Timeline of labour issues and events in Canada

This is a timeline of labour issues and events in Canada.

1700s

• 1799 –After establishing fur trading post Greenwich House at Lac la Biche, workers refuse to proceed to Lesser Slave River because of lack of provisions. First known strike action in Alberta. ^{[1] [2]}

Early-mid 1800s

• 1803 –Seven men working for Peter Fidler at Lake Athabasca, Alberta refuse to stay on job unless wages increased. ^[3]
• ca. 1812 –Dock workers in St. John (NB) and Halifax organize a union. ^[4]
• 1835-1845 - Shiners' War Irish labour unrest at Bytown (today's Ottawa). ^[5]
• 1842 –In Quebec, T.M. Moore begins to publish People's Magazine and Workingman's Guardian, the first labour-oriented reform newspaper. ^[6]
• 1840s - Welland Canal Riot Irish immigrants fought each other for jobs. 1842/1843 faction rioting occurred between Corkmen and Connaughtmen working on canal in Broad Creek, Ontario. Small-scale strikes were common. When blacklisting and arrests under existing laws did not work, the Board of Works secured passage by the government of the United Canadas of the 1845 Act for the Preservation of the Peace near Public Works, the first of Canada's regulatory acts that sought to control Canadian canal and railway workers. ^{[7] [8] [9]}
• 1844 - Toronto Typographical Union formed. It still exists today as a local of the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada.
• 1849 - Saint John Labourers Benevolent Association founded. It is the precursor to the International Longshoremen's Association in the city. At the time, there was friction between the anti-Catholic Orange Order and a wave of poor unskilled Irish immigrants, peaking in a riot on July 12, 1849 riot in which 12 were killed. ^{[10] [11]} Labourers' Benevolent Association erected the "Labourers' Bell" in 1849 on the Saint John waterfront to enforce the ten-hour day. ^[12]

1870s

• 1871 – Toronto Trades Assembly is formed. First central union body in Canada. ^[13]
• 1872 –Nine Hour Movement - labour activists call for nine-hour day and 54-hour workweek. ^[14]
• 1872 –March 25, the Toronto Typographical Union goes on strike against their employer, the editor of The Globe . Liberal Party leader George Brown demands a nine-hour workday. Union activity then being a criminal offence, 24 members of strike committee jailed for conspiracy. John A. Macdonald's Conservative government passes Trade Unions Act on June 14, legalizing trade unions. ^[15]
• 1872 –April 15, the Toronto Trades Assembly organizes the country's first significant workers demonstration.
• 1872 –September 3, Ottawa unionists hold a 10,000-person-strong parade through the city. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald joins and gives a speech where he promises to abolish the sort of laws that had put the Toronto printers in jail. Canadian Parliament names Labour Day (first Monday in September) a holiday in 1894, and now it is a world-wide holiday. ^[16]
• 1873 –An initial attempt at establishing a national trade union centre is made by the founding of the Canadian Labour Union. It is dissolved in 1878. ^[17]
• 1873 – Drummond Mine explosion at Westville, Nova Scotia killed 60 or 70. Considered Canada's first mining disaster.

1880s

• 1880 November 12 –Foord Pit coal mine explosion at Stellarton, Nova Scotia killed at least 44. ^[18]
• 1880-1900 – Knights of Labor, formed in 1869 in Philadelphia, active in Ontario. ^[19]
• 1883 –The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada (TLC), a Canada-wide central federation of trade unions, is formed.
• 1885 February 10 – –Vale Colliery mine explosion near Thorburn, Nova Scotia killed 13. ^[20]
• 1886 –Mutiny among North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) constables at Edmonton over poor food and overcrowding. Mutineers arrested, taken to NWMP headquarters at Regina, are punished and/or driven from the force. ^[21]
• 1887 – Mine explosion at Nanaimo, British Columbia killed 148.
• 1889 – Royal Commission on the Relations of Labour and Capital The commission, chaired at first by James Sherrard Armstrong, notes the many workplace injuries and deaths, and condemns working conditions in many workplaces. The commission recommends several changes to improve working conditions (the federal government does not act on them). ^[15] In a hearing before the commission, Olivier-David Benoît makes a strong case about the conditions faced by workers in the boot and shoe industry. ^[22]

1890s

• 1890 - Trades and Labour Congress of Canada calls for eight-hour day. ^[23]
• 1891 – Nova Scotia - Springhill mining disaster. 125 miners die, some of them child laborers as young as 10 years of age. ^[24]
• 1894 – Labour Day is made a federal public holiday. ^[14]
• 1894 –Nationalist Party, BC's first labour party, founded. Its name arises from its pro-nationalization (public ownership) platform. It elects a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in 1894 and 1898 provincial elections - Robert Macpherson. ^[25] Also elected MP George Ritchie Maxwell in 1896.
• 1898 – Canadian Socialist League (CSL) founded in Montreal. Garners strong support in BC. Its views published in Lardeau Eagle, whose publisher, 23-year-old Richard Parmater Pettipiece, goes on to be prominent BC socialist and labour official.

