Uncleftish Beholding

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Uncleftish Beholding
Presented1989
Author(s) Poul Anderson
Subject Atomic theory
Purpose Linguistic purism in English

"Uncleftish Beholding" (1989) is a short text by Poul Anderson, included in his anthology "All One Universe". [1] It is designed to illustrate what English might look like without its large number of words derived from languages such as French, Greek, and Latin, [2] especially with regard to the proportion of scientific words with origins in those languages.

Contents

Written as a demonstration of linguistic purism in English, the work explains atomic theory using Germanic words almost exclusively and coining new words when necessary; [3] many of these new words have cognates in modern German, an important scientific language in its own right. The title phrase uncleftish beholding calques "atomic theory." [4]

To illustrate, the text begins: [5]

For most of its being, mankind did not know what things are made of, but could only guess. With the growth of worldken, we began to learn, and today we have a beholding of stuff and work that watching bears out, both in the workstead and in daily life.

It goes on to define firststuffs (chemical elements), such as waterstuff (hydrogen), sourstuff (oxygen), and ymirstuff (uranium), as well as bulkbits (molecules), bindings (compounds), and several other terms important to uncleftish worldken (atomic science). [6] Wasserstoff and Sauerstoff are the modern German words for hydrogen and oxygen, and in Dutch the modern equivalents are waterstof and zuurstof. [7] Sunstuff refers to helium, which derives from ἥλιος, the Ancient Greek word for 'sun'. Ymirstuff references Ymir, a giant in Norse mythology similar to Uranus in Greek mythology.

Glossary

Comparison of terms in "Uncleftish Beholding" and English
Term in "Uncleftish Beholding"Term in EnglishOrigin In English
uncleftatomfrom Greek atomos 'uncut, unhewn; indivisible', from a- 'not' + tomos 'a cutting', [8]
uncleftishatomicas above
beholdingtheoryfrom Greek theōria 'contemplation, speculation; a looking at, viewing; a sight, show, spectacle, things looked at', from theōrein 'to consider, speculate, look at', from theōros 'spectator',
worldkensciencefrom Latin scientia 'knowledge'. [9] World + ken means "knowledge of the world".
stuff
firststuff		matter
element		from Latin materia 'substance from which something is made', [10]
from Latin elementum 'rudiment, first principle, matter in its most basic form' [11]
worksteadlaboratoryfrom Latin laboratorium 'place for work', [12]
forward bernstonish ladingpositive electric chargefrom Greek ḗlektron 'amber', [13] in German bernstein ('burn-stone')
from Late Latin carricare 'to load a wagon or cart' [14]
backward bernstonish ladingnegative electric charge
forwardladenpositively charged
backwardladennegatively charged
waterstuff hydrogen from Greek for 'water'. [15] Its cognate in German is Wasserstoff and in Swedish väte.
sunstuff helium from Greek for 'sun' [15]
stonestuff lithium from Greek for 'stone' [15]
coalstuff carbon from Latin for 'coal'. [15] Its cognate in German is Kohlenstoff.
chokestuff nitrogen Name from niter, from the Ancient Greek νιτρωνnitron from Ancient Egyptian netjeri, related to the Hebrew néter, for salt-derived ashes (their interrelationship is not clear). [16]

Chokestuff is inspired by chokedamp , a term for oxygenless air found in mines and other confined spaces. Chokedamp is composed mostly of nitrogen. The cognate in German is Stickstoff and in Swedish kväve, both bearing the meaning "choke".

sourstuff oxygen from Greek for 'sharp' or 'sour' [15] Its German cognate is Sauerstoff and Swedish syre.
glasswortstuff sodium Glasswort was used as a source of soda for glassmaking
flintstuff silicon from Latin for 'flint' [15]
potashstuff potassium Latinised form of potash [17]
ymirstuff uranium from Uranus (Norse equivalent is Ymir )
aegirstuff neptunium from Neptune (Norse equivalent is Ægir )
helstuff plutonium from Pluto (Norse equivalent is Hel )
roundaround board of the firststuffs periodic table of elements from Latin periodus (“complete sentence, period, circuit”), from Ancient Greek períodos (“cycle, period of time”)
farer ion from Greek neuter present participle of ienai, meaning "to go".
samestead isotope Greek roots isos (ἴσος "equal") and topos (τόπος "place"), meaning "the same place"

The vocabulary used in "Uncleftish Beholding" does not completely derive from Anglo-Saxon. Around, from Old French reond (Modern French rond), completely displaced Old English ymbe (modern English umbe (now obsolete), cognate to German um and Latin ambi-) and left no "native" English word for this concept. The text also contains the French-derived words rest, ordinary and sort.

The text gained increased exposure and popularity after being circulated around the Internet, [18] and has served as inspiration for some inventors of Germanic English conlangs. Douglas Hofstadter, in discussing the piece in his book Le Ton beau de Marot , jocularly refers to the use of only Germanic roots for scientific pieces as "Ander-Saxon."

