Valentine's Day in Pakistan

Last updated

Though Valentine's Day in Pakistan is officially banned, and the Islamist orthodoxy [1] has taken steps to obstruct celebrations, many Pakistanis celebrate the day's festivities. [2] [3] In recent years, youth and commercial establishments in Pakistan have supported Valentine's Day festivities and celebrating love and romantic friendships.

Contents

Pakistan is the fifth most populous country and in a population 60 percent of which is below age 30 and half below 18, many are influenced more by global trends than traditions. [2] [4] Valentine's Day serves annually as a flash point of the culture war in Pakistan [5] as it is a cause célèbre for religious hard-liners, affording conservatives a chance assert themselves as the caretakers of Islamic identity. [6] On the other hand, with or without the moral policing, couples are finding ways to defy the ban and celebrate the event. [7] [8] Acceptance of the celebrations over the years is seen as a generational change indicating new cultural norms and a move toward love marriages. [6]

Antagonism

The socio-religio-political Islamist antagonism and judicial overreach in Pakistan towards love and Valentine's Day in Pakistan is difficult for outsiders to comprehend. [9] [3] Technically, love is not haram (forbidden) in Islam, but gender segregation and gender mixing prohibitions stifle the freedom of Muslim women. [6] Access to public spaces for women is severely constrained [10] and conservative, rigid interpretations of Islam create limits on women's behavior. In the conservative view, women are not allowed to show their faces, not allowed to talk to unrelated men unless the communication is essential, and despite Islam offering the freedom to choose one's life partner, in most cases, Pakistani women are unable to choose their life partner, as that is a decision made by the head of the family. [11]

Women's freedom is scorned by conservatives and extremist institutions in Pakistani society. [3] The focus is not simply to restrict women's free expression on a particular day but to subjugate women to strengthen male dominance through their seclusion from public life. The complex rules of purdah (seclusion) which reinforce purity and family honor, have led to socio-cultural disparities, in every aspect of women's lives. Lacking an understanding of their civil, legal, and political rights, women's opportunities for participation in society are limited and they are left vulnerable to exploitation, oppression, and abusive control by others without adequate recourse. [12] [10]

In theory, under Islamic law in Pakistan, the marriage parties must consent to marriage, women must be sixteen years old, and a contract must be drawn, but few women are aware of these rights unless a male relative has informed them. Lack of enforcement and non-compliance with the law is fairly widespread. [13] Though love marriages are on the rise, arranged marriage, [4] forced marriage, [9] and illegal marriages, such as Haq Bakshish, a practice where a woman is married to the Quran; those where the dowry is withheld; or those where age or polygamy restrictions are ignored still occur in various regions. [14] Theoretically out of wedlock love affairs are unsurprising to Muslims, as the Prophet Mohamed engaged in business with Khadija before marrying Khadija [15] and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan, and his wife Ruttie Petit's love story has been widely chronicled. [16] Even forced religious conversion and marriage of young non-Muslim women are cast as love matches. [17]

According to Iqra S. Cheema significant population of Pakistan is younger and many do dating, but Pakistani cultural approach about the same is, 'do but don't tell'. [18] [19] Cheema says most of Pakistan's popular poets write about the lips, eyes, hair, and much more of their beloveds, traditions celebrate and sings folklores about love of Heer Ranjha, Sassi Pannu, Sohni Manhiwal and; hence celebration of Valentine's day can not be only blamed solely on western culture. [18] [19]

According to Fatima S Attarwala Pakistani society accepts aged men to marry girls even fifty years young to them, but the Islamic Republic of Pakistan forbids the free expression of love. [20] In practice, however, even a minor hint of a pre-marital or extra-marital relationship might result in an acid attack or honor killing upon a Muslim woman. [8] [21] In this climate, Valentine's Day is depicted by conservatives as a celebration of loose morals and sexual promiscuity. [11] For years, Valentine's Day has drawn protests from several religious organizations claiming celebrations of the day violate Islamic sensibilities and traditions. As with many public spaces in which officials and conservative Muslim youth groups morally police, university couples are asked to produce proof of being married and administration officials have suggested that women be gifted hijabs for modesty. [6] [3]

