United Nations Security Council Resolution 1591

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UN Security Council
Resolution 1591
Darfur Sudan map with districts.svg
Darfur region of Sudan
Date29 March 2005
Meeting no.5,153
CodeS/RES/1591 (Document)
SubjectThe situation concerning Sudan
Voting summary
  • 12 voted for
  • None voted against
  • 3 abstained
ResultAdopted
Security Council composition
Permanent members
Non-permanent members

United Nations Security Council resolution 1591, adopted on 29 March 2005, after recalling resolutions 1547 (2004), 1556 (2004), 1564 (2004), 1574 (2004), 1585 (2005), 1588 (2005) and 1590 (2005) on the situation in Sudan, the council placed a travel ban and asset freeze on those "impeding the peace process" in Darfur. [1]

Contents

The resolution was adopted by 12 votes in favour to none against and three abstentions from Algeria, China and Russia, who all expressed objections to the use of international sanctions and believed that the resolution failed to recognise the progress made by the Sudanese government. [2]

Observations

In the preamble of the resolution, the council welcomed of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Nairobi, Kenya, by the Sudanese government and Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M). It recognised that the parties to the agreement had to bring about peace and prevent further violations of human rights and of the ceasefire in Darfur. The security council was also concerned about the humanitarian situation and the safety of aid workers, and called on all parties to co-operate with the African Union Mission in Darfur.

UN Panel of Experts concerning Sudan

The United Nations Panel of experts concerning the Sudan was established by the UN Security Council Resolution 1591 March 2005. [3] Its mandate is to among others monitor the Arms Embargo on Darfur. Their reports can be found at the following link: Reports by the panel of experts submitted through the 1591 Sanctions Committee at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 October 2015). Mr. Thomas W. Bifwoli was coordinator of the panel from 5 December 2007 until 15 October 2008. Mr Bifwoli had been originally appointed by the UN secretary General Kofi Annan in May 2006 to serve on the UN Panel of Experts as the Customs and Border control expert. [4]

Acts

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the security council deplored the actions of the Sudanese government, rebel and other armed groups in Darfur for failing in their commitments to the council and continuing ceasefire violations. There were airstrikes by the government, which had also not disarmed the Janjaweed militia. In this regard, the council established a Committee to oversee the implementation of Security Council demands against the parties involved in the conflict, and investigate individuals responsible for human rights violations. [5] It was instructed to report regularly to the council on the situation.

The resolution placed restrictions on those "impeding the peace process" in Darfur, including a travel ban and asset freeze, to enter into force within 30 days unless the parties complied with the security council. [6] The council concluded by reiterating that further measures would be taken in the event of non-compliance by any of the parties.

See also

Related Research Articles

African Union Mission in Sudan

The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) was an African Union (AU) peacekeeping force operating primarily in the country's western region of Darfur to perform peacekeeping operations related to the Darfur conflict. It was founded in 2004, with a force of 150 troops. By mid-2005, its numbers were increased to about 7,000. Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564, AMIS was to "closely and continuously liaise and coordinate ... at all levels" its work with the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS). AMIS was the only external military force in Sudan's Darfur region until UNAMID was established. It was not able to effectively contain the violence in Darfur. A more sizable, better equipped UN peacekeeping force was originally proposed for September 2006, but due to Sudanese government opposition, it was not implemented at that time. AMIS' mandate was extended repeatedly throughout 2006, while the situation in Darfur continued to escalate, until AMIS was replaced by UNAMID on December 31, 2007.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564, adopted on 18 September 2004, after recalling resolutions 1502 (2003), 1547 (2004) and 1556 (2004), the Council threatened the imposition of sanctions against Sudan if it failed to comply with its obligations on Darfur, and an international inquiry was established to investigate violations of human rights in the region.

While there is a consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted in Darfur and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred, there has been debate in some quarters about whether genocide has taken place there. In May 2006, the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur organized by United Nations "concluded that the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide ... [though] international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be more serious and heinous than genocide." Eric Reeves, a researcher and frequent commentator on Darfur, has questioned the methodology of the commission's report.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1679

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1679, adopted unanimously on May 16, 2006, after recalling resolutions 1556 (2004), 1564 (2004), 1574 (2004), 1590 (2005), 1591 (2005), 1593 (2005), 1663 (2005) and 1665 (2006) on the situation in Sudan, the Council endorsed a decision by the African Union Peace and Security Council to move ahead with a United Nations peacekeeping force in Darfur as soon as possible.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1672

