements throughout history to maintain a Korean cultural identity, history, and ethnicity. This ethnic nationalism was mainly forged in opposition to foreign incursion and rule. The second context encompasses how Korean nationalism changed after the partition in 1945. Today, the former tends to predominate.

The Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea (DFRK), also known as the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland (DFRF) or the Fatherland Front, was a North Korean popular front formed on 25 June 1949 and led by the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). It was initially called the Fatherland United Democratic Front.

Brian Reynolds Myers, usually cited as B. R. Myers, is an American professor of international studies at Dongseo University in Busan, South Korea, best known for his writings on North Korean propaganda. He is a contributing editor for The Atlantic and an opinion columnist for The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Myers is the author of Han Sǒrya and North Korean Literature, A Reader's Manifesto, The Cleanest Race, and North Korea's Juche Myth.

<i>Songun</i> North Korean militarist policy

Songun (Korean: 선군) is the "military-first" policy of North Korea, prioritizing the Korean People's Army in the affairs of state and allocation of resources. "Military-first" as a principle guides political and economic life in North Korea, with "military-first politics" dominating the political system; "a line of military-first economic construction" acting as an economic system; and "military-first ideology" serving as the guiding ideology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Korean literature</span>

Reading is a popular pastime in North Korea, where literacy and books enjoy a high cultural standing, elevated by the regime's efforts to disseminate propaganda as texts. Because of this, writers are held in high prestige.

Racial nationalism is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve "racial purity" of a nation through policies such as banning race mixing and the immigration of other races. To create a justification for such policies, racial nationalism often promotes eugenics, and advocates political and legislative solutions based on eugenic and other racial theories.

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus was a Japanese government report created by the Ministry of Health and Welfare's Institute of Population Problems, and completed on July 1, 1943.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Workers' Party of Korea</span> Ruling party of North Korea

The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), also called the Korean Workers' Party (KWP), is the sole ruling party of North Korea. Founded in 1949 from a merger between the Workers' Party of North Korea and the Workers' Party of South Korea, the WPK is the oldest active party in Korea. It also controls the Korean People's Army, North Korea's armed forces. The WPK is the largest party represented in the Supreme People's Assembly and coexists with two other legal parties that are completely subservient to the WPK and must accept the WPK's "leading role" as a condition of their existence. The WPK is banned in South Korea under the National Security Act and is sanctioned by the United Nations, the European Union, Australia, and the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Il Sung</span> Leader of North Korea from 1948 to 1994

Kim Il Sung was a North Korean politician and military leader. He founded the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, which he led as Supreme Leader from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. Afterwards, he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong Il and was declared Eternal President.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda in North Korea</span> Information dissemination by the North Korean government

Propaganda is widely used and produced by the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Most propaganda is based on the Juche ideology, veneration of the ruling Kim family, the promotion of the Workers' Party of Korea, and hostilities against both the Republic of Korea and the United States.

<i>Songbun</i> System of ascribed status in North Korea

Songbun, formally chulsin-songbun, is the system of ascribed status used in North Korea. According to the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea and the American Enterprise Institute, it is based on the political, social, and economic background of one's direct ancestors as well as the behavior of their relatives, songbun is used to classify North Korean citizens into three primary castes—core, wavering, and hostile—in addition to approximately fifty sub-classifications, and determine whether an individual is trusted with responsibilities, is given opportunities within North Korea, or even receives adequate food. The U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea and the American Enterprise Institute states that Songbun affects access to educational and employment opportunities and it particularly determines whether a person is eligible to join North Korea's ruling party, the Workers' Party of Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Han Sorya</span> North Korean author

Han Sorya was a Korean writer, literary administrator and politician who spent much of his career in North Korea. Regarded as one of the most important fiction writers in North Korean history, Han also served as head of the Korean Writers' Union and Ministry of Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il portraits</span> Mandatory depictions of the North Korean rulers

Visual depictions of Kim Il Sung have been commonplace in North Korea since the 1940s following the example of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong in China. The display of Kim Il Sung portraits was made mandatory at homes in the 1970s. In the past, they were mandatory in certain public places as well, such as factories, schools, airports, railway stations, and rail and subway carriages. At present, they no longer appear in means of transport, not even in some new buildings. Portraits of Kim Jong Il have been hung next to Kim Il Sung since the late 1970s. A portrait of Kim Jong Un was displayed for the first time in public in 2018.

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References

  1. ↑ Kotkin, Stephen (28 February 2012). "Book review of "Nothing to Envy," by Barbara Demick, and "The Cleanest Race," by B.R. Myers". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Garner, Dwight (26 January 2010). "North Korea Keeps Hiding, and Fascinating". Books of the Times. The New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Lankov, Andrei (4 December 2009). "The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves-And Why It Matters". Far Eastern Economic Review. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Rank, Michael (10 April 2012). "Lifting the cloak on North Korean secrecy: The Cleanest Race, How North Koreans See Themselves by B R Myers". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 Robinson, Blake (Spring 2012). "Review of the book The Cleanest Race" (PDF). Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Section Newsletter. World Beat. 9 (2).
  6. 1 2 3 4 David-West, Alzo (February 2011). "North Korea, Fascism, and Stalinism: On B. R. Myers' The Cleanest Race". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 41 (1): 146–156. doi:10.1080/00472336.2011.530043. S2CID   153484256.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hitchens, Christopher (1 February 2010). "A Nation of Racist Dwarfs". Fighting Words. Slate . Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  8. ↑ Bunch, Sonny (1 June 2010). "North Korea's Cultural Shackes. The Cleanest Race by B.R. Myers". Policy Review. Books (161). Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Martin, Bradley K. (8 April 2010). "Maternalism". The Book. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 Armstrong, Charles K (May 2011). "Trends in the Study of North Korea". The Journal of Asian Studies . 70 (2): 357–371. doi:10.1017/s0021911811000027. S2CID   162656969.
  11. ↑ Jendraschek, Gerd (March 2013). "Book Review: B. R. Myers, The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters". Studies on Asia. 3 (1): 261–266.
  12. ↑ Kim, Suzy (2010). "(Dis)Orienting North Korea". Critical Asian Studies. 42 (3): 481–495. doi:10.1080/14672715.2010.507397. S2CID   145246911.
  13. ↑ MacKie, Craig. "Familial Communism and Cartoons: An Affective Political Economy of North Korea", The Political Economy of Affect and Emotion in East Asia. Jie Yang, ed. New York: Routledge, 2014. 219–239; 222–223.
  14. ↑ Andrei Lankov (4 December 2009). "Review of The Cleanest Race". Far Eastern Economic Review. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  15. ↑ Lankov, Andrei (2013). The Real North Korea . Oxford University Press. pp.  104. ISBN   978-0-19-996429-1.
  16. ↑ Andrei Lankov (30 November 2017). "От защиты к нападению. Может ли ядерная программа Северной Кореи стать наступательной" (in Russian). Carnegie.ru. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  17. ↑ Abt, Felix. A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom. Rutland, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2014.
  18. ↑ ""북한 이데올로기는 극단적 민족주의"". Busan Ilbo (in Korean). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2024. 북한은 공산주의나 유교와도 관계 없다"는 다소 도발적인 주장이 담긴 신간 '가장 깨끗한 민족(The Cleanest Race)'을 26일 미국 뉴욕 멜빌 하우스에서 출간했다.
  19. ↑ "민족 (民族)". National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 14 February 2024. people; ethnic group
  20. ↑ "민족주의 (民族主義)". National Institute of Korean Language's: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 15 August 2024. nationalism
  21. ↑ 왜 북한은 극우의 나라인가 (in Korean). 시그마북스. 2011.
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