According to Cheema, those having financial means and access to private spaces can anyway find ways to continue celebrating Valentine's Day but those relatively disadvantaged middle or lower class get held up in the appeal of morality, culture, and tradition. Cheema says, rather than a healthier and more effective approach of trusting and enabling youngster’s confidence to make informed wise and right choices about their romantic life themselves; contrarian attempts of clergy and state to stop dynamic cultural change through appeals to religion and culture and shaming the people, are unlikely to succeed. [18] [19]

Pakistani universities' role

Social sciences researchers Saira Akhtar, Rashid Minhas, Ghulam Shabbir, and Shumaila Umer, from 3 Pakistan universities, concluded that acceptance of Valentine's Day celebrations largely stem from the process of modernization: [22]

"....Modernisations affect the religious festivals which further leads to a tendency towards valentine and individualism. Modernization is a source of secularization that decreases religious hold and causes individualism, psychological problems, and loss of faith and belief. It is extracted that modernization affects the norms and values of Islam and is specified that it disturbs the Purdah system, female modesty and loss of respect of elders". [22]

Other researchers conclude that as Valentine's Day is a cultural import and secular, it should be avoided. A team from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, concluded that the celebration of any holiday (Valentine's Day, April Fools Day, etc.) posed threats to Islamic society because of their secular nature. [23]

College campuses have been used to radicalize students and socialize them toward conservative politics. [24] [25] One such group, Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba (IJT) uses literature to socialize its members and ingrain specific religious and socio-political values in them. The organization views itself as a gatekeeper of Islamic values, acting to shut down unethical or unIslamic activities and prevent universities from becoming secular and westernized. This includes preventing couples from commingling or sitting together on Valentine's Day [24] [26] and in 2014 erupted into rioting in Peshawar when rival student groups protested celebrating Valentine's Day. [27] In a well-publicized case from 2015, activist Sabeen Mahmud, known for staging protests in Karachi in favor of Valentine's Day, was murdered by a student who had been radicalized while attending the Institute of Business Administration. [25] [28]

To dissuade Pakistani youth from expressing love on 2022 Valentine's day too Pakistan's educational institutions and universities came up with various restrictions or alternate ideas of celebration like haya i.e. modesty day or sisters and mothers day. On February 14 Wearing red on educational campuses becomes unacceptable, One Islamic International Medical College affiliated with Riphah International University's special notification asked female students to keep their heads, neck, and chest covered on 14 Feb as per the college's dress code. Male students were asked to sport a white prayer cap and both genders were asked to maintain a mandatory distance of two meters between male and female genders and announced a fine of five thousand Pakistani Rupees for breaking rules or celebrating Valentine's Day. [29] As per Daily Pakistan news report, Islamic International Medical College's code of conduct advisory notification caused interesting memes on the Pakistani social media. [29] Since a group of youth celebrating haya modesty day tends to clash against a youth group celebrating Valentine's Day as a day of love, University of Peshawar decided to announce February 14 as a holiday but officially under unrelated pretext as a compensatory holiday; [30] but ended up in different a controversy over cricket dance and song performed on the day. [31] A fake circular in the name of Punjab University of Lahore was circulated on Pakistani social media asking girl students to observe 14 Feb as modesty day and wear black hand gloves and socks along with whole body covering black burqas, Vice Chancellor of Punjab University of Lahore clarified on social media that the circular was a fake one. [32]

