Twisted Colossus

Last updated

Twisted Colossus
Previously known as Colossus (1978–2014)
SFMM- Twisted Colossus.jpg
Twisted Colossus
Six Flags Magic Mountain
Location Six Flags Magic Mountain
Park section Screampunk District
Coordinates 34°25′40″N118°35′51″W / 34.42778°N 118.59750°W / 34.42778; -118.59750
StatusOperating
Opening dateMay 23, 2015 (2015-05-23) [1]
ReplacedColossus
General statistics
Type Steel
Manufacturer Rocky Mountain Construction
Designer Alan Schilke
ModelI-Box – Custom
Track layout Möbius Loop with one station
Lift/launch system Chain lift hill
Height121 ft (37 m)
Drop128 ft (39 m)
Length4,990 ft (1,520 m)
Speed57 mph (92 km/h)
Inversions 2
Duration3:40
Max vertical angle80°
Height restriction48 in (122 cm)
Trains4 (3 max. in use) trains with 6 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 24 riders per train.
Fastpass availability icon.svg Flash Pass available for Gold and Platinum Levels
Attraction transfer icon.svg Must transfer from wheelchair
Twisted Colossus at RCDB

Twisted Colossus is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Originally designed and built by International Amusement Devices, the roller coaster opened as Colossus, a dual-tracked roller coaster, on June 29,1978. It was the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world and the first with two drops greater than 100 feet (30 m). Colossus became well known after appearances in film and television, including the box-office hit National Lampoon's Vacation and the made-for-TV movie Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park . For 19 years, it was the park's main attraction until the opening of Superman: The Escape.

Contents

After more than 36 years in operation, Six Flags closed Colossus on August 16, 2014. Rocky Mountain Construction renovated the ride converting its wooden track to steel, allowing for the addition of inversions and steep drops. It retained much of its wooden structure, however, and reemerged as Twisted Colossus on May 23, 2015.

History

Colossus in 2007 prior to the renovation Colossus parking view.JPG
Colossus in 2007 prior to the renovation

For its next attraction to debut in 1978, Magic Mountain wanted a wooden roller coaster for the classic "rumble and sway" experience that they felt was missing from steel coasters. [2] They hired Ohio-based International Amusement Devices (IAD), who began designing Colossus in January 1977. [3] [4] [5] IAD in turn subcontracted Bernard Brothers Construction for the construction of the ride, Continental Consultants for all of the mechanical systems, and Lorenz & Williams for the structural engineering and electronic systems. [2] [3] A member of the design team traveled to Mexico City to study Montaña Rusa – the largest wooden roller coaster in the world at the time – in order to help plan for the project. [2] [3]

The design was finalized in May 1977, and construction began a few months later in August. [3] During construction, a tornado caused part of the structure to collapse, but the roller coaster was still completed on schedule. [2] At a final cost of $7 million, Colossus opened to the public on June 29, 1978. It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world, as well as the first to feature two drops over 100 feet (30 m). [6]

Modifications

Colossus underwent a number of changes over the years. In 1979, the ride closed for approximately ten months to remove excessive negative g-forces. The speed hill after the second drop, the double-up element, and several of the ride's other hills were reprofiled. Also, the original IAD trains were replaced with trains manufactured by Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) during this renovation. In 1987, the PTC trains were replaced with trains manufactured by Morgan Manufacturing, and the valley within the double-dip element was leveled off and received block brakes in 1991.

During the Halloween season, the coaster's web-like structure was accompanied by a giant black spider, and the height restriction became 54 inches (1,400 mm). On August 29, 2013, Six Flags Magic Mountain announced that they would run Colossus backward for a limited time during the 2014 season. [7] The train on one side of the track was changed to run backward using the old trains from the now defunct Psyclone roller coaster. [2]

Closure and Twisted Colossus announcement

Twisted Colossus SFMM- Twisted Colossus 2.jpg
Twisted Colossus

During the 2014 season Six Flags Magic Mountain announced that Colossus would close permanently on August 16, 2014. [8] On August 4, 2014, the park held a 36-hour riding marathon event on the roller coaster as a way for the public to say goodbye to one of the park's staples. [9] Out of 24 participants, six completed the marathon of 328 laps around the track in 45-minute intervals. [10]

On September 8, 2014, Colossus caught fire. Less than two weeks after the ride closed, Six Flags announced that Colossus would reopen in 2015 as Twisted Colossus following a renovation by Rocky Mountain Construction. [11] The company added their patented I-Box track technology to the ride, also known as Iron Horse, which converts the wooden track to steel while retaining some to most of the original wooden structure.