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cognate</span> Words inherited by different languages

In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

In linguistics, a false friend is a word in a different language that looks or sounds similar to a word in a given language, but differs significantly in meaning. Examples of false friends include English embarrassed and Spanish embarazado 'pregnant'; English parents versus Portuguese parentes and Italian parenti ; English demand and French demander 'ask'; and English gift, German Gift 'poison', and Norwegian gift, both 'married' and 'poison'.

False cognates are pairs of words that seem to be cognates because of similar sounds and meaning, but have different etymologies; they can be within the same language or from different languages, even within the same family. For example, the English word dog and the Mbabaram word dog have exactly the same meaning and very similar pronunciations, but by complete coincidence. Likewise, English much and Spanish mucho came by their similar meanings via completely different Proto-Indo-European roots, and same for English have and Spanish haber. This is different from false friends, which are similar-sounding words with different meanings, and may or may not be cognates.

Etymology is the scientific study of the origins of words, including the origins of their constituent units of sound and meaning, as well as their changes in pronunciation and meaning across time. It is a subfield of historical linguistics, philology, and semiotics, and draws upon comparative semantics, morphology, pragmatics, and phonetics in order to construct a comprehensive and chronological catalogue of all meanings that a morpheme, phoneme, word, or sign has carried across time.

Folk etymology – also known as (generative) popular etymology, analogical reformation, (morphological)reanalysis and etymological reinterpretation – is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one through popular usage. The form or the meaning of an archaic, foreign, or otherwise unfamiliar word is reinterpreted as resembling more familiar words or morphemes.

Purism in the linguistic field is the historical trend of languages to conserve intact their lexical structure of word families, in opposition to foreign influences which are considered 'impure'. Historically, English linguistic purism is a reaction to the great number of borrowings in the English language from other languages, especially Old French, since the Norman conquest of England, and some of its native vocabulary and grammar have been supplanted by features of Latinate and Greek origin. Efforts to remove or consider the removal of foreign terms in English are often known as Anglish, a term coined by author and humorist Paul Jennings in 1966.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vates</span> Term for ancient Celtic bards, prophets and philosophers

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In etymology, two or more words in the same language are called doublets or etymological twins or twinlings when they have different phonological forms but the same etymological root. Often, but not always, the words entered the language through different routes. Given that the kinship between words that have the same root and the same meaning is fairly obvious, the term is mostly used to characterize pairs of words that have diverged at least somewhat in meaning. For example, English pyre and fire are doublets with merely associated meanings despite both descending ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word *péh₂ur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burn (landform)</span> Term of Scottish origin for a small river

In local usage, a burn is a kind of watercourse. The term applies to a large stream or a small river. The word is used in Scotland and England and in parts of Ulster, Kansas, Australia and New Zealand.

The spurtle is a wooden Scottish kitchen tool, dating from the 15th century, that is used to stir porridge, soups, stews, and broths.

Germanic toponyms are the names given to places by Germanic peoples and tribes. Besides areas with current speakers of Germanic languages, many regions with previous Germanic speakers or Germanic influence had or still have Germanic toponymic elements, such as places in France, Wallonia, Poland, Northern Portugal, Spain and Northern Italy.

The term man and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their sex or age. In traditional usage, man itself refers to the species or to humanity (mankind) as a whole.

Present-day Irish has numerous loanwords from English. The native term for these is béarlachas, from Béarla, the Irish word for the English language. It is a result of language contact and bilingualism within a society where there is a dominant, superstrate language and a minority substrate language with few or no monolingual speakers and a perceived "lesser" status.

References

  1. ↑ Anderson, Poul (1996). All One Universe. Macmillan. ISBN   9780312858735.
  2. ↑ Omissi, Adrastos (11 July 2015). "Swear words, etymology, and the history of English". OUPblog . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  3. ↑ Allén, Sture, ed. (1995). Of Thoughts and Words: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 92: The Relation Between Language and Mind (Conference publication). River Edge, New Jersey: Imperial College Press. pp. 217–266. ISBN   9781860940057. LCCN   96130659. OCLC   34912899.
  4. ↑ "Uncleftish Beholding". Centre for Complexity Science, University of Warwick . 12 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  5. ↑ Anderson, Poul (December 1989). "Uncleftish Beholding". Analog Science Fiction and Fact . Vol. 109, no. 13. Davis Publications. pp. 132–135.
  6. ↑ Hofstadter, Douglas R. (August 1994). "Speechstuff and Thoughtstuff: Musings on the Resonances Created by Words and Phrases via the Subliminal Perception of their Buried Parts". Nobel Symposium 92. Stockholm. doi:10.1142/9781908979681_0023.
  7. ↑ R.L.G. (28 January 2014). "Johnson: What might have been". The Economist . Berlin. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  8. ↑ "atom | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "Definition of science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  10. ↑ "matter | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "element | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  12. ↑ "laboratory | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  13. ↑ "electric | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  14. ↑ "charge | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stwertka, Albert (1996). A guide to the elements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-508083-1. OCLC   33013451.
  16. ↑ "nitre" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  17. ↑ "potash | Origin and meaning of potash by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  18. ↑ "Johnson: What might have been". The Economist. 28 January 2014. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 19 March 2021.
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