Governmental and judicial reaction

In 2016, Mamnoon Hussain, President of Pakistan, said: "Valentine's Day has no connection with our culture and it should be avoided." [8] [33] The following year, Abdul Waheed filed a case in the Islamabad High Court alleging that the celebration of Valentine's Day was spreading "immorality, nudity and indecency" in Pakistan. [34] The court ruling, delivered by Justice Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui, who had previously been an activist in Jamaat-e-Islami as well as a political candidate, barred the media from airing promotions of the celebration on television. [33] The following year, the court banned any promotion of Valentine's Day in public spaces and extended the media ban to include electronic and print media as well. [8] The rulings led to moral policing of public and commercial spaces with police targeting balloon and flower vendors, canceling planned entertainment events, and admonishments from Salafi youth groups urging women to adhere to modest behaviors. [33] [6] Business operators were also forced to change their marketing strategies, attempting to characterize their goods in a more "Islamic" context. [34]

Among activist groups with political intent are the Deoband Madrassah Movement, DMM and Tableegh-e-Jamaat, which were themselves born out of reaction to western colonialism. [33] The DMM originated in India in 1866, to protect Islamic education in the era of the British Raj. Their two-fold goals were to establish an Islamic state and to reform the religion towards a moralistic perfection, using independent madaris to train students in their value system. [35] Tableegh-e-Jamaat was founded in 1927, as a grassroots movement and offshoot of DMM, aimed at empowering any Muslim to disseminate the teaching of the faith, as opposed to learning it in a madrasa. [36] In Punjab, the DMM gained traction among urban workers and middle class through its literalist interpretation of Islamic scriptures, as taught in its educational curricula which was then widely exported throughout the country. [33]

In present Pakistan, these organizations attempt to control the narrative of what Pakistani culture is and is not and are resistant to change, seeing culture as static, rather than dynamically changing. [33] Their rigid narratives for opposing western influences are attempts to shift society back to a more pious path. [11] Safia Bano, a philosophy lecturer, has noted that conservative backlash occurs because cultural change is happening. Traditionalists are pushing back against losing ground, to those who want to celebrate Valentine's Day. [6] Despite claims that the holiday is imposing western values by activists from puritanical groups like Tableegh-e-Jamaat and DMM, the public has found ways to defy the bans by adopting novel alternative ways to celebrate Valentine's Day, by exchanging flowers or celebrating during the week, rather on February 14. [7] [33] Urban centers, which initially spurred the growth of such organizations, have also led to the downfall of traditionalism, in large part because of socioeconomic developments and the adoption of more modern lifestyles. [37]

Honour killings in Pakistan

In an article published on 14 February 2016 in Forbes , journalist Sonya Rehman wrote, "while the world celebrates Valentine's Day, several Pakistani women succumb to honor killings by their very own kin". [38] An honor killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief the victim has brought dishonor upon the family or community. [39] The death of the victim is viewed as a way to restore the reputation and honor of the family. Pakistan has the world's highest prevalence of honor killings. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan lists 460 cases of reported honor killings in 2017, with 194 males and 376 females as victims. Of these killings, 253 were sparked by the disapproval of illicit relations and 73 by the disapproval of marriage choice. Additionally, out of the known suspect relationship with victims, over 93% were family relationships. [40] Although these are most likely only a sample of the actual honor killings that were completed during 2017, it still gives a glimpse into characteristics of honor killings in Pakistan. Sources disagree as to the exact number by year, but according to Human Rights Watch, NGOs/INGOs in the area estimate that around 1000 honor killings are carried out each year in Pakistan. [41]

On 14 February 2016, social media icon, Qandeel Baloch, published a video berating politicians for banning celebrations of Valentine's Day. The video, along with other behaviors like appearing on news programs and talk shows to highlight the hypocrisy, posting revealing selfies with a religious cleric, and offering to strip for the national cricket team, eventually led her brother to murder her. He claimed he had killed her to save the family's honor because her videos had put the family in the media spotlight. [42] [43] Her murder was highly publicized leading to new Pakistani legislation in October 2016 to close a legal loophole which had allowed perpetrators of such murders to be freed, if their actions were forgiven by the victim's family. The legislation set the minimum penalty for perpetrators of honor killings at 25 years imprisonment. [44] [45]

