A connected car is a car that can communicate bidirectionally with other systems outside of the car. [1] [2] This connectivity can be used to provide services to passengers (such as music, identification of local businesses, and navigation) or to support or enhance self-driving functionality (such as coordination with other cars, receiving software updates, or integration into a ride hailing service). [3] [4] For safety-critical applications, it is anticipated that cars will also be connected using dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) or cellular radios, operating in the FCC-granted 5.9 GHz band with very low latency.[ citation needed ]
General Motors was the first automaker to bring the first connected car features to market with OnStar in 1996 in Cadillac DeVille, Seville and Eldorado. OnStar was created by GM working with Motorola Automotive (that was later bought by Continental). The primary purpose was safety and to get emergency help to a vehicle when there was an accident. The sooner medical helps arrives the more likely the drivers and passengers would survive. A cellular telephone call would be routed to a call center where the agent sent help. [5]
At first, OnStar only worked with voice but when cellular systems added data the system was able to send the GPS location to the call center. After the success of OnStar, many automakers followed with similar safety programs that usually come with a free trial for a new car and then a paid subscription after the trial is over.
Remote diagnostics were introduced in 2001. By 2003 connected car services included vehicle health reports, turn-by-turn directions and a network access device. Data-only telematics were first offered in 2007.
In the summer of 2014, Audi was the first automaker to offer 4G LTE Wi-Fi Hotspots access and the first mass deployment of 4G LTE was by General Motors.
By 2015, OnStar had processed 1 billion requests from customers. [6]
The AA (formerly known as The Automobile Association) introduced Car Genie, the first piece of connected car technology in the UK that connects directly to a breakdown service, not only warning of issues with car health, but intervening directly with a phone call to customers to help them prevent a breakdown. [7]
In 2017, European technology start-up Stratio Automotive provides over 10,000 vehicles predictive intelligence enabling fleet operators to better manage and maintain their vehicles. [8]
There are 7 ways a vehicle can be connected to its surroundings and communicate with them. These connections are all a part of Vehicle to Everything - V2X: [9]
Applications can be separated into two categories:
Examples include, amongst others:
The connected car segment can be further classified into eight categories. [21]
Current automobiles entail embedded navigation systems, smartphone integration and multimedia packages. [22] Typically, a connected car made after 2010 has a head-unit, in car entertainment unit, in-dash system with a screen from which the operations of the connections can be seen or managed by the driver. Types of functions that can be made include music/audio playing, smartphone apps, navigation, roadside assistance, voice commands, contextual help/offers, parking apps, engine controls and car diagnosis. [5]
On January 6, 2014, Google announced the formation of the Open Automotive Alliance (OAA) a global alliance of technology and auto industry leaders committed to bringing the Android platform to cars starting in 2014. The OAA includes Audi, GM, Google, Honda, Hyundai and Nvidia. [23]
On March 3, 2014, Apple announced a new system to connect iPhone 5/5c/5S to car infotainment units using iOS 7 to cars via a Lightning connector, called CarPlay.
Android Auto was announced on June 25, 2014, to provide a way for Android smartphones to connect to car infotainment systems.
Increasingly, connected cars (and especially electric cars) are taking advantage of the rise of smartphones, and apps are available to interact with the car from any distance. Users can unlock their cars, check the status of batteries on electric cars, find the location of the car, or remotely activate the climate control system.