In late 2018, the trains were updated with zipper pouches and modified lap bars. [12]

Characteristics

The table below summarizes the differences between Colossus and Twisted Colossus. With the exception of capacity, the statistics of Colossus represent a single track only.

StatisticColossus [4] Twisted Colossus [13]
Years1978–20142015–Present
ManufacturerInternational Amusement DevicesRocky Mountain Construction
DesignerLorenz & Williams Alan Schilke
Track TypeWoodSteel
Track Layout Racing Möbius Loop
Height125 ft or 38 m121 ft or 37 m
Drop115 ft or 35 m116 ft or 35 m
Length4,325 ft or 1,318 m4,990 ft or 1,520 m
Speed62 mph or 100 km/h57 mph or 92 km/h
Max vertical angleUnknown80°
G-force3.2TBD
Capacity2600 riders per hourTBD
Duration2:303:40
Inversions02
TrainsMorgan ManufacturingRocky Mountain Construction

Ride experience

Colossus

The previous configuration of the roller coaster featured two drops greater than 100 feet (30 m); the first drop was 115 feet (35 m) and the second was 105 feet (32 m). The ride spanned two and a half minutes and reached speeds up to 62 miles per hour (100 km/h). [6] Its original configuration was noted for numerous and sustained air-time moments, which were eventually toned down or eliminated by reprofiling and/or braking.

Twisted Colossus

Twisted Colossus Entrance SFMM- Twisted Colossus Entrance.jpg
Twisted Colossus Entrance

The ride begins on the blue track, boarding from what was the right side track's station. Immediately after dispatch, the ride makes a 90 degree left turn, is sent through a set of drive tires to boost the train towards the pre-lift section, and makes another left turn. After going through a series of small hills in the pre-lift, the train makes its way up the right side of the lift hill, catching up to the train on the green track. Immediately after the lift hill ends, riders are sent down an 80 degree, 128 foot drop. The trains then go through a small airtime hill and then up another tall hill, crossing under Goliath. The train then proceeds to go through a banked turn to the left, and goes through a "high-five" element. After this, the blue tracked train drops down and goes under the train on the green track while it does its top gun stall. The blue track goes through an airtime hill, taking riders close to the train in the green track's stall. Then the blue tracked train does a zero-g roll. After a double up and a quick turn to the left, the blue track turns green and the train hits a brake run, before returning to the left side of the lift hill. The green track is identical to the blue tracked segment up through the high-five, which is banked in the opposite direction as to create the "high-five" illusion with the blue track. After the high-five, the green track does a double down and does a top gun stall crossing over the blue track. After crossing under the blue track's zero-g roll, it then goes up a double up and turns left, where the train hits the final brake run. [14]

Because Twisted Colossus is a "racing coaster" with one long continuous circuit, it may be considered a Möbius Loop roller coaster. However, unlike most Möbius Loop layouts, it only has one station and one cycle sends riders through both sides. This is different from a traditional Möbius Loop layout (such as Racer at Kennywood), which takes riders through only half of the ride's "complete" circuit before stopping and unloading at the other station.

Because of the unusual setup of a one-station Möbius Loop layout, to race, the operators on Twisted Colossus must properly time dispatches. While a train is in the blue side, the ride operators will sometimes call out " __ seconds to race", counting down to encourage riders to board quickly so they can race. To give the ride operators extra time, the green lift can run slower than the blue lift, giving the blue side time to catch up.

Use in media

Colossus was nearing completion in May 1978 when it was used as a backdrop for fight scenes in the NBC TV movie Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park . [8] In 1983, it was featured in the film National Lampoon's Vacation as Screemy Meemy. In the sitcom Step by Step , Colossus is the roller coaster that the Lambert-Foster family rides in the opening sequence. The roller coaster was also seen in television episodes of Knight Rider , Wonder Woman , and The A-Team . [8]

Incidents

A 20-year-old woman died after being thrown from the ride in December 1978. An investigation determined the lap bar restraint was in working condition, but they speculated that the rider's size may have made the restraint ineffective. [15] [16]

On September 8, 2014, while workers were disassembling the track, the top of the lift hill on Colossus caught on fire. The fire – which occurred while the park was closed – was contained and no injuries were reported. [17] [18]