Clerical reaction

Many clerics in Pakistan oppose celebrations of Valentine's Day, which they dub as immodest for encouraging expressions of love. [46] Conservative clerics, like Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, who claimed in 2013 that celebrants of the day were likely to become parents within 9 months, decry the undercutting of traditional values. [47] Outside of Pakistan, more moderate clergy see nothing wrong with celebrating Valentine's Day. [8] Ahmed Qassem al-Ghamdi, a cleric and one-time chief of the religious police of Mecca proclaimed that Valentine's Day was not forbidden, as it was a positive celebration of a natural aspect of humans that had nothing to do with religion. Othman Battikh, Grand Mufti of Tunisia, also attached little significant harm to the day, instead noting that celebrations which bring people together are positive unless morals are violated. Ahmed Mamdouh, an Egyptian legal secretary, at the Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, issued an edict supporting a day of love. [8] [48] [49]

Public reaction

In favour

According to Fatima S Attarwala, instead of Pakistani government and establishment squandering their time on policing individual choices they are needed to focus more time promoting economics; Attarwala says that the amount of loan Pakistan pleads to IMF, 4 times of that U.S. citizens tend to spend on Valentine's Day. [20] Despite overarching official antagonism and overreach against the celebration of Valentine's Day, people have found ways to still celebrate love [8] and the holiday has steadily gained popularity. [11] Pakistani couples exchange balloons, chocolates, and flowers, often photographing themselves in front of a wall of red and pink flowers. [6] To avoid pressure from moral policing, balloon sellers have avoided heart-shaped and red balloons, opting to sell star, bird, or animal shapes. Other celebrants find alternate ways to partake in festivities, such as virtual dates, skyping with partners, or browsing online advertisements in search of privately available gifts or events. Some shopkeepers have taken steps to appear compliant with restrictions on selling red roses while acknowledging that they had hidden stashes to supply regular, known customers. Other commercial establishments have shifted their promotions around the holiday to online and social media outlets, recommending delivery services to avoid scrutiny. [7]

Valentine's day related queries like, "Valentine's Day 2021 best wishes", "Happy Valentine's day to my wife", "Happy Valentine's wallpaper", "significant lover", "happiness", "wish", flowers, e-cards, teddy bears, rose bears and chocolate-covered strawberries trend on social media and google. [50]

According to the 2022, Valentine's Day news report of Attarwala, car rental company Careem gets 5 to 10 percent additional business on Valentine's day. [20] Clothes market sees just a small bump on Valentines Day but the market is tapped in the first week of February itself with discount sales, some brands focus on sari's business on the occasion. Bakery products, chocolates, and flower businesses benefit most on Valentine's Day in Pakistan with a 40 to 400% increase in sales. [20] Assorted gift business at least doubles up on Valentine's day, and sales of roses increase in huge numbers. [20] [51] Except few orthodox minded, most fast food chains and restaurants tend to see by approximate 30 percent upward business on Valentine’s Day in Pakistan. [20]

Against

Many institutions and individuals have offered substitutes for Valentine's Day, [52] suggesting it should be used for a day to reach out to "refugees, internally displaced people, patients of terminal illnesses, survivors of abuse and rape, victims of natural disasters and survivors of man-made wars and terrorism". [7] Friends' Day, Modesty Day (Haya Day), Sister's Day, and Family Day, have been introduced by Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba as alternative solutions for countering observations of love on February 14. [7] [3] [52] [53] [54] [55]

Celebrity celebrations

Pakistani actors Minal Khan and Ahsan Mohsin Ikram got engaged on Valentine's Day of 2021; Ahsan wishing Minal Khan "Happy Valentine’s Day!" with a red heart emoji, [56] Khan also texting a mutual smiling photograph with a red heart balloon against a pink backdrop, [57] with a caption "Love is in the air. Simple and sweet," being Valentine's Day theme. [57] Ikram also subsequently posted a picture of Khan, wearing a ring on her finger on his Instagram. [58]