Innovations to be introduced until 2020 include the full integration of smartphone applications, such as the linkage of the smartphone calendar, displaying it on the car's windshield and automatic address searches in the navigation system for calendar entries. [22] In the longer term, navigation systems will be integrated in the windshield and through augmented reality project digital information, like alerts and traffic information, onto real images from the driver's perspective. [22]
Near-term innovations regarding Vehicle Relationship Management (VRM) entail advanced remote services, such as GPS tracking and personalized usage restrictions. Further, maintenance services like over-the-air tune-ups, requiring the collaboration of car dealers, OEMs and service centers, are under development. [22]
Despite various market drivers there are also barriers that have prevented the ultimate breakthrough of the connected car in the past few years. One of these is the fact that customers are reluctant to pay the extra costs associated with embedded connectivity and instead use their smartphones as solution for their in-car connectivity needs. Because this barrier is likely to continue, at least in the short-term, car manufacturers are turning to smartphone integration in an effort to satisfy consumer demand for connectivity. [24]
These services relate to Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS), that depend on the sensory input of more than one vehicle and enable instant reaction through automatic monitoring, alerting, braking and steering activities. [25] They depend on instant vehicle-to-vehicle communication, as well as infrastructure, functioning across brands and national borders and offering cross-brand and cross-border levels of privacy and security. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for that reason has argued for regulation in its Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) on V2V Communication [26] and argued the case in US Congress. [27] NHTSA began the rule-making process on December 13, 2016, proposing to mandate dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) technology in new light vehicles. [28] Under this proposed rule, vehicles would broadcast a defined data packet, the "basic safety message" (BSM) up to ten times per second, indicating vehicle location, heading, and speed. In March, 2017, GM became the first US automaker to provide DSRC as standard equipment on a production automobile, the Cadillac CTS. [29] The US also has appropriate standards – IEEE 802.11p – and frequency rules [30] in place. In Europe a frequency is harmonised for transport safety [31] and a harmonised standard, called ETSI ITS-G5, [32] are in place. In the EU there is no push to oblige vehicle manufacturers to introduce connect. Discussions about a regulatory framework for privacy and security are ongoing. [33]
Technologically speaking cooperative applications can be implemented. [34] Here the regulatory framework is the main obstacle to implementation, questions like privacy and security need to be addressed. British weekly "The Economist" even argues that the matter is regulatory driven. [35]
The Michigan Department of Transportation announced in 2020 [36] it would pilot a dedicated lane for connected autonomous vehicles on Interstate 94 between Ann Arbor and Detroit. Construction began in 2023, upgrading the left lane for a 3 mi (4.8 km) stretch. [37]
The necessary hardware can be divided into built-in or brought-in connection systems. The built-in telematics boxes most commonly have a proprietary Internet connection via a GSM module and are integrated in the car IT system. Although most connected cars in the United States use the GSM operator AT&T with a GSM SIM such as the case with Volvo, [38] some cars such as the Hyundai Blue Link system utilizes Verizon Wireless Enterprise, a non-GSM CDMA operator. [39]
Most brought-in devices are plugged in the OBD (on-board diagnostics) port for electrification and access to vehicle data and can further be divided into two types of connection:
All forms of hardware have typical use cases as drivers. The built-in solutions were mostly driven by safety regulations in Europe for an automated Emergency Call (abbr. eCall). The brought-in devices usually focus on one customer segment and one specific use case. [40]
The data provided by greater vehicle connectivity is impacting the car insurance industry. [22] Predictive-modeling and machine-learning technologies, as well as real-time data streaming, providing among others information on driving speed, routes and time, are changing insurers' doing-of-business. [22] [41] Early adopters have begun to adjust their offering to the developments in the automotive industry, leading them to transition from being pure insurance product provider to becoming insurance-service hybrids. [41]
Progressive, for example, has introduced its usage-based-insurance program, Snapshot, in 2008, which takes into account driving times and ability. The data gathered through an onboard diagnostics device allows the company to perform further personal and regional risk assessments. [41] Another innovation being tested in the insurance industry regards telematics devices, which transmit vehicle and driver data through wide-area networks and are subsequently used to influence driving behavior, for legal purposes and the identification of fraudulent insurance claims. Further applications are dynamic risk profiles and improved customer segmentation. [41] Future services include coaching on driving skills for fuel efficiency and safety reasons, the prediction of maintenance needs and providing advice to car owners regarding the best time to sell their car. [41]
The following trends are strengthening the shift towards a fully developed connected cars industry, changing the concept of what is understood as a car and what are its functions.
