Thiamine triphosphate

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Thiamine triphosphate
Thiamintriphosphat.svg
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
MeSH Thiamine+triphosphate
PubChem CID
UNII
Properties
C12H19N4O10P3S
Molar mass 504.288
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) is a biomolecule found in most organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. [1] Chemically, it is the triphosphate derivative of the vitamin thiamine.

Contents

Function

It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability, [2] but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism. [1] [3] Low or absent levels of thiamine triphosphate have been found in Leighs disease. [4] [5]

In E. coli , ThTP is accumulated in the presence of glucose during amino acid starvation. [1] [3] On the other hand, suppression of the carbon source leads to the accumulation, of adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP).

Metabolism

It has been shown that in brain ThTP is synthesized in mitochondria by a chemiosmotic mechanism, perhaps similar to ATP synthase. [6] In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed to thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) by a specific thiamine-triphosphatase. [3] [7] It can also be converted into ThDP by thiamine-diphosphate kinase.

History

Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was chemically synthesized in 1948 at a time when the only organic triphosphate known was ATP. [8] The first claim of the existence of ThTP in living organisms was made in rat liver, [9] followed by baker’s yeast. [10] Its presence was later confirmed in rat tissues [11] and in plants germs, but not in seeds, where thiamine was essentially unphosphorylated. [12] In all those studies, ThTP was separated from other thiamine derivatives using a paper chromatographic method, followed by oxidation in fluorescent thiochrome compounds with ferricyanide in alkaline solution. This method is at best semi-quantitative, and the development of liquid chromatographic methods suggested that ThTP represents far less than 10% of total thiamine in animal tissues. [13]

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Hemopressin (Hp) is an alpha hemoglobin fragment with the sequence PVNFKFLSH, originally identified in extracts of rat brain using an enzyme capture technique. It binds cannabinoid receptors, acting as an inverse agonist at CB1 receptors. Longer forms of hemopressin containing 2-3 additional amino acids on the N-terminus have been identified in extracts of mouse brain. These longer hemopressin peptides, named RVD-Hpα and VD-Hpα, bind to CB1 receptors and were originally reported to be agonists. In addition to the Hp peptides from alpha hemoglobin, a related peptide from beta hemoglobin has been found in mouse brain extracts; this peptide, named VD-Hpβ, is also an agonist at CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin is not an endogenous peptide but rather an extraction artefact [Bauer M, Chicca A, Tamborrini M, Eisen D, Lerner R, Lutz B, Poetz O, Pluschke G, Gertsch J. Identification and quantification of a new family of peptide endocannabinoids (Pepcans) showing negative allosteric modulation at CB1 receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 26;287(44):36944-67. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.382481. Epub 2012 Sep 5.]. The only endogenous peptide found endogenously at physiological conditions is RVD-hemopressin (pepcan-12), which has more recently been shown to be a negative allosteric modulator of CB1 receptors and positive allosteric modulator of CB2 receptors [Bauer M, Chicca A, Tamborrini M, Eisen D, Lerner R, Lutz B, Poetz O, Pluschke G, Gertsch J. Identification and quantification of a new family of peptide endocannabinoids (Pepcans) showing negative allosteric modulation at CB1 receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 26;287(44):36944-67. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.382481. Epub 2012 Sep 5.] [Petrucci V, Chicca A, Glasmacher S, Paloczi J, Cao Z, Pacher P, Gertsch J. Pepcan-12 (RVD-hemopressin) is a CB2 receptor positive allosteric modulator constitutively secreted by adrenals and in liver upon tissue damage. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9560. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09808-8.]. RVD-hemopressin (pepcan-12) is generated from a pro-peptide called pepcan-23 and these peptides are exclusively found in noradrenergic neurons in the brain and in the adrenal medulla [Hofer SC, Ralvenius WT, Gachet MS, Fritschy JM, Zeilhofer HU, Gertsch J. Localization and production of peptide endocannabinoids in the rodent CNS and adrenal medulla. Neuropharmacology. 2015 Nov;98:78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.021. Epub 2015 Mar 31.]