Some other celebrity couples like; Momal Sheikh and Nader Nawaz, Shaniera and Wasim Akram, Zara Noor Abbas and Asad Siddiqui, Naimal Khawar and Hamza Ali Abbasi, Sarwat Gilani and Fahad Mirza, Aiman Khan, and Muneeb Butt, posted their pictures on social media on 2021 Valentine's Day. [59]

Celebration in diaspora

Armeena and Fesl Khan posted their picture on Valentine's Day 2021 while they were married on the previous year's Valentine's Day in 2020. [59] [60]

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mother's Day</span> Celebration honouring mothers

Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in March or May. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valentine's Day</span> Holiday observed on February 14

Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine, is celebrated annually on February 14. It originated as a Christian feast day honoring a martyr named Valentine, and through later folk traditions it has also become a significant cultural, religious and commercial celebration of romance and love in many regions of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mawlid</span> Holiday commemorating the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Mawlid is an annual festival commemorating the birthday of Islamic prophet Muhammad on the traditional date of 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic calendar. A day central to the traditions of Sunni Islam, the Mawlid is also celebrated by Shia Muslims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Pakistan</span>

The situation of human rights in Pakistan is complex as a result of the country's diversity, large population, its status as a developing country and a sovereign Islamic democracy with a mixture of both Islamic and secular law.

An honor killing, honour killing, or shame killing is a traditional form of murder in which a person is killed by or at the behest of members of their family or their partner, due to culturally sanctioned beliefs that such homicides are necessary as retribution for the perceived dishonoring of the family by the victim. Honor killings are often connected to religion, caste, other forms of hierarchical social stratification, or sexuality. Most often, it involves the murder of a woman or girl by male family members, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has lost her innocence by bringing dishonor or shame upon the family name, reputation or prestige. Honor killings are believed to have originated from tribal customs.

Honour killings in Pakistan are known locally as karo-kari. According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, over 470 cases of honour killings were reported in Pakistan in 2021. But human rights defenders estimate that around 1,000 women are murdered in the name of honour every year. An honour killing is the murder of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief the victim has brought dishonour upon the family or community. The death of the victim is viewed as a way to restore the reputation and honour of the family.

Punjabi festivals are various festive celebrations observed by Punjabis in Pakistan, India and the jairish alipreet Punjabi found in Kannada. The Punjabis are a diverse group of people from different religious background that affects the festivals they observe. According to a 2007 estimate, the total population of Punjabi Muslims is about 90 million, with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to the remaining 30 million Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam</span> Former Muslim political party in the Indian subcontinent

Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam, also known as Ahrar for short, is a religious Muslim political party in the Indian subcontinent that was formed during the British Raj on 29 December 1929 at Lahore.

Religious discrimination in Pakistan is a serious issue for the human rights situation in modern-day Pakistan. Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Shias, and Ahmadis among other religious minorities often face discrimination and at times are even subjected to violence. In some cases Christian churches and the worshippers themselves have been attacked. Although, there is very little record of this. Khawaja Nazimuddin, the 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan, stated: "I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parents' Worship Day</span> Celebrated in parts of India on 14th February

Parents' Worship Day, known as Matri Pitri Poojan Diwas was started by Asaram Bapu in 2007 as an alternative to Valentine's Day.

Basant is a spring time kite flying event during the Basant Panchami festival in the Punjab. It falls on Basant, also called Basant Panchami. According to the Punjabi calendar it is held on the fifth day of lunar month of Magha marking the start of spring.