Technological innovation in the field of connectivity is accelerating. [42] High-speed computers help make the car aware of its surroundings, which can transform manoeuvring a self-driving vehicle an increasing reality. [43]
There are initiatives to use Ethernet technology to connect the sensors that allow for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Through the Ethernet, network speed inside the vehicle can increase from one megabit to gigabits. [44] Further, Ethernet uses switches that allow connections to any number of devices, reducing the amount of cabling required and thus the overall weight of the car. Moreover, it is more scalable, allowing devices and sensors to connect at different speeds and has the benefit of components being available off the shelf. [45]
In fact, research also shows that customers are willing to switch manufacturers just to be able to use mobile devices and connectivity. In 2014 there were 21% who were willing to do so whereas in 2015 this number climbed up to 37%. On top of that 32% of those customers would also be ready to pay for a service related to connectivity on top on a base model. This figure has been at 21% in 2014, one year before. The increase of customers willing to switch manufacturers and to pay for such services shows the increase in importance for connected cars. [46]
The Internet of Things will be used to provide mobile services in the car with high-speed Internet. This feature will enable real time traffic control, interaction with the car manufacturer service for remote diagnostics and improved company logistics automation. Moreover, in the beginning of the self-driven car era, internet will be used for information exchange between the cars for better route selection and accident reports. [47]
Although the connected car offers both benefits and excitement to the drivers, it also faces drawbacks and challenges;
Manufacturer | Service | Mobile App | Features (Compatible based on model) | Safety Service | Security Service | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Audi | myAudi [51] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
Acura | AcuraLink [52] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
BMW | Connected Drive [53] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
Cadillac | myCadillac [54] | Yes | TBD | |||
Chevrolet | myChevrolet [55] | Yes | TBD | |||
Chrysler | Uconnect Access [56] | Yes | TBD | SafetyCloud [57] | ||
Dodge | Uconnect Access [56] | Yes | TBD | |||
Fiat | Uconnect Access [56] [ failed verification ] | Yes | TBD | |||
Ford | SYNC Connect [58] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock | |||
Genesis | GENESIS connected services [59] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls Horn Honk & Light Vehicle Status Check Find My Car Location Share My Car (APP Sharing) Tyre Pressure Information Seat Ventilation Control / Status Air Purifier ON Fuel Level Information In-Vehicle Air Quality Status Pro-Active Vehicle Status Alert Auto/Manual DTC Check (Diagnosis) Monthly Health Report Maintenance Alert Driving Information / Behaviour Digital Car Key Car Pay(In-vehicle Payment) IoT(CarToHome/HomeToCar) | Auto Crash Notification (ACN) SOS / Emergency Assistance Road Side Assistance Panic Notification | Stolen Vehicle Tracking Stolen Vehicle Notification Stolen Vehicle Immobilization | |
GMC | myGMC [60] | Yes | TBD | |||
Honda | HondaLink [61] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
Hyundai | Blue Link [62] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls Horn Honk & Light Vehicle Status Check Find My Car Location Share My Car (APP Sharing) Tyre Pressure Information Seat Ventilation Control / Status Air Purifier ON Fuel Level Information In-Vehicle Air Quality Status Pro-Active Vehicle Status Alert Auto/Manual DTC Check (Diagnosis) Monthly Health Report Maintenance Alert Driving Information / Behaviour Digital Car Key Car Pay(In-vehicle Payment) IoT(CarToHome/HomeToCar) | Auto Crash Notification (ACN) SOS / Emergency Assistance Road Side Assistance Panic Notification | Stolen Vehicle Tracking Stolen Vehicle Notification Stolen Vehicle Immobilization | |
Jeep | Uconnect Access [56] | Yes | TBD | |||
Kia | Kia Connect [63] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls Horn Honk & Light Vehicle Status Check Find My Car Location Share My Car (APP Sharing) Tyre Pressure Information Seat Ventilation Control / Status Air Purifier ON Fuel Level Information In-Vehicle Air Quality Status Pro-Active Vehicle Status Alert Auto/Manual DTC Check (Diagnosis) Monthly Health Report Maintenance Alert Driving Information / Behaviour Digital Car Key Car Pay(In-vehicle Payment) IoT(CarToHome/HomeToCar) | Auto Crash Notification (ACN) SOS / Emergency Assistance Road Side Assistance Panic Notification | Stolen Vehicle Tracking Stolen Vehicle Notification Stolen Vehicle Immobilization | |
Lexus | Lexus Enform Remote [64] | Yes | TBD | |||
Mazda | Mazda Mobile Start [65] | Yes | TBD | |||
Mercedes | mbrace [66] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi Connect [67] | No | TBD | |||
Nissan | NissanConnect [68] | Yes | TBD | |||
RAM | Uconnect Access [56] | Yes | TBD | |||
Subaru | STARLINK [69] | Yes | Lock / Unlock | |||
Tesla | Tesla [70] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
Toyota | Toyota Remote Connect [71] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock | |||
Volvo | Volvo On Call [72] | Yes | Start / Stop Lock / Unlock Climate Controls | |||
Volkswagen | Car-Net [73] | Yes | TBD |
An airbag is a vehicle occupant-restraint system using a bag designed to inflate extremely quickly, then quickly deflate during a collision. It consists of an airbag cushion, a flexible fabric bag, an inflation module, and an impact sensor. The purpose of the airbag is to provide a vehicle occupant with soft cushioning and restraint during a collision. It can reduce injuries between the flailing occupant and the interior of the vehicle.
