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Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes (EPEC, ETEC etc.) can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, (which helps blood to clot) and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.
Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. was a Canadian-American physician and medical researcher. The major part of his career was spent at the Rockefeller Hospital in New York City. Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and a pioneer in immunochemistry, but he is best known for the experiment that isolated DNA as the material of which genes and chromosomes are made.
In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve. The relationship between stress and strain is generally linear and reversible up until the yield point and the deformation is elastic. The linear relationship for a material is known as Young's modulus. Above the yield point, some degree of permanent distortion remains after unloading and is termed plastic deformation. The determination of the stress and strain throughout a solid object is given by the field of strength of materials and for a structure by structural analysis.
In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal. This is in contrast to plasticity, in which the object fails to do so and instead remains in its deformed state.
Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed.
Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain. Some, such as deoxyribonuclease I, cut DNA relatively nonspecifically, while many, typically called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, cleave only at very specific nucleotide sequences. Endonucleases differ from exonucleases, which cleave the ends of recognition sequences instead of the middle (endo) portion. Some enzymes known as "exo-endonucleases", however, are not limited to either nuclease function, displaying qualities that are both endo- and exo-like. Evidence suggests that endonuclease activity experiences a lag compared to exonuclease activity.
Orientia tsutsugamushi is a mite-borne bacterium belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae and is responsible for a disease called scrub typhus in humans. It is a natural and an obligate intracellular parasite of mites belonging to the family Trombiculidae. With a genome of only 2.0–2.7 Mb, it has the most repeated DNA sequences among bacterial genomes sequenced so far. The disease, scrub typhus, occurs when infected mite larvae accidentally bite humans. Primarily indicated by undifferentiated febrile illnesses, the infection can be complicated and often fatal.
In physics, deformation is the continuum mechanics transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration. A configuration is a set containing the positions of all particles of the body.
Mycobacterium seoulense is a species of Mycobacterium.
Armatimonadetes is a phylum of gram-negative bacteria.
Neptunomonas concharum is a species of bacteria. It is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile and rod-shaped, its type strain being LHW37T. This species was first isolated from a dead ark clam, hence the specific epithet "concharum", meaning "of the shells".
Vagococcus fluvialis is a species of bacteria. The type strain of V. fluvialis is NCDO 2497. It rarely causes human infection. The only genetically proven case of V. fluvialis endocarditis was detected in the Cochin, India.
Vagococcus carniphilus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming species of bacteria. The type strain of V. carniphilus is 1843-02T.
Vagococcus penaei is a species of bacteria. It is Gram-positive, catalase-negative and coccus-shaped. Its type strain is CD276T.
Pedobacter ginsengisoli is a species of bacteria first isolated from a ginseng field, hence its name. It is Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterial strain with type strain Gsoil 104T.
Luteimonas lutimaris is yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium. Its type strain is G3(T).
Vagococcus salmoninarum is a species of bacteria, with type strain NCFB 2777. It is pathogenic towards Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Enterococcus pseudoavium is a species of Enterococcus.
Salinibacterium amurskyense is a Gram-positive, non-motile, aerobic, non-spore-forming, irregular, rod-shaped actinobacteria, the type species of its genus. It type strain is KMM 3673T.
Vagococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. They are motile or nonmotile cocci which do not form spores. The name Vagococcus comes from Latin adjective vagus meaning wandering; and the Greek noun coccus a grain or berry, Vagococcus - wandering coccus, because Vagococcus fluvialis and some other Vagococcus species are motile, an unusual property for a lactic acid bacteria.
References
- ↑ Wang, L.; Cui, Y.-S.; Kwon, C. S.; Lee, S.-T.; Lee, J.-S.; Im, W.-T. (2010). "Vagococcus acidifermentans sp. nov., isolated from an acidogenic fermentation bioreactor". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (5): 1123–1126. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.022087-0 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 20543153.