The celebration of Valentine's Day in India began to become popular following the economic liberalisation. There have been protests against the celebrations by groups who consider it a Western influence. Almost every year, law and order problems occur on 14 February in many cities in India due to protests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S. M. Ikram</span> Pakistani historian and biographer

Sheikh Muhammad Ikram better known as S. M. Ikram, was a Pakistani historian, biographer, and littérateur. He was member of the Indian Civil Service. In 1947, when Pakistan emerged from British India, Ikram opted for Pakistan and served in the Civil Service of Pakistan. On July 1, 1966, he was appointed as director, Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, a position he occupied until his death in 1973, at the age of sixty-four.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba</span> Student Organization in Pakistan

Islami Jamiat-e-Talabaabbr.IJT is the largest student organization in Pakistan. It was founded by 25 students on 23 December 1947 at Lahore, Pakistan. Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba is working in Pakistan to eliminate the non-Islamic elements and secularism from the curriculum and teachings of the educational institutions of Pakistan. It is a member of the International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations and the World Assembly of Muslim Youth.

Feminism in Pakistan refers to the set of movements which aim to define, establish, and defend the rights of women in Pakistan.This may involve the pursuit of equal political, economic, and social rights, alongside equal opportunity. These movements have historically been shaped in response to national and global reconfiguration of power, including colonialism, nationalism, Islamization, dictatorship, democracy, and the War on Terror. The relationship between the women's movement and the Pakistani state has undergone significant shifts from mutual accommodation to confrontation and conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aurat March</span> Annual Pakistani womens rights marches

The Aurat March is an annual socio-political demonstration in Pakistani cities such as Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar and Quetta to observe International Women's Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valentine's Day in Iran</span>

Since the mid-2000s, Valentine's Day has become increasingly popular in Iran, especially among young people. However, it has also been the subject of heavy criticism from conservatives, who see it as part of the spread of "decadent" Western culture. Since 2011, authorities have attempted to discourage celebrations and impose restrictions on the sale and production of Valentine's Day-related goods, although the holiday remains popular as of 2018. Additionally, there have been efforts to revive the ancient Persian festival of Sepandārmazgān, which takes place around the same time, to replace Valentine's Day.

Mera Jism Meri Marzi is a slogan used by feminists in Pakistan to demand bodily autonomy and protest gender-based violence.

In Bangladesh, Valentine's Day has been popular since 1980s, despite being celebrated since 498 AD all over the world. On the day, especially youngs, people exchange various greeting cards, flowers, chocolates or gifts. However, despite being much widespread, country’s conservative society view the celebration of the day as an un-Islamic value and a heretic culture, and thus discourage the celebration by the young boys and girls.

Haya Day is a holiday celebrated on February 14 in Pakistan as an alternative to Valentine's Day. It was first celebrated by Islami Jamiat Talaba Pakistan.