1900s

• 1900 –Parliament passes the Conciliation Act and establishes the federal Department of Labour ^[15]
• 1900 –(by election) Arthur Puttee elected as the first Labour Member of Parliament (MP). Runs under the Winnipeg Labour Party label. Serves as MP 1900–1904.
• 1902 May 22 – Coal Creek (BC) mine disaster killed 128.
• 1903 – Consolidated Lake Superior riot due to layoffs and unpaid wages.
• 1903 –Frank Rogers shot to death at picket line during strike at Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), Vancouver. ^{[26] [27]}
• 1904 November 23 –Carbonada (BC) coal mine disaster killed 14. ^[28]
• 1906 –Thomas Belanger and Francois Theriault shot to death during strike at Maclaren Company pulp mill at Buckingham, QU. ^[29]
• 1904 – Socialist Party of Canada founded by E.T. Kingsley, R.P. Pettipiece and others of the earlier Canadian Socialist League. The Western Clarion became its official organ. It elected MLAs in BC, Alberta and Manitoba, before disbanding in 1925. (reborn in 1931 as the SPC (WSM), which exists today)
• 1906 – Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), formed in Chicago in 1905 and then came to BC. Founding convention of BC branch in 1906. Western Federation of Miners (WFM) instrumental in its early efforts. ^[30]
• 1906 –IWW Lumber Handlers Union No. 526, composed primarily of Tsleil-Watuth First Nations people of Burrard, strikes in opposition to demands of longer hours and lower pay. First IWW strike in western Canada. Strike largely unsuccessful; only victories are in getting jobs back and having scabs fired. ^[31]
• 1906 –Thunder Bay - the first strike at the Lakehead begins. Again and again, area workers band together to fight for wage increases, job security and non-discriminatory hiring practices. ^[32]
• 1907 –Quebec Bridge, still under construction, collapses, killing 75, including 33 Mohawk steelworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal. ^[24] (When being rebuilt, it collapsed again in 1916.)
• 1907 –IWW achieves majority control of the AFL-CIO unions in Nelson. ^[33] (Just a couple of years later, it becomes Nelson's largest union and leads a successful fight for the 8-hour day and higher wages for city workers.) ^[34]
• 1907 –August 28, at Cobalt (Ontario), an IWW member killed when scabs overload a charge at the mine. ^[35]
• 1907 –Rise of industrial unionism pre-World War I involves the IWW and other workers as well. In Quebec in 1907, workers in the textile sector, predominantly Francophone or Jews, organize industrial unions and conduct strikes. ^[36]
• Some miners in Edmonton (Strathcona Mine) gain eight-hour day. ^[37] (United Mine Workers of America achieved eight-hour day in 1898.)
• 1909 – Alberta provincial election: Charles O'Brien, of the Socialist Party of Canada, elected by coal miners in the Rockies. ^[38]
• 1909 October 5 –Wellington Collieries cave-in at Extension, BC (near Ladysmith) killed 32. ^[39]
• 1909 –Prince Rupert (BC) - 123 IWW men walk off sewer construction worksite. ^[40]
• 1909 –Victoria IWW branch signs up 300 men employed in street construction and leads them out on strike. That same year, Victoria IWW calls for a general strike to demand release of McNamara brothers, arrested for the bombing of the Los Angeles Times building. ^[40]
• 1909 –Vancouver Free Speech Fight, wherein the IWW, supported by the Socialist Party of Canada, refuses to give in to demands by mayor and police that labourites not hold open-air rallies and meetings. Prominent U.S. leftist speakers Lucy Parsons and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn also assist. ^[41] (Vancouver Free Speech Fight re-fought in 1911 and 1912.)

