Vehicular ad hoc network

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A Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a proposed type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) involving road vehicles. [1] VANETs were first proposed [2] in 2001 as "car-to-car ad-hoc mobile communication and networking" applications, where networks could be formed and information could be relayed among cars. It has been shown that vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications architectures could co-exist in VANETs to provide road safety, navigation, and other roadside services. VANETs could be a key part of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) framework. Sometimes, VANETs are referred to as Intelligent Transportation Networks. [3] They could evolve into a broader "Internet of vehicles". [4] which itself could evolve into an "Internet of autonomous vehicles". [5]

Contents

While, in the early 2000s, VANETs were seen as a mere one-to-one application of MANET principles, they have since then developed into a field of research in their own right. By 2015, [6] : 3  the term VANET became mostly synonymous with the more generic term inter-vehicle communication (IVC), although the focus remains on the aspect of spontaneous networking, much less on the use of infrastructure like Road Side Units (RSUs) or cellular networks.

VANETs are in development and are not in use by commercially available vehicles. [7]

Applications

VANETs could support a wide range of applications – from simple one hop information dissemination of, e.g., cooperative awareness messages (CAMs) to multi-hop dissemination of messages over vast distances. Most of the principles of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) apply to VANETs, but the details differ. [8] Rather than moving at random, vehicles tend to move in an organized fashion. The interactions with roadside equipment can likewise be characterized fairly accurately. And finally, most vehicles are restricted in their range of motion, for example by being constrained to follow a paved highway.

Potential applications of VANETs include: [6] : 56 

Technology

VANETs could use any wireless networking technology as their basis. The most prominent are short-range radio technologies are WLAN and DSRC. In addition, cellular technologies or LTE and 5G can be used for VANETs.

Simulations

Prior to the implementation of VANETs on the roads, realistic computer simulations of VANETs using a combination of Urban Mobility simulation [13] and Network simulation are thought to be necessary. Typically open source simulator like SUMO [14] (which handles road traffic simulation) is combined with a network simulator like TETCOS NetSim, [15] or NS-2 to study the performance of VANETs. Further simulations could also be done for communication channel modeling that captures the complexities of wireless network for VANETs. [16]

Standards

Major standardization of VANET protocol stacks is taking place in the U.S., in Europe, and in Japan, corresponding to these regions' dominance in the automotive industry. [6] : 5 

In the U.S., the IEEE 1609 WAVE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments protocol stack builds on IEEE 802.11p WLAN operating on seven reserved channels in the 5.9 GHz frequency band. The WAVE protocol stack is designed to provide multi-channel operation (even for vehicles equipped with only a single radio), security, and lightweight application layer protocols. Within the IEEE Communications Society, there is a Technical Subcommittee on Vehicular Networks & Telematics Applications (VNTA). The charter of this committee is to actively promote technical activities in the field of vehicular networks, V2V, V2R and V2I communications, standards, communications-enabled road and vehicle safety, real-time traffic monitoring, intersection management technologies, future telematics applications, and ITS-based services.

Radio frequencies

In the US, the systems could use a region of the 5.9 GHz band set aside by the United States Congress, the unlicensed frequency also used by Wi-Fi. The US V2V standard, commonly known as WAVE ("Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments"), builds upon the lower-level IEEE 802.11p standard, as early as 2004.

The European Commission Decision 2008/671/EC harmonises the use of the 5 875-5 905 MHz frequency band for transport safety ITS applications. [17] In Europe V2V is standardised as ETSI ITS, [18] a standard also based on IEEE 802.11p. C-ITS, cooperative ITS, is also a term used in EU policy making, closely linked to ITS-G5 and V2V.

V2V is also known as VANET (vehicular ad hoc network). It is a variation of MANET (Mobile ad hoc network), with the emphasis being now the node is the vehicle. In 2001, it was mentioned in a publication [19] that ad hoc networks can be formed by cars and such networks can help overcome blind spots, avoid accidents, etc. The infrastructure also participates in such systems, then referred to as V2X (vehicle-to-everything). Over the years, there have been considerable research and projects in this area, applying VANETs for a variety of applications, ranging from safety to navigation and law enforcement.

In 1999 the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz in the spectrum of 5.850-5.925 GHz for intelligent transport systems.