References

  1. ↑ Patel, Pravin J. (2014). "The Popularity of 'Valentine Day': A Sociological Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (19): 19–21. JSTOR   24479574.
  2. 1 2 "Love is in the air, but not on airwaves as Pakistan bans Valentine's Day". Reuters. 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "All you need is love". DAWN.COM. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  4. 1 2 Hadid, Diaa; Sattar, Abdul. "In Pakistan, Valentine's Day Brings Out Roses And Culture Wars". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  5. ↑ Nazish, Kiran. "Love and Politics: Valentine's Day in Pakistan". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "In Pakistan, Valentine's Day Brings Out Roses And Culture Wars". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Zahra-Malik, Mehreen (2018-02-14). "'You Can't Ban Love': Pakistanis Defy a Valentine's Day Prohibition". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Love is not haram: How Pakistan celebrated Valentine's Day". www.dailyo.in. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  9. 1 2 Constable, Pamela (February 14, 2017). "Pakistan court ban Valentine's Day celebrations raises many contradictions". Washington Post .com. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
  10. 1 2 Khatri, Sadia (2020-01-05). "FEAR AND THE CITY". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Yasmeen, Samina (2017-10-01). Jihad and Dawah: Evolving Narratives of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamat ud Dawah. Oxford University Press. pp. 156–158. ISBN   978-1-84904-974-0.
  12. ↑ Riffat, Haque (October 2003). "Purdah of hearts and eyes, Examination of Purdah as an institution in Pakistan". [unsw.edu.au the University of New South Wales, Australia]. pp. 219–223. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  13. ↑ Reiffat, 2003, p. 209
  14. ↑ Al-awsat, Asharq. "Middle-east Arab News Opinion". eng-archive.aawsat.com (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  15. ↑ Ali, Kecia (2014). The Lives of Muhammad. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-674-74448-6.
  16. ↑ "Jinnah and Ruttie: Life, love, and lament". Mumbai Mirror. February 12, 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  17. ↑ Menon, Meena (2018-05-15). Reporting Pakistan. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN   978-93-86495-47-1.
  18. 1 2 3 Cheema, Iqra Shagufta (2021-02-11). "Love, Pakistani Culture, and Valentine's Day". Postcolonial Space. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  19. 1 2 3 چیمہ, اقرا شگفتہ (2021-02-13). "محبت، پاکستانی ثقافت اور ویلنٹائن ڈے". ہم سب. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Attarwala, Fatima S. (2022-02-14). "The business of Valentine's Day". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  21. ↑ Shah, Nafisa (2016-10-01). Honour and Violence: Gender, Power, and Law in Southern Pakistan. Berghahn Books. ISBN   978-1-78533-082-7.
  22. 1 2 Menhas, Rashid; Umer, Shumaila; Akhtar, Saira; Shabbir, Ghulam (June 2015). "Impact Of Modernization On Religious Institution: A Case Study Of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan". European Review of Applied Sociology. 8 (10). Berlin: De Gruyter: 23–28. doi: 10.1515/eras-2015-0003 . ISSN   2286-2552.
  23. ↑ Sabir, Raja Irfan; Ijaz, Haseeba; Sarwar, Binesh; Junaid, Muhammad; Yaseen, Somia; Iqbal, Anam (June 2014). "Cultural Paradigms and Muslim Behavior: a critical analyses of non-Islamic Festival in Pakistan". Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture. 2 (2). Madison, Wisconsin: American Research Institute for Policy Development: 222, 227. ISSN   2333-5904.
  24. 1 2 Mehmood, Wajid; Hussain, Sajjad; Muhammad, Imraz (Spring 2019). "Student's Organizations and Group Socialization: An Analysis of Islami Jamiat Talba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" (PDF). Global Regional Review. 4 (2). Islamabad, Pakistan: Humanity Only: 1–10. ISSN   2616-955X.
  25. 1 2 Zahid, Farhan (September 2015). "The Educated Terroriste: A Profile of Saad Aziz". Foreign Analysis (29). Paris: Centre Français de Recherche sur le Renseignement.
  26. ↑ Khan, Nichola (May 2012). "Between Spectacle and Banality: Trajectories of Islamic Radicalism in a Karachi Neighbourhood". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 36 (3). New York, New York: Wiley: 568–584. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01074.x. ISSN   0309-1317. – via  Wiley Online Library (subscription required)