1910s

The Winnipeg general strike in 1919

• 1910 December 9 – Bellevue mine disaster at Bellevue, Alberta killed 30 miners.
• 1911 –Vancouver Free Speech Fight is re-fought in 1911 (and again in 1912). 1911 result: outdoor meetings allowed on certain streetcorners. ^[42]
• 1911 –December 23, at Nelson, BC, John LeTual and Caleb A. Barton murdered while organizing for Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). ^[35]
• 1912 –IWW, assisted by Socialist Party of Canada, conducts successful fight for free speech in Vancouver. R.P. Pettipiece, former Alberta/BC newspaperman and now prominent BC labour radical, arrested. IWW calls for a general strike and advocates "direct action up to and including sabotage". ^{[42] [43]}
• 1912 –Edmonton sewer ditch diggers, organized by IWW, strike for fair wages. ^[44]
• 1912 - Alberta Federation of Labour formed, the first provincial union central body in Canada. Special prominence given to delegates of the United Farmers of Alberta, in a show of worker-farmer solidarity.
• 1912–1914 – Great Coal Strike on Vancouver Island, aka Vancouver Island War, ^[45] Miner Joseph Mairs sentenced to 18 months prison term, dies in jail of internal illness, having received no medical attention. He is 21 years of age. A memorial cairn stands in Ladysmith, British Columbia. ^[46]
• 1913 –Thunder Bay (Port Arthur and Fort William) - conductors and motormen of the civic railway (streetcar service) go on strike. Violence on both sides. The 1913 strike is the last major outburst of labour violence in Thunder Bay prior to World War I. ^[32]
• 1913 – Social Democratic Party activist Richard Rigg elected to Winnipeg city council.
• 1913 – New Brunswick Federation of Labour formed, the second in Canada after Alberta's. ^[47]
• 1914 –S.S. Newfoundland sealing disaster - abandoned on ice floes for two nights, 78 sealers perish. ^[24]
• 1914 – St. John street railway strike
• 1914-1932 Welland Ship Canal construction claims lives of more than a hundred workers. Workers suffered 137 documented deaths between 1914 and 1932. ^[48]
• 1914 –The Workmen's Compensation Act, the first social insurance legislation in Canadian history, is adopted by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. ^[49]
• 1914 –June 19, Alberta - Hillcrest mine disaster. 189 workers killed. The worst coal mining disaster in Canadian history. ^[24]
• 1914 –July 1, in Lac La Biche, Alberta, outspoken socialist and Wobblie Hiram Johnson killed in brutal knife and axe attack. He had written how his neighbours abhorred his politics. His murder is pinned on James Rowan and W.E. Barrett, two IWW organizers active in Edmonton who discovered Johnson's body. Their legal defence depletes the resources of the Edmonton IWW. The charges are eventually dropped, and the two men are instead sentenced to six months hard labour for vagrancy. Rowan goes on to write The I.W.W. in the Lumber Industry (1919). ^{[50] [51] [52]}
• 1914 –August 20, in Vancouver, Clarke Wallace Connell (of the IWW) dies from abscess on the brain while in police custody. ^[35]
• 1915 – Social Democratic Party activist Richard Rigg elected to Manitoba legislature. He has backing from the Labour Representation Committee. (He resigns in 1917 to run unsuccessfully for House of Commons.)
• 1916 – Hamilton machinists' strike
• 1916 – Second Quebec Bridge Collapse, killing 13 workers.
• 1917 –The Canadian Labour Party is founded on the initiative of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada. ^[53]
• 1917 July 25 –Dominion No. 12 Colliery mine explosion at New Waterford, Nova Scotia killed 65.
• 1918 September 24 –Federal government outlaws the IWW by an Order in Council. IWW is soon partly replaced by One Big Union. ^[54]
• 1918 –Ontario machinists strive for common wages, eight-hour day, and improved work conditions across the province. Hold first provincial convention of machinists in Toronto in July 1918. ^[55]
• 1918-1925 – Canadian Labor Revolt, series of strikes aimed at revolution, at least in theory, sweep across Canada. ^[56]
• 1918 – Vancouver general strike, Canada's first general strike, is sparked by the shooting death of Albert "Ginger" Goodwin. ^[57]
• 1918 –Protection Island (BC) mining disaster; 16 are killed when the hoisting cable frays on a mine shaft elevator. ^[24]
• 1918 –Dominion Labor Party (DLP) is founded as a successor to the moribund Canadian Labour Party (CLP). DLP becomes a powerful political force in Alberta and Manitoba.
• 1919 – Western Labor Conference in Calgary votes to found the One Big Union on June 4. ^[58]
• 1919 – Winnipeg general strike, May 15-June 26. Two shot dead by police.
• 1919 – General strikes in Vancouver, Toronto, Calgary, Edmonton, Victoria, Brandon, Amherst (NS). The 1919 Vancouver strike, in sympathy with Winnipeg, is the longest general strike in Canadian history. ^[57]
• 1919 – Alberta Coal miners at Drumheller and elsewhere struck for recognition of the OBU union as their union.
• 1919 - Labour unrest in Montreal.
• 1919 – Mathers Royal Commission on Industrial Relations releases its report shortly after end of the Winnipeg General Strike. ^[59]
• 1919 –United Farmers of Ontario-Labour Party coalition government comes to power in Ontario. (not re-elected in 1923).

