United States military casualties of war

Last updated

The following is a tabulation of United States military casualties of war.

Contents

Overview

Note: "Total casualties" includes wounded, combat and non-combat deaths but not missing in action. "Deaths – other" includes all non-combat deaths including those from bombing, massacres, disease, suicide, and murder.

War or conflictDateTotal U.S. deaths Wounded Total U.S. casualties
 Missing Sources and notesDeaths as percentage of total population
CombatOtherTotal
American Revolutionary War 1775–17834,435 to 6,80063,20070,0008,500+75,000+
Northwest Indian War 1785–17961,056+1,056+825+1,881+ [1] [2] [3]
Quasi-War 1798–180020494 [4] 51442556 [4] [5]
First Barbary War 1801–180535397464138 [6] [7] : 25–27  [8] [9]
Other actions against pirates1800–190036158+ [7] : 42 194+100+294+ [5] [10] [11] [b]
Chesapeake–Leopard affair 18073031821 [5]
War of 1812 1812–18152,26012,740~15,000~4,50520,000~ [12] 0.21%
Nuku Hiva Campaign 1813–18145051116 [7] : 34–38 
Creek War 1813–1814575575 [13]
Second Barbary War 18154134 [14] 138~10148 [15]
First Seminole War 1817–1818470473683 [16]
First Sumatran expedition 1832221113 [5]
Black Hawk War 183247258 [17] [18] 30585390 [19]
Second Seminole War 1835–18423281,2071,5351,535
Mexican–American War 1846–18481,73311,55013,2834,15217,435 [20] 0.06%
Cayuse War 1847–18564014174115 [21]
Rogue River Wars 1851–18561906196293489 [22]
Yakima War 1855–18563223492126 [23]
Third Seminole War 1855–185826262753 [24]
Second Opium War 1856–186012123951 [7]
Coeur d'Alene War 185836366096 [25]
American Civil War: total1861–1865214,938 [26] 450,000~655,000~ [c] [27] 2.1%
American Civil War: Union casualties110,100 [28] to 140,414 [26] 224,097364,511281,881646,392 [29]
American Civil War: Confederate casualties94,000 [30] 195,000+290,000+194,026483,026
Dakota War of 1862 186270–11370–113150220–263 [31] [32] [33]
Shimonoseki campaign 18634–5 [5] [34] 04–56 [5] 10 [5] [34]
Snake War 1864–18683030128158 [23]
American Indian Wars 1865–1898919919~1,0251,944 [20]
Red Cloud's War 1866–1868126126100226 [35] [2] [36]
United States expedition to Korea 187133912 [37]
Modoc War 1872–1873565688144 [38] [39]
Great Sioux War 1875–1877314314211525 [40] [41]
Nez Perce War 1877134134157291 [42] [43]
Bannock War 1878120122234 [36] [44]
Ute War 1879150155267 [36] [45]
Sheepeater Indian War 1879111011 [36]
Samoan crisis 1887–18890626262 [46]
Ghost Dance War 1890–189135356499 [47] [48]
Battle of Sugar Point 18987071623 [49]
Spanish–American War 18983852,0612,4461,6224,068 [20]
Philippine–American War and Moro Rebellion 1899–19131,0203,1764,1962,9307,126 [20]
Boxer Rebellion 1900–19016863131204335 [50]
Santo Domingo Affair 190410112 [5]
United States occupation of Nicaragua 1912–19339069159290449 [51] [52] [53]
Mexican Revolution 1914–191912061181319500 [54]
United States occupation of Haiti 1915–19341013814826+184+ [5] [55]
World War I 1914–191853,40263,114116,516204,002320,5183,350 [20] [d] 0.11%
North Russia intervention: total1918–1920424424 [56]
North Russia intervention: American Expeditionary Force, Siberia casualties1918–192016016832852+380+ [7] : 228 
Warlord Era
Chinese Civil War 		1918; 1921; 1926–1927; 1930; 193757883 [51]
World War II 1939–1945291,557113,842405,399670,8461,076,24572,491 [20] See Note DA below0.39%
Greek Civil War 1944–19491566 [57]
Chinese Civil War 1945–19501415016451215 [57]
Berlin Blockade 1948–1949313131 [58]
Korean War 1950–195333,6862,83536,574103,284139,8587,564See Note E below
Cold War with the Soviet Union 1947–199132321244126 [51]
Cold War with China 1950–1972161616 [51]
Vietnam War 1955–197547,43410,78658,220153,303211,4541,584 [20] [59] [60]
1958 Lebanon crisis 19581561+7+ [61]
Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961520 [62] 25 [63] 25 [64]
Cuban Missile Crisis 19621192020 [57]
Dominican Civil War 1965–1966272047283330 [51] [57] [65]
Korean DMZ Conflict 1966–196975681120201
USS Liberty incident 196703434171205
Operation Eagle Claw 1980088412 [66]
Salvadoran Civil War 1980–19922215373572 [67] [68] [69] [70]
1982 Lebanon War 1982–198425610266169435 [71]
Operation Earnest Will 1987–19883903931100
United States invasion of Grenada 198318119119138 [71]
1986 United States bombing of Libya 198620201 [72]
United States invasion of Panama 19892323324347 [71]
Gulf War 1990–19911491452948491,1432 [73] [74]
Operation Provide Comfort 1991–199611819423 [75] [76]
Operation Restore Hope 1992–1993291443153196 [71]
Operation Uphold Democracy 1994–199513437 [71]
Colombian conflict 1994–present08 [77] [78] 88 [79]
Bosnian War 1992–19951111212 [80]
Kosovo War 1999 [a] 0 [81] 2 [82] 21 [83] 30 [82] [84]
War in Afghanistan 2001–20211,910 [85] 415 [86] [85] 2,32520,093 [85] 22,311 [f] [85] [86]
Iraq War 2003–20113,5199734,49232,22236,7103 [85]
Operation Inherent Resolve 2014–present16607681157 [85]
Raid on Yakla 20171134 [87]
Total1775–2019666,441+673,929+1,354,664+1,498,240+2,852,901+40,031+