  27. ↑ "Students clash in Pakistani university over Valentine's Day". Deccan Chronicle . Hyderabad, India. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  28. ↑ Bearak, Max (13 February 2017). "Court in Pakistan orders national breakup with Valentine's Day". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  29. 1 2 "Valentine's Day: Pakistani university issues directives for male and female students". Daily Pakistan Global. 2022-02-12. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  30. ↑ "UoP to remain closed on 'Valentine's Day'". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  31. ↑ Ali, Yousaf (February 15, 2022). "UoP was closed to facilitate Gul Panra's recording for PSL final". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  32. ↑ "Valentine's Day: Fake PU notice viral on social media". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Khalid, Haroon. "Why there's nothing wrong if Valentine's Day becomes part of Pakistan's culture". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  34. 1 2 "No love in Pakistan for Valentine's Day broadcasts". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  35. ↑ Moj, Muhammad (2015-03-01). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. Anthem Press. p. xiii. ISBN   978-1-78308-446-3.
  36. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara D. (2002). ""Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs". Social Science Research Council . Brooklyn, New York. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  37. ↑ Moj, 2015. p. 197
  38. ↑ Rehman, Sonya. "Filmmaker Takes On Honour Killing in Pakistan". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  39. ↑ Jafri, Amir H. (2008). Honour killing: dilemma, ritual, understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195476316. OCLC   180753749.
  40. ↑ "HRCP Archive | Search News". hrcpmonitor.org. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  41. ↑ Ijaz, Saroop (August 22, 2019). "Pakistan Should Not Again Fail 'Honour Killing' Victim". Human Rights Watch. New York, New York. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  42. ↑ Boone, Jon (22 September 2017). "'She feared no one: the life and death of Qandeel Baloch". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  43. ↑ Pidathala, Archana (December 21, 2019). "Pak celebrity Qandeel Baloch was murdered because of people's judgment: Sanam Maher". The Hindu . Chennai, India. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  44. ↑ Selby, Daniele; Rodriguez, Leah (April 9, 2019). "How Activists and Global Citizens Helped Change Pakistan's Honour-Killing Law". Global Citizen. New York, New York: Global Poverty Project, Inc. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  45. ↑ Chen, Kelly; Saifi, Sophia (October 8, 2016). "Pakistan passes legislation against 'honour killings'". CNN. Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  46. ↑ "Can't we have a nice time?". Daily Times . Lahore, Pakistan. February 16, 2004. p. 3. The clergy is particularly virulent about Valentine's Day, saying it permits to namehram' (unmarried) youth to exchange messages of prurience. The private TV channels, by popularising the alim' in their programs unleash a barrage of fire-and-brimstone warnings to the youth of Pakistan.… This daily Jang' prominently displayed the dudgeon of the clergy in Lahore over the celebration of Basant which they thought was linked to the memory of the Hindu god Hanuman; and Valentine's Day which they thought was obscene because it encouraged young boys and girls to express love for one another.
  47. ↑ "Valentine's Day under attack in Pakistan". USA Today . McLean, Virginia. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  48. ↑ "Valentine is not 'haram', says ex-Saudi religious police boss". Arab News . Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  49. ↑ "Saudi cleric endorses Valentine's Day as 'positive event'". Dawn . Karachi, Pakistan. Agence France-Presse. February 15, 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  50. ↑ "Here's what Pakistanis are searching for Valentines Day". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  51. ↑ Xinhua, News Agency (2022-02-15). "Red roses, dinner for two: How Pakistan celebrated Valentine's Day". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  52. 1 2 Javaid, Maham. "Why are we afraid of Valentine's Day". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  53. ↑ "Pakistan: 'Modesty Day' observed in campuses". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  54. ↑ Hussain, Kashif (2019-01-13). "Valentine's Day now Sisters' Day: Faisalabad varsity to 'promote Islamic traditions' on Feb 14". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  55. ↑ "Pakistani Islamists hold 'modesty day' to counter Valentine's celebrations - La Prensa Latina Media". 14 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  56. ↑ "Minal Khan and Ahsan Mohsin Ikram announce engagement on Valentine's Day". Daily Pakistan Global. 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  57. 1 2 "Minal Khan, beau Ahsan Mohsin Ikram have romantic Valentine's Day celebration". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  58. ↑ Images Staff (2021-02-15). "Minal Khan gets engaged to beau Ahsan Mohsin Ikram". Images. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  59. 1 2 Images Staff (2021-02-15). "From Gigi and Zayn to Aiman and Muneeb: Celebrities celebrate Valentine's Day in style". Images. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  60. ↑ "Armeena Rana Khan, Fesl Khan are married!". Samaa TV. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.