Diagnosis
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| Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Medical genetics |
| Complications | Diabetes mellitus, anemia, hearing loss |
| Causes | SLC19A2 gene mutation [1] |
| Treatment | Thiamine |
Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome (also known as Rogers syndrome) is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting a thiamine transporter, which is characterized by megaloblastic anemia, diabetes mellitus, and hearing loss. The condition is treated with high doses of thiamine (vitamin B1).
In most cases (80-99%), people with this condition experience poor appetite (anorexia), diarrhea, headache, and lethargy. [1] Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome is associated with progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Additional manifestations include optic atrophy, short stature, enlarged liver, and an enlarged spleen. [2] Some cases may affect the heart, leading to abnormal heart rhythms. [3]
The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, and is caused by a mutation in the SLC19A2 gene. [1]
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Treatment consists of high doses of oral thiamine. Treatment can delay the onset of diabetes mellitus, and reverses anemia. If treatment is initiated early, thiamine deficiency can be prevented.[ citation needed ]
The condition was first described in 1969 by Dr. Lon E. Rogers, a pediatric hematologist in Dallas, Texas.[ citation needed ]
A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic) or by a chromosome abnormality. Although polygenic disorders are the most common, the term is mostly used when discussing disorders with a single genetic cause, either in a gene or chromosome. The mutation responsible can occur spontaneously before embryonic development, or it can be inherited from two parents who are carriers of a faulty gene or from a parent with the disorder. When the genetic disorder is inherited from one or both parents, it is also classified as a hereditary disease. Some disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and have X-linked inheritance. Very few disorders are inherited on the Y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA.
Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD, is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder that causes childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness as well as various other possible disorders including neurodegeneration. Symptoms can start to appear as early as childhood to adult years. There is a 25% recurrence risk in children.
Malouf syndrome is a congenital disorder that causes one or more of the following symptoms: intellectual disability, ovarian dysgenesis, congestive cardiomyopathy, broad nasal base, blepharoptosis, and bone abnormalities, and occasionally marfanoid habitus.
Sideroblastic anemia, or sideroachrestic anemia, is a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes). In sideroblastic anemia, the body has iron available but cannot incorporate it into hemoglobin, which red blood cells need in order to transport oxygen efficiently. The disorder may be caused either by a genetic disorder or indirectly as part of myelodysplastic syndrome, which can develop into hematological malignancies.
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Laurence–Moon syndrome (LMS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with retinitis pigmentosa, spastic paraplegia, and mental disabilities.
Alström syndrome (AS), also called Alström–Hallgren syndrome, is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterised by childhood obesity and multiple organ dysfunction. Symptoms include early-onset type 2 diabetes, cone-rod dystrophy resulting in blindness, sensorineural hearing loss and dilated cardiomyopathy. Endocrine disorders typically also occur, such as hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and hypothyroidism, as well as acanthosis nigricans resulting from hyperinsulinemia. Developmental delay is seen in almost half of people with Alström syndrome.
Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1). A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi. The name beriberi was possibly borrowed in the 18th century from the Sinhalese phrase බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri, “I cannot, I cannot”), owing to the weakness caused by the condition. The two main types in adults are wet beriberi and dry beriberi. Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system, resulting in a fast heart rate, shortness of breath, and leg swelling. Dry beriberi affects the nervous system, resulting in numbness of the hands and feet, confusion, trouble moving the legs, and pain. A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur. Another type, acute beriberi, found mostly in babies, presents with loss of appetite, vomiting, lactic acidosis, changes in heart rate, and enlargement of the heart.
Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe insulin resistance. The disorder is caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene. Symptoms include growth abnormalities of the head, face and nails, along with the development of acanthosis nigricans. Treatment involves controlling blood glucose levels by using insulin and incorporating a strategically planned, controlled diet. Also, direct actions against other symptoms may be taken This syndrome usually affects children and has a prognosis of 1–2 years.
Thiamine transporter 1, also known as thiamine carrier 1 (TC1) or solute carrier family 19 member 2 (SLC19A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC19A2 gene. SLC19A2 is a thiamine transporter. Mutations in this gene cause thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome (TRMA), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diabetes mellitus, megaloblastic anemia and sensorineural deafness.
Woodhouse–Sakati syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder which causes malformations throughout the body, and deficiencies affecting the endocrine system.
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Nakajo syndrome, also called nodular erythema with digital changes, is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder first reported in 1939 by A. Nakajo in the offspring of consanguineous parents. The syndrome can be characterized by erythema, loss of body fat in the upper part of the body, and disproportionately large eyes, ears, nose, lips, and fingers.
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Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I is a disorder of blood cell production, particularly of the production of erythroblasts, which are the precursors of the red blood cells (RBCs).
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H syndrome, also known as Histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome or PHID, is a rare genetic condition caused by mutations in the SLC29A3 gene which encode the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT3) protein.
Wolfram-like syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that shares some of the features shown by those affected with the autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome. It is a type of WFS1-related disorder.
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a rare disease that affects the nervous system, particularly the basal ganglia in the brain. It is a treatable neurometabolic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. First described in 1998 and then genetically distinguished in 2005, the disease is characterized by progressive brain damage that, if left untreated, can lead to coma and/or death. Commonly observed in individuals with BTBGD is recurring subacute encephalopathy along with confusion, seizures, and disordered movement (hypokinesia).