Wars ranked by U.S. battle deaths

The following is a list of wars caught by number of U.S. battle deaths suffered by military forces; deaths from disease and other non-battle causes are not included. Although the Confederate States of America did not consider itself part of the United States, and its forces were not part of the U.S. Army, its battle deaths are included with the losses of the Union (American Civil War).

RankWarYearsDeaths
1 World War II 1941–1945291,557
2 American Civil War 1861–1865204,100
3 World War I 1917–191853,402
4 Vietnam War 1955–197547,434
5 Korean War 1950–195333,686
6 American Revolutionary War 1775–17836,800
7 Iraq War 2003–20114,424
8 War of 1812 1812–18152,260
9 War in Afghanistan 2001–20211,833
10 Mexican–American War 1846–18481,733
11 Gulf War 1990–1991288
U.S. battle deaths by war
World War II
 
291,557
American Civil War
 
204,100
World War I
 
53,402
Vietnam War
 
47,434
Korean War
 
33,686
American Revolutionary War
 
6,800
Iraq War
 
3,836
War of 1812
 
2,260
War in Afghanistan
 
1,833
Mexican American War
 
1,733

Wars ranked by total number of U.S. military deaths

RankWarYearsDeathsDeaths per dayU.S. population in
first year of war		Deaths as percentage
of population
1 American Civil War 1861–1865655,000 (est.)(U.S./Confederate) [88] 44931,443,0002.083% (1860)
2 World War II 1941–1945405,399297133,402,0000.307% (1940)
3 World War I 1917–1918116,516200103,268,0000.110% (1920)
4 Vietnam War 1961–197558,20911179,323,1750.032% (1970)
5 Korean War 1950–195336,57430151,325,0000.024% (1950)
6 American Revolutionary War 1775–178325,000112,500,0001.00% (1780)
7 War of 1812 1812–181515,000158,000,0000.207% (1810)
8 Mexican–American War 1846–184813,2832921,406,0000.057% (1850)
9 Iraq War 2003–20114,5762294,043,0000.002% (2010)
10 Philippine–American War 1899–19024,1963.872,129,0010.006% (1900)
11 War in Afghanistan 2001–20212,4320.3294,043,0000.001% (2010)
12 Spanish–American War 18982,2469.662,022,2500.004% (1890)

"Deaths per day" is the total number of Americans killed in military service, divided by the number of days between the commencement and end of hostilities. "Deaths per population" is the total number of deaths in military service, divided by the U.S. population of the year indicated.