On July 7, 2022, an 8-year-old girl was wounded in the head when a mobile phone struck her while she was riding the roller coaster. [19]

Awards

Twisted Colossus ranked in the Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Awards for best new ride of 2015 with 13% of the vote, coming in third place. [20]

Golden Ticket Awards: Best New Ride for 2015
Ranking
3 [20]
Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters
Year201520162017201820192021202220232024
Ranking28 [21] 26 [22] 16 [23] 24 [24] 6 [25] 16 [26] 18 [27] 28 [28] 30 (tie) [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitro (Six Flags Great Adventure)</span> Steel roller coaster

Nitro is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Hyper Coaster model opened to the public on April 7, 2001. Since its debut, Nitro has consistently ranked high among steel coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today, peaking in third place during its tenure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Six Flags Magic Mountain</span> Theme park in Valencia, California

Six Flags Magic Mountain, formerly known and colloquially referred to as simply Magic Mountain, is a 209-acre (85 ha) amusement park located in Valencia, California, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. It opened on May 29, 1971, as a development of the Newhall Land and Farming Company and Sea World Inc. In 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added "Six Flags" to the park's name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolliger & Mabillard</span> Swiss roller coaster manufacturer

Bolliger & Mabillard, officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers, Inc. and often abbreviated B&M, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by engineers Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, both of whom had worked for Giovanola.

X2 (roller coaster) Roller coaster at Magic Mountain

X2 is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. It was the world's first fourth-dimension roller coaster and was the final roller coaster installed by ride manufacturer Arrow Dynamics. The ride is unique in that the trains' seats pitch 360 degrees forwards and in reverse independent of the main chassis. The coaster initially opened to the public on January 12, 2002; numerous issues delayed it from debuting in 2001 as was originally anticipated. On December 2, 2007, the ride closed for its transformation into X2. It was completely repainted, received new third-generation trains, and featured new special effects including onboard audio, fog effects, and a pair of flame throwers. The ride reopened on May 24, 2008, following the upgrades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Toro (Six Flags Great Adventure)</span> Wooden roller coaster

El Toro is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Designed by Werner Stengel and manufactured by Intamin, the ride opened to the public on June 11, 2006. Intamin subcontracted Rocky Mountain Construction to build the ride, and the coaster's track was prefabricated, allowing for quicker installation and lower construction costs. El Toro is the main attraction of the Mexican-themed section of the park, Plaza Del Carnaval. It replaced another roller coaster, Viper, which closed following the 2004 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superman: Krypton Coaster</span> Roller coaster in Texas, U.S.

Superman: Krypton Coaster is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas amusement park in San Antonio. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Floorless Coaster model opened to the public in 2000 as one of the first of its kind in the world. The well-received ride held the title for the world's tallest vertical loop from its opening until 2013. Superman: Krypton Coaster stands 168 feet (51 m) tall and reaches a maximum speed of 70 mph (110 km/h).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tatsu</span> Flying roller coaster

Tatsu is a flying roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard at the Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park located in Valencia, California, United States. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, it opened as the tallest, fastest, and longest flying coaster in the world on May 13, 2006. It became the park's seventeenth coaster, featuring a height of 170 feet (52 m), a track length of 3,602 feet (1,098 m), and a maximum speed of 62 mph (100 km/h). Tatsu also features the world's tallest pretzel loop and the only zero-gravity roll inversion on a flying coaster model. Nearly a decade later, The Flying Dinosaur opened at Universal Studios Japan in 2016, breaking Tatsu's length record and matching its speed. In its debut season, Tatsu was ranked 40th among steel coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today, peaking with a rank of 28 in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steel Vengeance</span> Roller coaster at Cedar Point

Steel Vengeance, formerly known as Mean Streak, is a steel roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. The roller coaster, originally constructed by Dinn Corporation as a wooden roller coaster, was rebuilt by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and opened to the public on May 5, 2018. It is a hybrid coaster, using RMC's steel I-Box track and a significant portion of Mean Streak's former support structure. Upon completion, Steel Vengeance set 10 world records, including those for the tallest, fastest, and longest hybrid roller coaster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goliath (Six Flags Magic Mountain)</span> Steel roller coaster

Goliath is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia, California. Manufactured by Giovanola of Switzerland, the hypercoaster is located in the Goliath Plaza section of the park and opened to the public on February 11, 2000. Its sub-tropical theme is characterized by ancient ruins of the Mayan civilization. The ride is nearly identical to Titan at Six Flags Over Texas, but it lacks a 540-degree upward helix prior to the mid-course brake run and features a slightly shorter track layout.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scream (roller coaster)</span> Steel roller coaster

