The gens Tolumnia was an Etruscan aristocratic family of great antiquity, and a minor plebeian gens in Roman times. Members of this gens are attested in epigraphy as early as the seventh century BC, but the family is best known from Lars Tolumnius, King of Veii during the fifth century BC. [1] In imperial times some of the Tolumnii are mentioned in inscriptions from Gaul.
The earliest inscriptions of this family are all from the city of Veii in Etruria, where they formed part of the local aristocracy. The Etruscan spelling of the nomen is Tulumnes, [2] [3] which in early Latin was rendered as Tolonios. [4] Tolumnius is the spelling used by Roman writers, and is found in most later inscriptions. [1] [5] [6] The Etruscan alphabet had dropped the letter 'o', and Etruscan orthography does not seem to have distinguished between the sounds of 'o' and 'u', although Latin writers differentiated between them when recording Etruscan names.
The early Tolumnii bore Etruscan names such as Lars, Velthur, and Karcuna; but from the middle Republic all of those known from epigraphy have common Latin praenomina, including Lucius , Aulus , and Decimus .
Lars Tolumnius was the most famous king of the wealthy Etruscan city-state of Veii. He is best remembered for instigating, and decisively losing, a war with the neighboring Roman Republic.
The gens Gegania was an old patrician family at ancient Rome, which was prominent from the earliest period of the Republic to the middle of the fourth century BC. The first of this gens to obtain the consulship was Titus Geganius Macerinus in 492 BC. The gens fell into obscurity even before the Samnite Wars, and is not mentioned again by Roman historians until the final century of the Republic.
The gens Accia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome during the late Republic. The gens is known primarily from two individuals, Lucius Accius, a tragic poet of the second century BC, and Titus Accius, best known for his prosecution of Aulus Cluentius Habitus in Cicero's oration Pro Cluentio. Other Accii are known from inscriptions.
The gens Alliena or Aliena was a minor plebeian family of the Roman Republic. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Lucius Alienus, plebeian aedile in 454 BC. However, the family then slipped into obscurity for several centuries, emerging once more in the first century BC.
The gens Menenia was an ancient and very illustrious patrician house at ancient Rome from the earliest days of the Roman Republic to the first half of the fourth century BC. The first of the family to obtain the consulship was Agrippa Menenius Lanatus in 503 BC. The gens eventually drifted into obscurity, although a few Menenii are still attested in the epigraphy of the late Republic and imperial times.
The gens Caecia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome, that flourished from the late Republic and into imperial times. None of the Caecii attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, and the only member of this gens mentioned by Roman writers is Gaius Caecius, an acquaintance of Cicero. A number of Caecii are known from inscriptions.
The gens Numonia, occasionally written Nummonia, was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early years of the Empire. Few if any of the Numonii held any Roman magistracies.
The gens Orbia was a minor plebeian family at Rome. No members of this gens are known to have held any magistracies, but many of them are known from inscriptions. The most illustrious of the family may have been the jurist Publius Orbius, a contemporary of Cicero.
The gens Pollia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. The gens must have been very old, as one of the original Servian tribes was named after it, suggesting that the Pollii were important landowners during the Roman monarchy. However, few Pollii are mentioned in history, and none of them attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state. A number of Pollii are known from inscriptions.
The gens Rasinia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in history, but a number are known from inscriptions. In imperial times a Gaius Rasinius Silo was governor of Noricum.
The gens Rennia, occasionally written Renia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state, but the family is known from inscriptions, and coins issued by a certain Gaius Renius, depicting the head of Roma on the obverse, and on the reverse Juno Caprotina in a chariot pulled by two goats.
The gens Rusticelia, occasionally spelled Rusticellia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.
The gens Scandilia, also written Scantilia, was an obscure plebeian family of equestrian rank at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens are mentioned by ancient writers, but a number are known from inscriptions.
The gens Severia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but many are known from inscriptions.
The gens Ignia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. No members of this gens appear in history, but a number are known from inscriptions.
The gens Spuria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens occur in ancient writers, but many are known from inscriptions. Although at least some were of equestrian rank, and a number of Spurii held public offices in the various municipia, the most illustrious person of this name may have been Lucius Spurius Maximus, a tribune of the Vigiles at Rome during the reign of Septimius Severus.
The gens Suettia or Suetia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of Cicero, but none of them achieved any of the higher offices of the Roman state.
The gens Tertia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned by Roman writers, but a few are known from inscriptions.
The gens Tituria was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Few members of this gens appear in history, of whom the most famous is Quintus Titurius Sabinus, one of Caesar's legates during the Gallic Wars. Other Titurii are known from inscriptions.
The gens Turullia, occasionally spelled Turulia, was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens appear in history, but others are known from inscriptions.