1920s

• 1920 –Labour scores wins in Manitoba. STV is adopted to elect Winnipeg MLAs and city councillors. Four labour-oriented MLAs elected in Winnipeg 1920, three of them doing time in prison for leading the General Strike. Nine DLP MLAs elected across Manitoba. 1920 Winnipeg city election elects 3-5 Labour councillors. ^[60]
• 1920 – Independent Labour Party forms in Manitoba. Many Dominion Labour Party MLAs move to the ILP.
• 1920 –Five Labour MLAs elected in coal-mining parts of Nova Scotia - Cumberland: Archibald Terris; Cape Breton: Joseph Steele, Arthur R. Richardson, Forman Waye and D.W. Morrison.
• 1920 – Angus McDonald, a carpenter, elected in Temiskaming (northern Ontario) as Independent. Proponent of revolutionary industrial unionism (One Big Union). ^[61] Re-elected in 1921. Riding abolished prior to 1925 election.
• 1921 – United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) is elected to government in Alberta. The post of Minister of Labor is given to Labor Party MLA Alex Ross, one of four Labor MLAs elected in Alberta in 1921. Another Labour MLA, Philip Christophers, is elected by One Big Union coal miners. ^[62]
• 1921 May – Communist Party of Canada is founded. It is the most important single force in the labour movement throughout the 1920s. ^[63]
• 1921 –Canadian Labor Party revives under James Simpson. (Dominion Labor Party remains its counterpart in southern Alberta.)
• 1921 –Canadian federal election elects two important labourites -- J. S. Woodsworth in Winnipeg under the Independent Labor Party label and William Irvine in Calgary under the Dominion Labor Party label. (Irvine was popular among both city workers and UFA voters.) ^[64] Calgary also elects Joseph Tweed Shaw (backed by both the UFA and the DLP). Woodsworth, Irvine and others participate in the Ginger Group, a leftist caucus in House of Commons.
• 1922 –Raid on Dominion Coal Company's store at Sydney, NS. Thirteen men sentenced to two or three-year prison sentences. (A company store was similarly pillaged in the 1995 film Margaret's Museum.) ^[65]
• 1922-1925 – Cape Breton Labour Wars for recognition of the United Mine Workers of America as miners' bargaining agent. Peaked with the murder of William Davis and the "Battle of Waterford Lake" (see 1925). Ended with UMWA being recognized as workers' bargaining agent.
• 1923 - Bloody Sunday (1923), police violence during a steelworkers' strike for union recognition in Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
• 1924 – Woodsworth, Irvine, UFA MPs and other progressive MPs form the Ginger Group in the House of Commons to fight on behalf of labour and social advances.
• 1925 – New Waterford, Nova Scotia - Company police kill coal miner Bill Davis and wound many others at a demonstration during a major strike at the British Empire Steel and Coal Company (BESCO). Davis Day is established in memory of Bill Davis. About 2000 soldiers are deployed against the strike, the largest peacetime deployment of the Canadian Militia for an internal conflict since the North-West Rebellion of 1885. "Battle of Waterford Lake" occurs on June 11, 1925. The defeat of the New Waterford strikers is said to end the labour revolt that started in 1918. ^[66]
• 1926 –Labour elects four MLAs after Alberta adopts proportional representation (STV) to elect MLAs in Edmonton and Calgary. CLP's Lionel Gibbs is elected in Edmonton; DLP's Fred White and Independent-Labour candidate Robert Parkyn elected in Calgary. Use of STV to elect MLAs produces election of a Labour Party or Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) MLA in Edmonton every election from 1926 to 1955, except 1935 and 1940. Under STV, a Labour/CCF MLA elected in Calgary in 1926, 1930, 1944 and 1948. After change to first-past-the-post voting in 1956, no CCF/New Democratic Party (NDP) MLA is elected in Edmonton until 1982, in Calgary not until 1986. ^[67]
• 1928 –Ontario - Hollinger gold mine disaster. 39 are killed by fire in the mine. ^[24]
• 1929 –Death (suspected murder) in Thunder Bay of Finnish-Canadian union organizers Rosvall and Voutilainen.