Notes

a. ^ Revolutionary War: All figures from the Revolutionary War are rounded estimates. Commonly cited casualty figures provided by the Department of Defense are 4,435 killed and 6,188 wounded, although the original government report that generated these numbers warned that the totals were incomplete and far too low. [89] In 1974, historian Howard Peckham and a team of researchers came up with a total of 6,824 killed in action and 8,445 wounded. Because of incomplete records, Peckham estimated that this new total number of killed in action was still about 1,000 too low. [90] Military historian John Shy subsequently estimated the total killed in action at 8,000, and argued that the number of wounded was probably far higher, about 25,000. [91] The "other" deaths are primarily from disease, including prisoners who died on British prison ships.

b. ^ Other actions against pirates: Includes actions fought in the West Indies, the Greek isles, off of Louisiana, China and Vietnam. Other deaths resulted from disease and accidents.

c. ^ Civil War: All Union casualty figures, and Confederate killed in action, from The Oxford Companion to American Military History except where noted (NPS figures). [20] estimate of total Confederate dead from James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1988), 854. Newer estimates place the total death toll at 650,000 to 850,000. [88] 148 of the Union dead were U.S. Marines. [92] [93]
ca. ^ Civil War April 2, 2012, Doctor David Hacker after extensive research offered new casualty rates higher by 20%; his work has been accepted by the academic community and is represented here.

d. ^ World War I figures include expeditions in North Russia and Siberia. See also World War I casualties

da. ^ World War II Note: as of March 31, 1946, there were an estimated 286,959 dead of whom 246,492 were identified; of 40,467 who were unidentified 18,641 were located {10,986 reposed in military cemeteries and 7,655 in isolated graves} and 21,826 were reported not located. As of April 6, 1946, there were 539 American Military Cemeteries which contained 241,500 dead. Note the American Battle Monuments Commission database for the World War II reports that in 18 ABMC Cemeteries total of 93,238 buried and 78,979 missing and that "The World War II database on this web site contains the names of those buried at our cemeteries, or listed as Missing in Action, buried or lost at sea. It does not contain the names of the 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial..." Similarly, the ABMC Records do not cover inter-war deaths such as the Port Chicago disaster in which 320 died. As of June 2018 total of US World War II casualties listed as MIA is 72,823 [94]

e. ^ Korean War: Note: [20] gives Dead as 33,746 and Wounded as 103, 284 and MIA as 8,177. The American Battle Monuments Commission database for the Korean War reports that "The Department of Defense reports that 54,246 American service men and women lost their lives during the Korean War. This includes all losses worldwide. Since the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., honors all U.S. Military who lost their lives during the War, we have tried to obtain the names of those who died in other areas besides Korea during the period June 27, 1950, to July 27, 1954, one year after the Korean Armistice...". {For a breakdown of Worldwide casualties of 54,246 see The Korean War educator at [95] gives figures as In-theatre/non theater} After their retreat in 1950, dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam, North Korea. During "Operation Glory" which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged; remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead. [96] After "Operation Glory" 416 Korean War "unknowns" were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. According to a DPMO white paper. [97] 1,394 names were also transmitted during "Operation Glory" from the Chinese and North Koreans, of whom 858 names proved to be correct; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases 4 were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; 3 were identified and 2 cases unconfirmed); Of 10 Korean War "Punchbowl Unknowns" 6 were identified. The W.A. Johnson listing of 496 POWs –including 25 civilians [98]  –who died in North Korea can be found here and there [99]

Listed as MIA: 7,683 [94]

ea. ^ Cold War – Korea and Vietnam and Middle East-additional US Casualties:

f. ^ Iraq War. See also Casualties of the Iraq War. Sources: . [102]

g. ^ Afghanistan. Casualties include those that occurred in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Yemen.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ casualties during post-war peacekeeping operations (1999-06-12 through present) are not included

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean War</span> War between North and South Korea, 1950–1953

The Korean War was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea and South Korea and their allies. North Korea was supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations Command (UNC) led by the United States. The conflict was the first major proxy war of the Cold War. Fighting ended in 1953 with an armistice but no peace treaty, leading to the ongoing Korean conflict.