Conflict over spectrum

As of 2016, V2V is under threat from cable television and other tech firms that want to take away a big chunk of the radio spectrum currently reserved for it and use those frequencies for high-speed internet service. V2V's current share of spectrum was set aside by the government in 1999. The auto industry is trying to retain all it can saying that it desperately needs the spectrum for V2V. The Federal Communications Commission has taken the side of the tech companies with the National Traffic Safety Board supporting the position of the auto industry. Internet service providers who want the spectrum claim that self-driving cars will make extensive use of V2V unnecessary. The auto industry said it is willing to share the spectrum if V2V service is not slowed or disrupted; the FCC plans to test several sharing schemes. [20]

Research

Research in VANETs started as early as 2000, in universities and research labs, having evolved from researchers working on wireless ad hoc networks. Many have worked on media access protocols, routing, warning message dissemination, and VANET application scenarios. V2V is currently in active development by General Motors, which demonstrated the system in 2006 using Cadillac vehicles. Other automakers working on V2V include Toyota, [21] BMW, Daimler, Honda, Audi, Volvo and the Car-to-Car communication consortium. [22]

Regulation

Since then, the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) has been working with a range of stakeholders on V2X. In 2012, a pre-deployment project was implemented in Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2800 vehicles covering cars, motorcycles, buses and HGV of different brands took part using equipment by different manufacturers. [23] The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) saw this model deployment as proof that road safety could be improved and that WAVE standard technology was interoperable. In August 2014, NHTSA published a report arguing vehicle-to-vehicle technology was technically proven as ready for deployment. [24] In April 2014 it was reported that U.S. regulators were close to approving V2V standards for the U.S. market. [25] On 20 August 2014 the NHTSA published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) in the Federal Register, [26] arguing that the safety benefits of V2X communication could only be achieved, if a significant part of the vehicles fleet was equipped. Because of the lacking immediate benefit for early adopters the NHTSA proposed a mandatory introduction. On 25 June 2015, the US House of Representatives held a hearing on the matter, where again the NHTSA, as well as other stakeholders argued the case for V2X. [27]

In the EU the ITS Directive 2010/40/EU [28] was adopted in 2010. It aims to assure that ITS applications are interoperable and can operate across national borders, it defines priority areas for secondary legislation, which cover V2X and requires technologies to be mature. In 2014 the European Commission's industry stakeholder "C-ITS Deployment Platform" started working on a regulatory framework for V2X in the EU. [29] It identified key approaches to an EU-wide V2X security Public Key infrastructure (PKI) and data protection, as well as facilitating a mitigation standard [30] to prevent radio interference between ITS-G5 based V2X and CEN DSRC-based road charging systems. The European Commission recognised ITS-G5 as the initial communication technology in its 5G Action Plan [31] and the accompanying explanatory document, [32] to form a communication environment consisting of ITS-G5 and cellular communication as envisioned by EU Member States. [33] Various pre-deployment projects exist at EU or EU Member State level, such as SCOOP@F, the Testfeld Telematik, the digital testbed Autobahn, the Rotterdam-Vienna ITS Corridor, Nordic Way, COMPASS4D or C-ROADS. [34] Further projects are under preparation.

VANET in urban scenarios

While using VANET in urban scenarios there are some aspects that are important to take in count. The first one is the analysis of the idle time [35] and the choosing of a routing protocol that satisfy the specifications of our network. [36] The other one is to try to minimize the data download time by choosing the right network architecture after analyzing the urban scenario where we want to implement it. [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intelligent transportation system</span> Advanced application

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application that aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.

Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) is a technology for direct wireless exchange of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and other intelligent transportation systems (ITS) data between vehicles, other road users, and roadside infrastructure. DSRC, which can be used for both one- and two-way data exchanges, uses channels in the licensed 5.9 GHz band. DSRC is based on IEEE 802.11p.

IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard to add wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE), a vehicular communication system. It defines enhancements to 802.11 required to support intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. This includes data exchange between high-speed vehicles and between the vehicles and the roadside infrastructure, so called vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85–5.925 GHz). IEEE 1609 is a higher layer standard based on the IEEE 802.11p. It is also the basis of a European standard for vehicular communication known as ETSI ITS-G5.

Vehicular communication systems are computer networks in which vehicles and roadside units are the communicating nodes, providing each other with information, such as safety warnings and traffic information. They can be effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestion. Both types of nodes are dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) devices. DSRC works in 5.9 GHz band with bandwidth of 75 MHz and approximate range of 300 metres (980 ft). Vehicular communications is usually developed as a part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS).

A wireless ad hoc network (WANET) or mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a decentralized type of wireless network. The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such as routers or wireless access points. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes. The determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis of network connectivity and the routing algorithm in use.

Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (InVANETs) use WiFi IEEE 802.11p and effective communication between vehicles with dynamic mobility. Effective measures such as media communication between vehicles can be enabled as well methods to track automotive vehicles. InVANET is not foreseen to replace current mobile communication standards.

Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) is an initiative by the ISO TC 204/Working Group 16 to define a set of wireless communication protocols and air interfaces for a variety of communication scenarios spanning multiple modes of communications and multiple methods of transmissions in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The CALM architecture is based on an IPv6 convergence layer that decouples applications from the communication infrastructure. A standardized set of air interface protocols is provided for the best use of resources available for short, medium and long-range, safety critical communications, using one or more of several media, with multipoint (mesh) transfer.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chai Keong Toh</span> Singaporean computer scientist

Chai Keong Toh is a Singaporean computer scientist, engineer, industry director, former VP/CTO and university professor. He is currently a Senior Fellow at the University of California Berkeley, USA. He was formerly Assistant Chief Executive of Infocomm Development Authority (IDA) Singapore. He has performed research on wireless ad hoc networks, mobile computing, Internet Protocols, and multimedia for over two decades. Toh's current research is focused on Internet-of-Things (IoT), architectures, platforms, and applications behind the development of smart cities.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is a network protocol designed for traffic safety applications. As other computer network protocols, it is also subject to several attacks that can have fatal consequences due to the VANET's intended usage. One of these possible attacks is location spoofing where the attacker is lying about a vehicle's position to disrupt VANET safety application. This attack can be performed either through existent vehicles or forging new identities by a Sybil attack. There are several publications that propose mechanisms to detect and correct malicious location advertisements. This article presents an overview of some of these verification mechanisms proposed in the literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vehicle-to-everything</span> Communication between a vehicle and any entity that may affect the vehicle

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Vehicle-to-device (V2D) communication is a particular type of vehicular communication system that consists in the exchange of information between a vehicle and any electronic device that may be connected to the vehicle itself.

Associativity-based routing is a mobile routing protocol invented for wireless ad hoc networks, also known as mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless mesh networks. ABR was invented in 1993, filed for a U.S. patent in 1996, and granted the patent in 1999. ABR was invented by Chai Keong Toh while doing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygmunt Haas</span> American professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerial base station</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolved wireless ad hoc network</span> Decentralized wireless network

An evolved wireless ad hoc network (EVAN) is a decentralized type of wireless network that compensates for the shortcomings of the existing wireless ad hoc network (WANET). An EVAN is ad hoc like a WANET because it does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points in wireless networks. Further advantages of WANETs over networks with a fixed topology include flexibility, scalability and lower administration costs. These characteristics of WANETs are maintained in EVAN as well. However, an EVAN has a physically separate resource management channel called tone channel, unlike existing WANETs. In WANETs, the data channel performs two roles: resource management and data transfer, but in EVAN, the data channel is used only for data transfer.

