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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Desulfocella is a Gram-negative, anaerobic and non-spore-forming bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae with one known species.
Desulfocella halophila is a halophilic bacterium from the genus of Desulfocella which has been isolated from sediments from the Great Salt Lake in the United States.
Caldimicrobium rimae is an extremely thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Caldimicrobium which has been isolated from the Treshchinnyi Spring from Uzon Caldera in Russia.
Piscibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Salinibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Thiohalorhabdus is a Gram-negative, extremely halophilic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the class Gammaproteobacteria with one known species. Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans has been isolated from sediments from a hypersaline lake from Siberia in Russia.
Thiohalomonas is a moderately halophilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic genus of purple sulfur bacteria.
Thiohalomonas denitrificans is a moderately halophilic, obligately chemolithoautotrophic and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Thiohalomonas which has been isolated from sediments of hypersaline lakes from Siberia in Russia.
Methylohalomonas is a moderately halophilic and obligately methylotrophic genus of purple sulfur bacteria with one known species. Methylohalomonas lacus has been isolated from hypersaline lakes from the Kulunda Steppe in Russia.
Methylonatrum is a genus of bacteria from the class of purple sulfur bacteria with one known species. Methylonatrum kenyense has been isolated from hypersaline lakes from the Kulunda Steppe in Russia.
Sedimenticola is a moderately halophilic and obligately chemolithoautotrophic, genus of bacteria from the class Gammaproteobacteria with one known species. Thiohalobacter thiocyanaticus has been isolated from sediments from hypersaline lakes from the Kulunda Steppe in Russia.
Aquisalimonas halophila is a Gram-negative, moderately halophilic and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Aquisalimonas which has been isolated from soil from a hypersaline mine from Yunnan in China.
Halorhodospira neutriphila is a bacterium from the genus of Halorhodospira which has been isolated from a microbial mat from a marine saltern from Rhone Delta in France. The microbial mat forms at the sediment surface and is between 10 and 20 mm thick, below a fine layer (2–3 cm) of gypsum crust. The mat is composed of a red layer of purple bacteria strains below a green layer of cyanobacteria, interspersed with sulfur globules, and occasionally covered by halite deposits. These mat forming microbes live in anoxic muds and sediments and form a benthic mat in a hypersaline lagoon environment where the salinity of the water ranges from 240-320‰ of total salinity. H. neutriphila was isolated from the red layer of the microbial layer and found to be extremely halophilic and well adapted to withstand the extreme saline conditions of their modified marine habitat. The type strain was identified as strain SG 3301T.
Thioalbus is a mesophilic, facultatively anaerobic and autotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Thioalbus denitrificans has been isolated from sediments from the Sea of Japan in Korea.
Thiogranum is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Thiogranum longum has been isolated from a rock from a deep-sea hydrothermal field from the coast of Suiyo Seamount in Japan.
Thiohalospira is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae.
Halovibrio denitrificans is an extremely halophilic and denitrifying bacterium from the genus of Halovibrio which has been isolated from sediments from a hypersaline lake from Central Asia.
Halovibrio variabilis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, mesophilic and heterotrophic bacterium from the genus of Halovibrio.
Halocella is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and moderately halophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Halanaerobiaceae with one known species. Halocella cellulosilytica has been isolated from the hypersaline lagoon of the Lake Syvash on the Crimea.
References
- 1 2 "Thiohalospira". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Thiohalospira halophila". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (1 August 2008). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the species". NamesforLife, LLC. doi:10.1601/tx.13792.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "Details: DSM-15071". www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ Sorokin, DY; Tourova, TP; Muyzer, G; Kuenen, GJ (July 2008). "Thiohalospira halophila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thiohalospira alkaliphila sp. nov., novel obligately chemolithoautotrophic, halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline habitats". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (Pt 7): 1685–92. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65654-0 . PMID 18599717.
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