The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States. During those centuries, the United States evolved from a newly formed nation which fought for its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (1775–1783) to world superpower status in the aftermath of World War II to the present. As of 2024, the United States Armed Forces consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and Space Force, all under the command of the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific</span> Veterans cemetery in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific is a national cemetery located at Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu, Hawaii. It serves as a memorial to honor those men and women who served in the United States Armed Forces, and those who have been killed in doing so. It is administered by the National Cemetery Administration of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Millions of visitors visit the cemetery each year, and it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Missing in action</span> Military term describing someone reported missing during service

Missing in action (MIA) is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire. They may have been killed, wounded, captured, executed, or deserted. If deceased, neither their remains nor grave have been positively identified. Becoming MIA has been an occupational risk for as long as there has been warfare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnam War casualties</span> Civilian and military deaths during the Second Indochina War

Estimates of casualties of the Vietnam War vary widely. Estimates can include both civilian and military deaths in North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery</span> Historic veterans cemetery in San Diego, California

Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery is a federal military cemetery in San Diego, California. It is located on the grounds of the former Army coastal artillery station Fort Rosecrans and is administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Fort Rosecrans is named after William Starke Rosecrans, a Union general in the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barrancas National Cemetery</span> Historic veterans cemetery in Escambia County, Florida

Barrancas National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at Naval Air Station Pensacola, in the city of Pensacola, Florida. It encompasses 94.9 acres (38.4 ha), and as of 2021 had over 50,000 interments.

The United States government has been involved in numerous interventions in foreign countries throughout its history. The U.S. has engaged in nearly 400 military interventions between 1776 and 2023, with half of these operations occurring since 1950 and over 25% occurring in the post-Cold War period. Common objectives of U.S. foreign interventions have revolved around economic opportunity, social protection, protection of U.S. citizens and diplomats, territorial expansion, fomenting regime change, nation-building, and enforcing international law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anbar campaign (2003–2011)</span> Campaign during the Iraq War

The Anbar campaign consisted of fighting between the United States military, together with Iraqi security forces, and Sunni insurgents in the western Iraqi governorate of Al Anbar. The Iraq War lasted from 2003 to 2011, but the majority of the fighting and counterinsurgency campaign in Anbar took place between April 2004 and September 2007. Although the fighting initially featured heavy urban warfare primarily between insurgents and U.S. Marines, insurgents in later years focused on ambushing the American and Iraqi security forces with improvised explosive devices (IEDs), large scale attacks on combat outposts, and car bombings. Almost 9,000 Iraqis and 1,335 Americans were killed in the campaign, many in the Euphrates River Valley and the Sunni Triangle around the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi.

The United States Armed Forces and its members have violated the law of war after the signing of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the signing of the Geneva Conventions. The United States prosecutes offenders through the War Crimes Act of 1996 as well as through articles in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The United States signed the 1999 Rome Statute but it never ratified the treaty, taking the position that the International Criminal Court (ICC) lacks fundamental checks and balances. The American Service-Members' Protection Act of 2002 further limited US involvement with the ICC. The ICC reserves the right of states to prosecute war crimes, and the ICC can only proceed with prosecution of crimes when states do not have willingness or effective and reliable processes to investigate for themselves. The United States says that it has investigated many of the accusations alleged by the ICC prosecutors as having occurred in Afghanistan, and thus does not accept ICC jurisdiction over its nationals.

Between 7 October 2001 and 30 August 2021, the United States lost a total of 2,459 military personnel in Afghanistan. Of this figure, 1,922 had been killed in action. An additional 20,769 were wounded in action. 18 operatives of the Central Intelligence Agency were also killed during the conflict. Further, there were 1,822 civilian contractor fatalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mortuary Affairs</span> US military service specialty

Mortuary Affairs is a service within the United States Army Quartermaster Corps tasked with the recovery, identification, transportation, and preparation for burial of deceased American and American-allied military personnel. The human remains of enemy or non-friendly persons are collected and returned to their respective governments or affiliations. The Air Force has a similar facility at Dover AFB in Delaware, manned by the Army's Mortuary Affairs Personnel.