2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NUDT1 gene. During DNA repair, the enzyme hydrolyses oxidized purines and prevents their addition onto the DNA chain. As such it has important role in aging and cancer development.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Makarchikov AF, Lakaye B, Gulyai IE, Czerniecki J, Coumans B, Wins P, Grisar T, Bettendorff L (2003). "Thiamine triphosphate and thiamine triphosphatase activities: from bacteria to mammals". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (7): 1477–88. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3098-4. PMID   12943234. S2CID   25400487.
  2. ↑ Matsuda, T; Cooper, JR (1981). "Thiamine as an integral component of brain synaptosomal membranes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (9): 5886–9. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.5886M. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5886. PMC   348897 . PMID   6272323.
  3. 1 2 3 Lakaye, B.; Makarchikov, AF; Antunes, AF; Zorzi, W; Coumans, B; De Pauw, E; Wins, P; Grisar, T; Bettendorff, L (2002). "Molecular Characterization of a Specific Thiamine Triphosphatase Widely Expressed in Mammalian Tissues". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13771–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111241200 . PMID   11827967.
  4. ↑ Murphy, J. V.; Craig, L. (1975). "Leigh's disease: Significance of the biochemical changes in brain". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 38 (11): 1100–1103. doi:10.1136/jnnp.38.11.1100. PMC   492163 . PMID   1206418.
  5. ↑ Murphy, Jerome V. (1974). "Leigh Disease". Archives of Neurology. 31 (4): 220. doi:10.1001/archneur.1974.00490400034002.
  6. ↑ Gangolf, M.; Wins, P.; Thiry, M.; El Moualij, B.; Bettendorff, L. (2009). "Thiamine Triphosphate Synthesis in Rat Brain Occurs in Mitochondria and is Coupled to the Respiratory Chain". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (1): 583–94. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.054379. PMC   2804207 . PMID   19906644.
  7. ↑ Song, J.; Bettendorff, L.; Tonelli, M.; Markley, J. L. (2008). "Structural Basis for the Catalytic Mechanism of Mammalian 25-kDa Thiamine Triphosphatase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (16): 10939–48. doi:10.1074/jbc.M709675200. PMC   2447667 . PMID   18276586.
  8. ↑ Velluz L., Amiard G. & Bartos J. (1948). "Un nouveau derive de phosphorylation de la vitamine=B1, lacide thiamine triphosphorique". J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 15: 871.
  9. ↑ Rossi-Fanelli A., Siliprandi N. & Fasella P. (1952). "On the presence of triphosphothiamine (TPT) in the liver". Science. 116 (3026): 711–713. Bibcode:1952Sci...116..711R. doi:10.1126/science.116.3026.711. PMID   13028255.
  10. ↑ Kiessling K.-H. (1953). "Thiamine triphosphate in baker's yeast". Nature. 172 (4391): 1187–1188. Bibcode:1953Natur.172.1187K. doi:10.1038/1721187a0. PMID   13111284. S2CID   4289038.
  11. ↑ Greiling H. & Kiesow L. (1958). "Zur Biochemie der Thiamintriphosphorsäure IV. Das Vorkommen von Thiamintriphosphat im tierischen Organismus". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 13: 251–252. doi: 10.1515/znb-1958-0412 .
  12. ↑ Yusa T. (1962). "Studies on thiamine triphosphate II. Thiamine triphosphate as phosphate donor". Plant Cell. 3: 95–103.
  13. ↑ Rindi G. & de Giuseppe L. (1961). "A new chromatographic method for the determination of thiamine and its mono-, di- and triphosphates in animal tissues". Biochem. J. 78 (3): 602–606. doi:10.1042/bj0780602. PMC   1205381 . PMID   13741738.
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