1930s

• 1930 – Workers' Unity League, an organization of industrial unionism, is formed at the Toronto labour union conference. Harvey Murphy ^[68] and Thomas Ewen are early leaders. ^[69]
• 1931 –S.S. Viking ship explosion kills 28 sealers and members of a film crew. ^[24]
• 1931 –Riot of unemployed in Calgary after Calgary police arrest a labour speaker. ^{[70] [71]}
• 1931 – Estevan riot. RCMP officers shot four strikers dead: Peter Markunas, Nick Nargan, Julian Gryshko and Mike Kyatick. ^[72] Labour activist Annie Buller imprisoned.
• 1932 – Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Farmer-Labour-Socialist) party founded in Calgary.
• 1932 –Edmonton Hunger March in December. A demonstration by struggling workers and farmers is repressed by billyclub-wielding police, some on horseback. Subsequently, police raid the Hunger March headquarters. 27 leaders and activists arrested. ^{[73] [74]}
• 1933 – Stratford General Strike. Members of the Workers' Unity League are prominent. Military units equipped with machine guns and armored cars (or tanks) arrive to face off against the picketers. ^[75]
• 1933 – Blairmore, Alberta elects a city council of socialist activists. ^[76]
• 1935 – On-to-Ottawa Trek, protest march by unemployed from Vancouver eastward. It is stopped at Regina where it is dispersed by police in the July 1 "Regina Riot", with mass arrests and loss of life (Nick Shaak beaten to death by club-wielding RCMP; plainclothes policeman Charles Miller killed). ^{[77] [78]}
• 1935 – Battle of Ballantyne Pier (1935 Vancouver dockers' strike). 1000 protesters, members of the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association, under influence of the Workers' Unity League; march towards Ballantyne Pier to prevent scabs from unloading ships in the harbour. Upon arriving at the pier they are ambushed by the Vancouver police, BC Provincial Police, and RCMP who had been hiding behind boxcars. Battle of Ballantyne Pier contributed to the creation of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union.
• 1935 - Congress of Industrial Organizations formed to pursue formation of industrial unions that would cover all workers in a plant, as opposed to craft unions.
• 1936 –Corbin Mine strike, southern BC near Alberta-BC border. Several strikers sentenced to prison terms. One of them, David Lockhart, dies of cellulitis while in prison. ^[79]
• 1938 – Bloody Sunday, culmination of "sitdowners' strike" in Vancouver (unemployed workers' protests)
• 1938 December 6 –Princess Pit rake disaster at Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia killed 21.
• 1938 –Blubber Bay (Texada Island, BC) strike. Workers belong to recently founded International Woodworkers of America (IWA). Local union leader William Gardner dies after receiving savage beating and kicking from BC provincial policeman. ^{[80] [81]}
• 1939 – Canada declares war on Germany

1940s

Female shop stewards at the Burrard Drydock, North Vancouver, British Columbia. The company hired more than 1000 women during World War II, all of whom were dismissed after the war to free up jobs for the men returning from armed service.

• 1940 –The Canadian Congress of Labour is founded. This follows the 1939 expulsion of Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) supporters from the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada as a result of pressure from the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
• 1940 –The first compulsory national unemployment insurance system in Canada is introduced in August; it comes into operation in July 1941. ^[82]
• 1940 – Dorise Nielsen elected MP in the North Battleford (SK) riding under the United Progressive label. An active CCF-er she was secretly a member of the Communist Party, banned at the time. In 1943 she came out as Labour-Progressive Party member; her CCF riding association was disbanded as it held true to a United Front project. (Nielsen was the third woman to serve in the House of Commons.)
• 1943 Fred Rose (Labour-Progressive Party) elected MP for the Jewish working-class riding of Cartier (in Montreal). Re-elected in 1945. (see 1947)
• 1944 – Tommy Douglas's CCF is elected to government in Saskatchewan. The CCF/NDP will govern that province 1944–1964, 1971–1982, 1991–2007.
• 1944 - Ontario Federation of Labour is formed by the industrial-union central body Canadian Congress of Labour.
• 1945 – Ford strike of 1945, three-month-long strike at Windsor, Ontario.
• 1946 –Introduction of the Rand formula
• 1946 – Montreal Cottons strike
• 1947 –Due in part to evidence given by Igor Gouzenko, Montreal-area Labour-Progressive Party MP Fred Rose was ousted from his seat after being found guilty of conspiring to steal weapons research for the Soviet Union. That all helped start a post-WWII Red scare in Canada and opened up the Cold War. ^[83]
• 1949 –Aggregate union membership in Canada surpasses one million. ^[84]
• 1949 – Royal Canadian Navy mutinies/no-work protests
• 1949 – Asbestos Strike in Asbestos, QU. 5000 miners on strike for three months against a foreign corporation at Asbestos and Thetford Mines. The bishop of Montreal, the newspaper Le Devoir, and several prominent intellectuals support the strikers. It is said to be one of the longest and most violent labour conflicts in Quebec history, and to have laid the basis for Quebec's Quiet Revolution. ^{[85] [86]}
• 1949 –Controversial U.S. labour unionist Hal C. Banks comes to Canada to assist in a labour dispute between rival shipping unions. ^[87] The Canadian Seamen's Union is red-baited and attacked by Hal C. Banks and others, and replaced by the Seafarers' International Union. By 1950, the Canadian Merchant Navy has no more ships under its control. ^[88]

1950s

• 1951 –Oil Workers International Union's Neil Reimer conducts unionization drive at Edmonton British-American (now Gulf) refinery. Manning's Social Credit government delays union certification and changes labour law so that signatures of majority of workers are no longer enough. When unionization vote held, it loses by ten votes. ^[89]
• 1952 –First Peace Arch concert by musician and labour activist Paul Robeson
• 1952 January 14 –McGregor Mine explosion at Stellarton, Nova Scotia killed 19. ^[90]
• 1956 –The Canadian Labour Congress is formed through the merger of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada and the Canadian Congress of Labour. ^[91]
• 1956 –Nova Scotia - Springhill mining disaster killed 39. ^[24]
• 1956 –The Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers hold a national convention in Sudbury, Ontario, at which singer and activist Paul Robeson gives his first concert outside the United States since being placed under a travel ban by the United States government in 1950.
• 1957 - Murdochville miners' strike - 1000 copper miners struck at the Gaspé Copper Mines in Murdochville, Quebec.
• 1958 –Nova Scotia - Springhill mining disaster killed 75. ^[24] The first major event to appear in live television broadcasts (on the CBC).
• 1958 –Vancouver - Second Narrows Bridge disaster - bridge still under construction, collapses, killing 18. A diver drowns while searching for bodies. Bridge later renamed Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Bridge. ^[24]
• 1958 – Newfoundland Loggers' Strike is conducted by the International Woodworkers of America