Technical Sergeant Richard Bernard Fitzgibbon Jr., USAF was the first American to die in the Vietnam War. He was murdered by another American airman on June 8, 1956. Through the efforts of his sister Alice Fitzgibbon Rose DelRossi, a former Stoneham, Massachusetts, selectwoman, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam War Memorial on Memorial Day in May 1999.

In armed conflicts, the civilian casualty ratio is the ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties, or total casualties. The measurement can apply either to casualties inflicted by or to a particular belligerent, casualties inflicted in one aspect or arena of a conflict or to casualties in the conflict as a whole. Casualties usually refer to both dead and injured. In some calculations, deaths resulting from famine and epidemics are included.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States in the Korean War</span> US military action during the Korean War

The military history of the United States during the Korean War began after the defeat of Japan by the Allied Powers in World War II. This brought an end to 35 years of Japanese occupation of the Korean peninsula and led to the peninsula being divided into two zones; a northern zone occupied by the Soviet Union and a southern zone occupied by the United States. After negotiations on reunification, the latter became the Republic of Korea or South Korea in August 1948 while the former became the Democratic People's Republic of Korea or North Korea in September 1948. In June 1949, after the establishment of the Republic of Korea, the U.S. military completely withdrew from the Korean Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Memorial Cemetery</span> War cemetery in Busan, South Korea

The United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea, located at Tanggok in the Nam District, City of Busan, Republic of Korea, is a burial ground for United Nations Command (UNC) casualties of the Korean War. It contains 2,300 graves and is the only United Nations cemetery in the world. Laid out over 14 hectares, the graves are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried servicemembers.

During warfare, some units take more casualties than other units. Sometimes, the casualty rate is disproportionately high. This article displays the highest percentage of casualties among American units, including those wiped out as an effective force.

The Vietnam War body count controversy centers on the counting of enemy dead by the United States Armed Forces during the Vietnam War (1955–1975). There are issues around killing and counting unarmed civilians (non-combatants) as enemy combatants, as well as inflating the number of actual enemy who were killed in action (KIA). For search and destroy operations, as the objective was not to hold territory or secure populations, victory was assessed by having a higher enemy body count.