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1672, adopted on April 25, 2006, after recalling resolutions 1556 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1651 (2005) and 1665 (2006) on the situation in Sudan, the Council imposed travel and financial sanctions on four Sudanese individuals over their involvement in the Darfur conflict. It was the first time sanctions had been adopted against individuals in the region.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706, adopted on August 31, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan, including resolutions 1556 (2004), 1564 (2005), 1574 (2004), 1590 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1593 (2004), 1663 (2006), 1665 (2006) and 1679 (2006), the Council expanded the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) to include deployments in Darfur to enforce the Darfur Peace Agreement.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1935, adopted unanimously on July 30, 2010, after reaffirming all previous resolutions and statements on the situation in Sudan, the Council extended the mandate of the African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for a further 12 months until July 31, 2011 and demanded an end to fighting and attacks on United Nations personnel and civilians.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1547

United Nations Security Council resolution 1547, adopted unanimously on 11 June 2004, after welcoming the commitment of the Sudanese government and Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) to work towards a full ceasefire and peace agreement to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, the council established a United Nations Advance Team in Sudan to prepare for a future United Nations operation following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The brief reference to the situation in the Darfur region divided Council members, with Algeria, China and Pakistan against a mention of Darfur and the other two-thirds of the council supporting its inclusion.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1945

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1945, adopted on October 14, 2010, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan, the Council extended the mandate of an expert panel monitoring an arms embargo and other sanctions on groups that "impede peace in Sudan" until October 19, 2011.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1556

United Nations Security Council resolution 1556, adopted on 30 July 2004, after recalling resolutions 1502 (2003) and 1547 (2004) on the situation in Sudan, the council demanded that the Sudanese government disarm the Janjaweed militia and bring to justice those who had committed violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Darfur.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1572

United Nations Security Council resolution 1572, adopted unanimously on 15 November 2004, after recalling Resolution 1528 (2004) on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the council imposed an arms embargo on the country following recent violence and threatened further sanctions if Ivorian parties did not comply with their political commitments.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590, adopted unanimously on 24 March 2005, after recalling resolutions 1547 (2004), 1556 (2004), 1564 (2004), 1574 (2004), 1585 (2005) and 1588 (2005) on the situation in Sudan, the Council established the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of six months.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1982

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1982, adopted unanimously on May 17, 2011, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan, the Council extended the mandate of an expert panel monitoring the arms embargo and other sanctions against the country until February 19, 2012.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1651 UN Security Council resolution on Sudan

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1651, adopted unanimously on 21 December 2005, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan, particularly resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005), the Council extended the mandate of an expert panel monitoring sanctions against and violations of human rights in the Darfur region until 29 March 2006. It was the last Security Council resolution adopted in 2005.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1665

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1665, adopted unanimously on March 29, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan, particularly resolutions 1556 (2004), 1591 (2005) and 1651 (2005), the Council extended the mandate of an expert panel monitoring sanctions against and violations of human rights in the Darfur region until September 29, 2006.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1713

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1713, adopted unanimously on September 29, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan, particularly resolutions 1556 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1651 (2005) and 1665 (2006), the Council extended the mandate of an expert panel monitoring sanctions against and violations of human rights in the Darfur region until September 29, 2007 and requested the Secretary-General to add another expert to the team.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2003

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2003, adopted unanimously on July 29, 2011, after reaffirming all previous resolutions and statements on the situation in Sudan, the Council extended the mandate of the African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for a further 12 months until July 31, 2012.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1891 was unanimously adopted on 13 October 2009.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1841 was unanimously adopted on 15 October 2008.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2138, adopted on 13 February 2014, extended the mandate of the Sudan Sanctions Committee and requesting the committee's panel of experts provide a final report on its findings by January 2015. It noted with regret that armed groups in Darfur persisted in committing violence against civilians, and described an intention to impose further targeted sanctions against those responsible.

References

  1. ↑ "Security Council imposes travel ban, assets freeze on those impeding peace process in Darfur". United Nations. 29 March 2005.
  2. ↑ Rosenthal, Joel H. (2009). Ethics and international affairs (3rd ed.). Georgetown University Press. p. 120. ISBN   978-1-58901-272-1.
  3. ↑ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan". Archived from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  4. ↑ "Staff News, Appointments" (PDF). Reve News. No. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  5. ↑ König, Doris; Stoll, Peter-Tobias; Röben, Volker (2007). International law today: new challenges and the need for reform?. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社. p. 80. ISBN   978-3-540-75204-2.
  6. ↑ Columbus, Frank H.; Wusu, Olufemi (2006). Politics and economics of Africa, Volume 6. Nova Publishers. p. 39. ISBN   978-1-60021-174-4.
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