References

  1. ↑ Morteza Mohammadi Zanjireh; Hadi Larijani (May 2015). A Survey on Centralised and Distributed Clustering Routing Algorithms for WSNs. IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference. Glasgow, Scotland. doi:10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7145650.
  2. ↑ Toh, Chai K. (2001-12-03). Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems, Prentice Hall, 2001. Pearson Education. ISBN   9780132442046.
  3. ↑ "Research Challenges in Intelligent Transportation Networks, IFIP Keynote, 2008".
  4. ↑ Sakiz, Fatih; Sen, Sevil (June 2017). "A survey of attacks and detection mechanisms on intelligent transportation systems: VANETs and IoV". Ad Hoc Networks. 61: 33–50. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2017.03.006.
  5. ↑ Gerla, M.; Lee, E.; Pau, G.; Lee, U. (March 2014). "Internet of vehicles: From intelligent grid to autonomous cars and vehicular clouds" (PDF). 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (PDF). pp. 241–246. doi:10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803166. ISBN   978-1-4799-3459-1. S2CID   206866025.
  6. 1 2 3 Sommer, Christoph; Dressler, Falko (December 2014). Vehicular Networking. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781107046719.
  7. ↑ "VANET applications: Past, present, and future". Vehicular Communications. April 2021.
  8. ↑ "A Comparative study of MANET and VANET Environment". Journal of Computing. 2 (7). July 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  9. ↑ "Obstacle Management in VANET using Game Theory and Fuzzy Logic Control". ACEEE International Journal on Computing. 4 (1). June 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  10. ↑ Martinez, F. J.; Chai-Keong Toh; Cano, Juan-Carlos; Calafate, C. T.; Manzoni, P. (2010). "Emergency Services in Future Intelligent Transportation Systems Based on Vehicular Communication Networks". IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine. 2 (2): 6–20. doi:10.1109/MITS.2010.938166. S2CID   206470694.
  11. ↑ Toh, Chai-Keong (2007). "Future Application Scenarios for MANET-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems". Future Generation Communication and Networking (FGCN 2007). pp. 414–417. doi:10.1109/FGCN.2007.131. ISBN   978-0-7695-3048-2. S2CID   15369285.
  12. ↑ Randriamasy, M.; Cabani, A.; Chafouk, A.; Fremont, G. (2019). "Geolocation Process to Perform the Electronic Toll Collection Using the ITS-G5 Technology". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 68 (9): 8570–8582. doi:10.1109/TVT.2019.2931883. S2CID   201140467.
  13. ↑ Nabeel Akhtar; Oznur Ozkasap; Sinem Coleri (2013). VANET topology characteristics under realistic mobility and channel models. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). Shanghai, China. doi:10.1109/WCNC.2013.6554832.
  14. ↑ "Downloads - Simulation of Urban Mobility". SUMO. 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  15. ↑ Tetcos. "NetSim Academic". NetSim-Network Simulator & Emulator. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  16. ↑ Akhtar, Nabeel; Coleri, Sinem; Ozkasap, Oznur (January 2015). "Vehicle Mobility and Communication Channel Models for Realistic and Efficient Highway VANET Simulation". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 64: 248–262. doi:10.1109/TVT.2014.2319107. S2CID   10548384.
  17. ↑ 2008/671/EC: Commission Decision of 5 August 2008 on the harmonised use of radio spectrum in the 5875 - 5905 MHz frequency band for safety-related applications of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
  18. ↑ EN 302 663 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Access layer specification for Intelligent Transport Systems operating in the 5 GHz frequency band (http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/302600_302699/302663/01.02.00_20/en_302663v010200a.pdf)
  19. ↑ Chai K Toh (2001). Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems. Pearson Education. ISBN   9780132442046.
  20. ↑ "Cars are ready to talk to one another — unless we use their airwaves for Wi-Fi". Los Angeles Times . 25 August 2016.
  21. ↑ CORPORATION., TOYOTA MOTOR. "Toyota to Bring Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperative Systems to New Models in 2015 | TOYOTA Global Newsroom". newsroom.toyota.co.jp. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  22. ↑ "Car 2 Car - Communication Consortium: Technical Approach". www.car-to-car.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  23. ↑ Safety Pilot Model Deployment Technical Fact Sheet (http://www.safercar.gov/staticfiles/safercar/connected/Technical_Fact_Sheet-Model_Deployment.pdf)
  24. ↑ NHTSA: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Readiness of V2V Technology for Application (http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/V2V/Readiness-of-V2V-Technology-for-Application-812014.pdf Archived 2018-11-15 at the Wayback Machine )
  25. ↑ "Vehicles May Soon Be Talking to Each Other". VOA. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  26. ↑ Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications, Docket No. NHTSA–2014–0022 (http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/V2V/V2V-ANPRM_081514.pdf Archived 2017-04-28 at the Wayback Machine )
  27. ↑ Hearing in the House of Representatives (Protocol) (https://energycommerce.house.gov/hearings-and-votes/hearings/vehicle-vehicle-communications-and-connected-roadways-future Archived 2017-05-19 at the Wayback Machine )
  28. ↑ [1] Directive 2010/40/EU on the framework for the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of transport
  29. ↑ [2] C-ITS Deployment Platform – Final Report, January 2016 (http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/doc/c-its-platform-final-report-january-2016.pdf)
  30. ↑ [3] Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Mitigation techniques to avoid interference between European CEN Dedicated Short Range Communication (CEN DSRC) equipment and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) operating in the 5 GHz frequency range (http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102700_102799/102792/01.02.01_60/ts_102792v010201p.pdf)
  31. ↑ [4] 5G for Europe: An Action Plan – COM (2016) 588, footnote 29 (http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=17131)
  32. ↑ 5G Global Developments – SWD (2016) 306, page 9 (http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=17132)
  33. ↑ Amsterdam Declaration – Cooperation in the field of connected and automated driving (https://english.eu2016.nl/binaries/eu2016-en/documents/publications/2016/04/14/declaration-of-amsterdam/2016-04-08-declaration-of-amsterdam-final-format-3.pdf Archived 2017-03-01 at the Wayback Machine )
  34. ↑ For C-ROADS see: Connecting Europe Facility – Transport 2015 Call for Proposals – Proposal for the Selection of Projects, pages 119-127 (https://ec.europa.eu/inea/sites/inea/files/20160712_cef_tran_brochure_web.pdf)
  35. ↑ Martin, Isabel (2018). "Transient Analysis of Idle Time in VANETs Using Markov-Reward Models". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 67 (4): 2833–2847. doi:10.1109/TVT.2017.2766449. hdl: 2117/116842 . S2CID   4932821.
  36. ↑ Lemus, Leticia (2019). "A Probability-Based Multimetric Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in Urban Scenarios". IEEE Access. 7: 178020–178032. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2958743. hdl: 2117/174180 . S2CID   209460107.
  37. ↑ Peralta, Goiuri (2020). "Fog to cloud and network coded based architecture: Minimizing data download time for smart mobility". Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 101: 102034. arXiv: 1912.00812 . doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2019.102034. hdl:10902/20840. S2CID   208527775.

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