References

  1. ↑ John Grenier The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier (Cambridge University Press) pp. 195–200
  2. 1 2 Rajitar 33–36, 71–73
  3. ↑ Konstantin 11–14, 111
  4. 1 2 Michael A Palmer Stoddert's War: Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France 1798–1801 (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1987) pp. 119, 208, 218, 228
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Casualties: U. S. Navy and Marine Corps". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  6. ↑ Joseph Wheelan Jefferson's War, (Carol and Graph Publishers, 2003) pp. 208–28
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Boot, Max (2002). The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. Da Capo Press.
  8. ↑ Gregory Fremont-Barnes Wars of the Barbary Coast: To the Shores of Tripoli (Osprey Publishing 2006)
  9. ↑ John Randolph Spears David G Farragut (Cornell University Press, 2009) p. 39
  10. ↑ Edgar Stanton Maclay, A History of the United States Navy from 1775 to 1894 pp. 120–27
  11. ↑ Earle, Peter (2003). The Pirate Wars. St. Martins: Methuen Publishing. pp. 233–45. ISBN   0-413-75880-X.
  12. ↑ The "other" deaths were primarily from disease. Donald R. Hickey, Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812t (University of Illinois Press, 2006), 297.
  13. ↑ Richard Blackmon, The Creek War, 1813–1814 (Center of Military History, 2014), 40.
  14. ↑ Joseph Wheelan Jefferson's War p. 357
  15. ↑ Joseph Wheelan Jefferson's War (Carol and Graf 2003), pp. 354, 357
  16. ↑ Colonel Raymond K Bluhm US Army A Complete History (The Army Historical Foundation) p. 154
  17. ↑ Bluhm 166
  18. ↑ Kerry A Trask Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America (Henry Holt and Co, 2006) pp. 271–76
  19. ↑ Patrick Jung The Black Hawk War of 1832 (University of Oklahoma Press) pp. 170–172
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 John W. Chambers, II, ed. in chief, The Oxford Companion to American Military History. (Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN   0-19-507198-0), 849.
  21. ↑ Frances Fuller Victor, The Cayuse Wars (The Early Indian Wars of Oregon, Pt 1). (Taxus Baccata Books, 2006, ISBN   0-9729830-5-8), 211.
  22. ↑ AG Henry, Rogue River War. (YE Galleon Press, 1996, ISBN   0-87770-573-9), 39.
  23. 1 2 CW. Cornell, Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict 1864–1868 (Caxton Press, 2007)
  24. ↑ Joe Knetscii Florida's Seminole Wars: 1817–1858 (Florida Historical Society) p. 152
  25. ↑ Ray Hoard Glassley Pacific Northwest Indian Wars (Binford and Mort, 1953) 244.
  26. 1 2 "America's Wars – Department of Veterans Affairs (Office of Public Affairs Washington, DC)" (PDF).
  27. ↑ America's Wars, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, November 2011
  28. ↑ "Facts - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  29. ↑ DCAS Reports – Principal Wars, 1775–1991 Archived 2015-04-25 at the Wayback Machine , U.S. Department of Defense, May 2015
  30. ↑ "Facts – The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)" . Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  31. ↑ Yenne pp. 95–99
  32. ↑ Jerry Keenan The Great Sioux Uprising(Da Capo Press)
  33. ↑ Alvin Josephy jr Civil War in the American West (Vintage Press 1993)
  34. 1 2 Long, Barbara. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac p. 386
  35. ↑ Yenne pp. 117–24
  36. 1 2 3 4 Phil Konstantin, This Day in North American Indian History (Da Capo, 2002)
  37. ↑ Dispatch from Commodore John Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy, Corea, June 23, 1871
  38. ↑ Yenne 151–56
  39. ↑ Rajtar 46–48
  40. ↑ Yenne pp. 175–211
  41. ↑ Rajtar pp. 88–91
  42. ↑ Kurt Nelson, Fighting for Paradise: A Military History of the Pacific Northwest (Westholme, 2008) p. 277
  43. ↑ Yenne 239–44
  44. ↑ Yenne 245–48
  45. ↑ Yenne p. 250
  46. ↑ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928. pg.449
  47. ↑ Steve Rajtar, Indian War Sites (McFarland, 1999), pp. 230–32
  48. ↑ Yenne 286–94
  49. ↑ Bill Yenne, Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West. (Westholme Publishing, 2008) 296.
  50. ↑ Journal of the Military Service Institution of The United States Vol 38 p. 572
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 "Casualties: U. S. Navy and Marine Corps". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved 2014-08-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  52. ↑ "The Sandino Rebellion, 1927–1934". www.sandinorebellion.com.
  53. ↑ Keith B Bickel Mars Learning: the Marine Corps development of small wars doctrine 1915–1940 (Westview Press) p. 119
  54. ↑ Congressional Serial Set. 1920. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  55. ↑ Keith B Bickel Mars Learning: the Marine Corps development of small wars doctrine 1915–1940 (Westview Press) p. 91
  56. ↑ Hudson, Miles (2004). Intervention in Russia 1918–1920: A Cautionary Tale. Pen and Sword. ISBN   1-84415-033-X.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Richard K Kolb, Cold War Clashes: Confronting Communism, 1945–1991 (VFW Publications, Kansas City MO, 2004) p. 129
  58. ↑ "The Berlin Airlift" . Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  59. ↑ page 7 of "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2015-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. ↑ "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics, Electronic Records Reference Report". U.S. National Archives. 30 April 2019. DCAS Vietnam Conflict Extract File record counts by CASUALTY CATEGORY (as of April 29, 2008). Retrieved 2 August 2021. (generated from the Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Extract Files (as of April 29, 2008))