1960s

• 1960s Canada adopts the 40-hour work week -- five days/eight-hour day schedule. ^[92]
• 1961 –The New Democratic Party (NDP) is founded as the successor to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and establishes a formal relationship with the organized labour movement. ^[93] A non-union affiliate of the NDP, the Woodsworth-Irvine Socialist Fellowship, based in Edmonton, carries on socialist education from 1962 to about 2000. ^[94]
• 1961 –September 10, a Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers meeting at Sudbury Arena, regarding the union's controversial proposal to merge with the United Steelworkers, erupts into a riot. ^[95]
• 1962 – Saskatchewan doctors' strike. A 23-day strike by doctors in the province ends with doctors accepting public healthcare with conditions.
• 1963 – Reesor Siding Strike in Northern Ontario. Picketline-crossing log suppliers shot eleven strikers, killing three. ^[96]
• 1963 –The Canadian Union of Public Employees is formed from the merger of the National Union of Public Employees and the National Union of Public Service Employees. ^[97]
• 1965 –Wildcat postal strike leads to the extension of collective bargaining rights to the majority of the public service. ^[15]
• 1967 –The international Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers merge with the United Steelworkers. Local 598 in Sudbury, Ontario is the only Mine Mill local in the world to reject the merger, instead continuing operations as an unaffiliated union organization until 1993.
• 1968 –Air Canada agents in British Columbia begin work-to-rule over a dispute over the industrial relations department's bargaining methods. ^[98]
• 1969 – Murray-Hill riot, Montreal police force on strike. FLQ, taxi drivers, and others take radical action.
• 1969 – New Democratic Party of Manitoba forms a minority government, in power until 1977.

1970s

• 1971 –Introduction of paid maternity leave through unemployment insurance.
• 1971 –Owner of La Presse (Montrel newspaper) locks out workers. Solidarity rally of 15,000 met with tear gas and beatings. University student Michele Gauthier, who suffered from asthma, dies of suffocation. ^[99]
• 1972 – Quebec general strike. ^[15] Theodore LeBlanc killed when car smashed into a pro-strike demonstration. ^[100]
• 1972 – BC New Democratic Party is elected, stays in power until 1975.
• 1975 – Grace Hartman is elected as the second president of the Canadian Union of Public Employees, becoming the first woman to lead a major labour union in North America. ^[101]
• 1976 – Canadian general strike: Day of Action (October 14) one-day general strike against Trudeau's anti-inflationary wages and price controls. More than one million workers stay home. ^{[15] [102]}
• 1978 –September 15, the Inco Strike of 1978 begins in Sudbury, Ontario. Workers remain on strike for almost nine months, until June 7, 1979.
• 1979 –The United Food and Commercial Workers is formed in June through the merger of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and the Retail Clerks International Union. ^[103]

1980s

• 1980 –Canada wing of Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers (formerly Oil Workers International Union) forms the Energy and Chemical Workers Union with Neil Reimer as its leader. ^{[89] [104] [105]}
• 1981 –At Hibernia oilfield near Newfoundland, Ocean Ranger—an offshore oil platform—sinks, killing all 84 workers on board. ^[24]
• 1981 July 7-October 8 - Cape Breton coal strike of 1981. A bomb was detonated at a DEVCO mine, and DEVCO coal railcars were derailed at the company's Lingan mine in New Waterford. Strikers won a new contract.
• 1983 –July-August, "Women Against the Budget" is formed to fight the 1983 BC budget and other actions taken by Bill Bennett's Social Credit government against working people. The broad-based umbrella organization of activist women helps create the BC Federation of Labour's Operation Solidarity and Solidarity Coalition. On August 10, 40,000 rally at Vancouver's Empire Stadium to protest the BC government. In the face of a threatened general strike, the government backs down on its plans for mass layoffs of its employees. ^{[106] [107]}
• 1983 –July-August, members of the BC Government Employees’ Union (BCGEU) hold a three-week occupation of Tranquille Institution in Kamloops, after learning the provincial government is planning its closure. Due to the occupation, the institution is allowed to function until 1985. ^[108]
• 1984 –The Canadian Auto Workers Union (properly the National Automobile, Aerospace, Transportation and General Workers Union of Canada) is founded. Bob White, an official of the United Auto Workers, encourages the Canadian membership of the U.A.W. to split away and form a separate union. White is C.A.W.'s first president. (split covered in NFB film Final Offer )
• 1984 – Strike at Eaton's department stores by the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU) begins in November in southern Ontario. The strike is settled the following May.
• 1985 –The Canadian Auto Workers becomes independent of their former parent union, the United Auto Workers. This process is documented in the film Final Offer (1985).
• 1986 – Alberta NDP takes 16 seats, a record for the party up to that time and until 2015. It becomes Official Opposition. (Brian Mason is elected as MLA - he will be an NDP cabinet minister in 2015).
• 1986 –Six-month-long strike at the Gainers meatpacking plant in Edmonton. picket line violence, and hundreds arrested. Alberta government loaned owner Pocklington millions. He ended strike, but did not repay government loan. (Government seized the packing plant and eventually sold it to Burns, who sold it to Maple Leaf. Finally in 1997 plant workers went on strike again, and the plant ceased operation.) ^[109]