Scream is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Floorless Coaster model was the park's sixteenth roller coaster and is located in the Screampunk District area of the park. The 150-foot-tall (46 m) ride consists of a series of roller coaster elements including seven inversions ranging from a zero-g roll to interlocking corkscrews. The ride is a mirror image of Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Rattler</span> Steel roller coaster in San Antonio

Iron Rattler is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio. The ride originally opened in 1992 as Rattler, the tallest wooden roller coaster in the world. It was converted to steel in 2013 by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC), led by designer Alan Schilke, and reopened as Iron Rattler. RMC installed their patented I-Box track onto Rattler's existing wooden structure, increasing the drop height from 124 to 171 feet and the maximum speed from 65 to 70 mph. A notable addition to its layout was a zero-g roll inversion, which was a first among hybrid coasters made of wood and steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wicked Cyclone</span> Roller coaster at Six Flags New England

Wicked Cyclone is a hybrid roller coaster located at the Six Flags New England amusement park in Agawam, Massachusetts. The ride originally opened as a wooden roller coaster named Cyclone on June 24, 1983. Its name and design were inspired by the historic 1927 Coney Island Cyclone in Brooklyn, New York. In 2014, after 32 seasons, Cyclone was closed while being re-tracked with steel. It reopened as Wicked Cyclone on May 24, 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Storm Chaser (roller coaster)</span> Steel roller coaster in Kentucky

Storm Chaser is a steel roller coaster located at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Designed by Alan Schilke and manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) at an estimated cost of $10 million, the ride opened to the public on April 30, 2016. It features three inversions, a 78-degree drop, and a maximum speed of 52 mph (84 km/h) utilizing RMC's patented I-Box track technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Texas Giant</span> Roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas

New Texas Giant is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas. It originally opened as Texas Giant, which was the tallest wooden coaster in the world when it debuted in 1990. Manufactured by Dinn Corporation and designed by Curtis D. Summers, Texas Giant operated for nearly two decades and was highly-ranked in Amusement Today magazine's annual Golden Ticket Awards. The ride's popularity declined over the years as it gained a negative reputation for increasing roughness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildcat's Revenge</span> Roller coaster at Hersheypark

Wildcat's Revenge is a hybrid roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. The ride originally opened in 1996 as Wildcat, a wooden coaster manufactured by Great Coasters International (GCI). The wooden coaster was the first from GCI and served as the anchor attraction of the Midway America section of the park. It cost $5.6 million to construct and was built on a 2-acre (0.81 ha) plot of land that had previously been used for parking. The ride traversed a 90-foot lift hill and twelve banked turns, subjecting riders to forces of up to 3.5 Gs. From 1998 to 2009, Wildcat ranked among the top 50 wooden roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication from Amusement Today. Wildcat initially received critical acclaim, but it gained a negative reputation for its increasing roughness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superman The Ride</span> Steel roller coaster

Superman The Ride is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags New England in Agawam, Massachusetts. Built by Liechtensteiner manufacturer Intamin, the hypercoaster opened to the public as Superman – Ride of Steel in 2000. It features a 208-foot (63 m) lift hill, a 221-foot (67 m) drop, and a maximum speed of 77 mph (124 km/h). In 2009, the park changed the name to Bizarro, named after a DC Comics character portrayed as the antithesis of Superman. In accordance with the theme change, the coaster's track and supports were repainted with a purple and dark blue color scheme, and other special effects were added. In 2016, the Six Flags reverted to the original theme, but instead of restoring the name, it was changed to Superman The Ride. A virtual reality feature was added the same year, which created an optional 3D experience for passengers, but was removed prior to the 2017 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medusa Steel Coaster</span> Steel roller coaster at Six Flags México

Medusa Steel Coaster, formerly known as simply Medusa, is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags México in Mexico City. Manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and designed by Alan Schilke, the ride opened to the public on 14 June 2014. It was originally a wooden coaster constructed by Custom Coasters International that debuted in June 2000. The wooden track was completely removed and replaced with RMC's I-Box track technology, a steel conversion that resulted in a new track layout with increased speed and the addition of three inversions. Medusa was generally well-received, ranking several times in the top 50 among steel roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards from Amusement Today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocky Mountain Construction</span> Roller coaster manufacturer

Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) is a manufacturing and construction company based in Hayden, Idaho, United States. It is best known for its I-Box track and Topper Track for wooden roller coasters. Founded by Fred Grubb and Suanne Dedmon in 2001, it has built over 20 roller coasters. In 2023, amusement ride manufacturer Larson International merged with it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outlaw Run</span> Roller coaster at Silver Dollar City

Outlaw Run is a wooden roller coaster located at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. Designed by Alan Schilke, Outlaw Run is the first wooden roller coaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and became the first wooden coaster with multiple inversions. It features a 162-foot (49 m) drop, three inversions, and a maximum speed of 68 mph (109 km/h), making Outlaw Run the sixth-fastest wooden coaster in the world. Its 81-degree first drop is also the fourth steepest in the world among wooden roller coasters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goliath (Six Flags Great America)</span> Wooden roller coaster

Goliath is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. Manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) and designed by Alan Schilke, the roller coaster features RMC's Topper Track design and opened to the public on June 19, 2014. Goliath initially set three world records among wooden coasters, having the longest drop at 180 feet (55 m), the steepest angle of 85 degrees, and the fastest speed of 72 mph (116 km/h). It still holds the record for the longest drop and fastest wooden roller coaster. In addition, the ride also features two inversions and a maximum descent that reaches 15 feet (4.6 m) below ground level.

References

  1. ↑ "Highly-Anticipated Twisted Colossus Opens To Public At Magic Mountain". May 23, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Apodaca, Patrice (November 7, 1989). "Three of a Kind : Bernards Brothers Fame Rides on Projects Like Magic Mountain's Giant Roller Coaster". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 McCrate, Tim (August 3, 2014). "Interview With Colossus' Structural Engineer, Tim McCrate". The Coaster Guy (Interview). Interviewed by Kurt Dahlin. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Marden, Duane. "Colossus  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  5. ↑ Marden, Duane. "International Amusement Devices, Inc". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  6. 1 2 Entertainment/Travel Editors. "ADVISORY/After 20 Years -- Six Flags Magic Mountain's Colossus Is Still the West Coast's Most Thrilling `Woodie'." Business Wire. December 4, 1998. Retrieved June 5, 2008
  7. ↑ "New for 2014". August 29, 2013. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 Silverman, Ben (June 4, 2014). "Legendary rollercoaster 'Colossus' closing in August". Plugged In. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  9. ↑ Boyer, Jessica (July 31, 2014). "Six Flags Magic Mountain's Colossus is scheduled to close Aug. 16, and park officials are planning to host a 36-hour coaster marathon to say "goodbye" to the coaster". KHTS. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Six Riders Complete 36-Hour Colossus Marathon At Magic Mountain". KHTS. August 5, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  11. ↑ Macdonald, Brady (August 28, 2014). "Six Flags Magic Mountain turning wooden coaster into Twisted Colossus". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Six Flags Magic Mountain Park Update - Late December 2018 - The Coaster Kings". December 27, 2018.
  13. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Twisted Colossus  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  14. ↑ "YouTube". www.youtube.com.[ dead YouTube link ]
  15. ↑ "SCVHistory.com SR9617 - Magic Mountain - Eagles Flight". www.scvhistory.com.
  16. ↑ "Evolution of California's Amusement Rides Safety Laws". California Research Bureau. August 1997. pp. Appendix A. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Magic Mountain's Colossus Roller Coaster Catches Fire; Peak Collapses". September 8, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Fire erupts on Colossus ride at Magic Mountain". KABC-TV Los Angeles. September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Riverside Girl Injured After Cellphone Hits Her in the Face on Six Flags Coaster". July 7, 2022.
  20. 1 2 "Park and ride winners". Amusement Today . September 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  21. ↑ "2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 19 (6.2): 49–50. September 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  22. ↑ "2016 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  23. ↑ "2017 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  24. ↑ "2018 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  25. ↑ "2019 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  26. ↑ "2021 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  27. ↑ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  28. ↑ "2023 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Amusement Today . 27 (6.2): 66–70. September 2023. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  29. ↑ "2024 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2024. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Preceded by World's Tallest Wooden Roller Coaster
June 1978–May 1981		Succeeded by
World's Tallest Roller Coaster Drop
June 1978–April 1979		Succeeded by
World's Fastest Roller Coaster
June 1978–April 1979
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.