  61. ↑ Beirut 1958: How America's Wars in the Middle East Began, Bruce Riedel, Brookings Institution Press, Oct 29, 2019: "Sergeant James R. Nettles was shot by a sniper on August 2, 1958."
  62. ↑ , "Congressional Bill amending title 36. January 3, 2019."
  63. ↑ , "Biography of Nels Benson, killed during training of Cuban rebels for the Bay of Pigs Invasion – CIA.
  64. ↑ John Padros, Safe For Democracy:The Secret Wars of the CIA(Ivan R Lee Publishers Chicago 2006) p. 263
  65. ↑ Operation Power Pack Archived September 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ Peter Huchthausen, America's Splendid Little Wars p. 37
  67. ↑ Bradley Graham, Medals Granted After Acknowledgement of US Role in El Salvador, Washington Post; 5/6/1996 1A
  68. ↑ Miami Herald Copter Crash kills 5 near San Salvador, 2/26/1991. 4A
  69. ↑ Ted Gup Star Agents: The anonymous stars in the CIA Book of Honor, Washington Post; 9/7/1997 WO6
  70. ↑ Army Air Crews Line of Duty Deaths http://www.armyaircrews.com/
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 Table 13, Worldwide U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, Selected Military Operations, "Military Casualty Information". Archived from the original on 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2008-01-13., SAID, U.S. Department of Defense
  72. ↑ Peter Huchthausen, America's Splendid Little Wars: A Short History of U.S. Military Engagements 1975–2000. (Viking Press, 2003) p. 96.
  73. ↑ Initials may offer clue to missing Gulf War pilot Note: ID and found August 2009
  74. ↑ Cauchon, Dennis (2003-04-21). "Why U.S. casualties were low". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  75. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2011-06-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  76. ↑ "Army Air Crews: Black Hawk Crewmembers Line of Duty Deaths" . Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  77. ↑ "Navy Chopper Crashes Near Colombia". CBS News. December 13, 2005.
  78. ↑ Congressional Record, V. 146, Pt. 6, May 10, 2000 to May 23, 2000. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 2004. ISBN   9780160732300 . Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  79. ↑ Reveron, Derek S. (2004). America's Viceroys. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-1403964137 . Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  80. ↑ "United States Army". Archived from the original on 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  81. ↑ NATO. "Kosovo Air Campaign (March-June 1999)". NATO. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  82. 1 2 "Kosovo Chronology". US Dept of State. 1999-05-21. Retrieved 2024-05-18. May 5: Two U.S. Army pilots are killed when an Apache helicopter crashes on a training mission in Albania, the first Allied deaths in the NATO actions against the F.R.Y. ... July 18: Two U.S. KFOR soldiers die in a car accident near Domorovce when their armored personnel carrier overturns.
  83. ↑ Roberts, Chris (2007-02-07). "Holloman commander recalls being shot down in Serbia". F-16.net. Retrieved 2024-05-19. [Lt Col Goldfein] felt a stinging sensation on his hand and he looked down to find blood welling from a minor shrapnel injury...
  84. ↑ "Two die in Apache crash". BBC News. 1999-05-05. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  85. 1 2 "iCasualties – OEF – Afghanistan – Fatalities By Month". icasualties.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  86. ↑ "US Navy SEAL killed, 3 injured in raid on Al Qaeda in Yemen". Fox News. 29 January 2017.
  87. 1 2 Gugliotta, Guy (April 2, 2012). "New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll". The New York Times . Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  88. ↑ Howard H. Peckham, ed., The Toll of Independence: Engagements & Battle Casualties of the American Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), xii.
  89. ↑ Peckham, Toll of Independence, 131.
  90. ↑ John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence (revised edition, University of Michigan Press, 1990, ISBN   0-472-06431-2), 249–50.
  91. ↑ Reference Branch (2016). "Marine Corps Casualties: 1775–2015". Frequently Requested. USMC History Division. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  92. ↑ Corrado, John (July 31, 2001). "What did the US Marines do during the Civil War?". The Straight Dope. Straight Dope Science Advisory Board. Archived from the original on July 7, 2003. Retrieved July 7, 2003.
  93. 1 2 "Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency > Our Missing > Past Conflicts". www.dpaa.mil.
  94. ↑ "Korean War Educator: Korean War Casualty Information" . Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  95. ↑ "Korean War Exchange of Dead – Operation GLORY". www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil.
  96. ↑ "Punch Bowl 239" (PDF). DPMO White Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  97. ↑ "Johnnie Johnson's List – Civilian Internee's". www.koreanwar.org.
  98. ↑ "Johnnie Johnson – Tiger List". www.koreanwarpowmia.net. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  99. ↑ List of border incidents involving North Korea
  100. ↑ Vietnam War casualties
  101. ↑ "U.S. and Coalition Casualties: Iraq". CNN. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.