1990s

• 1991 – New Democratic Party (NDP) is elected to government in Saskatchewan. The NDP will govern that province until 2007.
• 1992 Westray Mine at Plymouth, Nova Scotia suffers explosion, killing 26 workers. Canada's worst mine disaster since 1958, which had happened nearby.
• 1992 –A bomb at the Giant Mine in the Northwest Territories kills nine replacement workers. Striking mine employee Roger Warren is eventually convicted on nine counts of second-degree murder.
• 1992 - 1992 NHL strike
• 1993 –Local 598 in Sudbury, Ontario, which was the only Mine Mill local in the world not to join the United Steelworkers when the two unions merged in 1967, joins the Canadian Auto Workers.
• 1997 – Ontario teachers strike
• 1998 –Teenagers Jennifer Wiebe and Tessa Lowinger successfully unionize a McDonald's franchise in Squamish, British Columbia. However, the union is decertified in July 1999.

2000s

• 2000 –November 22, a McDonald's restaurant in Montreal is unionized. The location is closed down on August 31, 2001, with the owner claiming economic pressures due to a rent hike. This is later documented in the film Maxime, McDuff & McDo .
• 2001 –September 11, the Public Service Alliance of Canada (PSAC) union suspends a planned national strike action in order to return to work and help Canadians. ^[110]
• 2004 – CN Rail workers strike
• 2004 –after 3 weeks of striking, PSAC members are mandated back to work by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.
• 2005 – Wal-Mart closes its Saguenay, Quebec store, the first store of its brand in Canada in process of being unionized.
• 2006 –May 29, Toronto Transit Commission workers stage a one-day wildcat strike.
• 2006 –Ontario province-wide strike of college staff. Ontario College Professor John Stammers is fatally injured while trying to stop car from crossing picket line. ^{[111] [112] [113]}
• 2007 –Supreme Court of Canada rules that collective bargaining is a constitutional right protected by The Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The specific ruling was that the BC government's Bill 29 violated Charter rights by limiting activities of unionized health-care and social services employees. ^{[15] [114]}
• 2008 –April 26, Toronto Transit Commission strike
• 2008 –September 19, fire destroys the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall in Sudbury, Ontario.
• 2008 –December 10, OC Transpo drivers and mechanics strike
• 2009 – City of Windsor inside and outside workers strike begins in April.
• 2009 – Nova Scotia New Democratic Party elected to government, in power until 2013.
• 2009 – City of Toronto inside and outside workers strike begins in June.
• 2009 –July 13, workers at Vale's operations in Sudbury embark on a year-long strike over contract concessions. ^[115]

2010s

• 2004-2006 –The Ottawa Panhandlers' Union (founded by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)) unionized anyone who made their living in the street, including buskers, street vendors, the homeless, scrappers, and panhandlers. In the summer of 2004, the Union led a strike by the homeless (the Homeless Action Strike) in Ottawa. The strike caused Ottawa city council to agree to fund a street newspaper created and sold by the homeless. In 2006, the Union took over the Elgin Street police station for a day.
• 2010 –July 5, a tentative resolution of the Vale strike in Sudbury is announced. ^[115]
• 2012 –February 2, in Halifax, Amalgamated Transit Union goes on strike, crippling the city's public transportation. ^[116] Transit workers had been denied salary or compensation increases due to a reported $3M deficit. ^[117] The strike ended March 14, 2012.
• 2012 –September 11, Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty and the Liberal party pass Bill 115 'Putting Students First Act 2012', thereby eliminating the rights of all teachers in the province to go on strike for the next two years. Bill 115 also freezes wages, grants ten sick days per year (down from twenty) and eliminates banked sick days from previous years. Unions state that this bill is a violation of their members' rights under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and that the bill violates the Ontario Labour Relations Act of 1995.
• 2013 – Unifor is formed through the merger of the Canadian Auto Workers and the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, becoming largest private-sector union in the country.
• 2015 –NDP elected to government in Alberta, stays in power until 2019.
• 2018 – Series of strikes by Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW) begin in October. ^[118] The following month, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's government mandates that CUPW members return to work, though they do so without a new contract ratified until September 2021. ^{[119] [120]}
• 2019 – Sheet Metal Workers' International Association ICI (Industrial, Commercial, Institutional) members go on strike in Ontario for 8 weeks in May and June, first strike in 30 years for that organization.

2020s

• 2020 –NDP elected to government in BC.
• 2021-2025 – Vancouver airport hotel strike begins in May 2021. UNITE HERE Local 40 and the PHI Hotel Group do not settle until March 2025, making it the longest strike in Canadian history. ^[121]
• 2021 – Kitimat smelter strike by Unifor Local 2301 lasts from July to October. ^[122]
• 2023 – Canadian federal workers strike.
• 2023 –Quebec - "Common Front" of four union federations - Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN), Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ), Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec (FTQ), and Alliance du personnel professionnel et technique de la santé et des services sociaux (APTS) - conducted major strikes that involved 500,000 workers, including a general strike of public workers that lasted six days Dec. 8-14. Quebec, with 22 percent of the the population, accounted for 43 percent of Canada's work stoppages. ^[123]
• 2024 – Canada Post strike begins in November is suspended in December. ^[124]
• 2025 –Air Canada flight attendants strike. Air Canada flight atttendants are demanding pay for uncompensated groundwork. A few hours after the strike starts, the Canadian government moves to end it and forces arbitration. ^[125]

See also

• Canadian Labour Revolt ^[126]
• Labour parties and candidates in Canada
• List of Labour MPs (Canada)
• Timeline of labour in Greater Sudbury

Footnotes

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2. Burley, Edith I. Servants of the Honourable Company: Work, Discipline, and Conflict in the Hudson's Bay Company, 1770–1870. Toronto: Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN   0195412966.
3. "1800s - ALHI: Workers' History / Workers' Stories". Alberta Labour History Institute (ALHI). 1 July 2016.
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5. name="whc-cpo"> "Shiners' Wars". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
6. Verzuh 1988, p. 1.
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8. https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-better-preservation-peace-and-prevention-riots-and-violent-outrages-and-near-public#:~:text=Home-,An%20Act%20for%20the%20better%20preservation%20of%20the%20Peace%2C%20and,(17th%20March%2C%201845.)&text=This%20act%20lays%20out%20penalties,disrupt%20construction%20on%20public%20works. accessed August 7, 2025
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10. Scott W. See, "The Orange Order and Social Violence in Mid-Nineteenth Century Saint John," Acadiensis 1983 13(1): 68-92
11. See, Riots in New Bunswick - Orange Nativism and Social Violence in the 1840s. University of Toronto Press, 1993
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78. Arnal, To Set the Captives Free, p. 66
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121. "BREAKING: Radisson Blu Vancouver Airport Hotel Workers Win Longest Strike in Canadian History". UNITE HERE! Local 40. 17 March 2025.
122. "Union members ratify deal ending 2-month Kitimat smelter strike". CBC . 4 October 2021.
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126. Refer to list of Wikipedia articles about other "Riots and civil disorder in Canada"

References

• Angus, Ian (2004) [1981]. Canadian Bolsheviks: The Early Years of the Communist Party of Canada . Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4120-3808-9.
• Erickson, Lynda; Laycock, David (2015). "Party History and Electoral Fortunes, 1961–2003". In Laycock, David; Erickson, Lynda (eds.). Reviving Social Democracy: The Near Death and Surprising Rise of the Federal NDP. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN   978-0-7748-2849-9.
• Gambone, Larry; Alperovitz, DJ (2011). They Died for You: A Brief History of Canadian Labour Martyrs 1903–2006. IWW Vancouver Island GMB Literature Committee. A 37-page pamphlet.
• Jennissen, Theresa (1981). "The Development of the Workmen's Compensation Act of Ontario, 1914". Canadian Journal of Social Work Education. 7 (1): 55–71. JSTOR   23458246.
• Laxer, Robert (1976). Canada's Unions. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. ISBN   978-0-88862-097-2.
• Marsh, James H. (2016) [2013]. "Origins of Labour Day". The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
• Miller, Gordon B. (1975). "Immigration and Labour: Critic or Catalyst?". Canadian Public Policy. 1 (3). University of Toronto Press: 311–316. doi:10.2307/3549378. JSTOR   3549378.
• Palmer, Bryan D.; Frank, David; McCallum, Todd; Rouillard, Jacques (2015) [2006]. "Working-Class History". The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
• Rouillard, Jacques; Bullen, John (2013) [2006]. "Canadian Labor Union". The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
• Smith, D. A. (2013) [2006]. "Employment Insurance". The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada. Retrieved 8 June 2016.

External links

• Records of Mayworks labour festival are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books
• Highlights in Canadian labour history
• Early History of the Labour Movement in Canada