Automotive safety is the study and practice of automotive design, construction, equipment and regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of traffic collisions involving motor vehicles. Road traffic safety more broadly includes roadway design.
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction in which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage and allow for transmission of data, which can include voice and video transmissions. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats, and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.
Telematics is an interdisciplinary field encompassing telecommunications, vehicular technologies, electrical engineering, and computer science. Telematics can involve any of the following:
An advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) includes technologies that assist drivers with the safe operation of a vehicle. Through a human-machine interface, ADAS increases car and road safety. ADAS uses automated technology, such as sensors and cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can enable various levels of autonomous driving.
OnStar Corporation is a subsidiary of General Motors that provides subscription-based communications, in-vehicle security, emergency services, turn-by-turn navigation, and remote diagnostics systems throughout the United States, Canada, China, Mexico, Europe, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.
Vehicular communication systems are computer networks in which vehicles and roadside units are the communicating nodes, providing each other with information, such as safety warnings and traffic information. They can be effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestion. Both types of nodes are dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) devices. DSRC works in 5.9 GHz band with bandwidth of 75 MHz and approximate range of 300 metres (980 ft). Vehicular communications is usually developed as a part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS).
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are created by applying the principles of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – the spontaneous creation of a wireless network of mobile devices – to the domain of vehicles. VANETs were first mentioned and introduced in 2001 under "car-to-car ad-hoc mobile communication and networking" applications, where networks can be formed and information can be relayed among cars. It was shown that vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications architectures will co-exist in VANETs to provide road safety, navigation, and other roadside services. VANETs are a key part of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) framework. Sometimes, VANETs are referred as Intelligent Transportation Networks. They are understood as having evolved into a broader "Internet of vehicles". which itself is expected to ultimately evolve into an "Internet of autonomous vehicles".
TE Connectivity Ltd. is an American Swiss-domiciled technology company that designs and manufactures connectors, sensors, relays, contactors, and application tooling for several industries, such as automotive, industrial equipment, data communication systems, aerospace, defense, medical, oil and gas, consumer electronics and energy.
In-car entertainment (ICE), or in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), is a collection of hardware and software in automobiles that provides audio or video entertainment. In car entertainment originated with car audio systems that consisted of radios and cassette or CD players, and now includes automotive navigation systems, video players, USB and Bluetooth connectivity, carputers, in-car internet, and WiFi. Once controlled by simple dashboards knobs and dials, ICE systems can include steering wheel audio controls, handsfree voice control, touch-sensitive preset buttons, and even touch screens on higher-end units. Latest models of In-car entertainment systems are coming equipped with rear-view cameras along with side cameras for better safety.
Ford Sync is a factory-installed, integrated in-vehicle communications and entertainment system that allows users to make hands-free telephone calls, control music and perform other functions with the use of voice commands. The system consists of applications and user interfaces developed by Ford and other third-party developers. The first two generations run on the Windows Embedded Automotive operating system designed by Microsoft, while the third and fourth generations runs on the QNX operating system from BlackBerry Limited. Future versions will run on the Android operating system from Google.
Vehicle safety technology (VST) in the automotive industry refers to the special technology developed to ensure the safety and security of automobiles and their passengers. The term encompasses a broad umbrella of projects and devices within the automotive world. Notable examples of VST include geo-fencing capabilities, remote speed sensing, theft deterrence, damage mitigation, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and car-to-computer communication devices which use GPS tracking.
Automotive electronics are electronic systems used in vehicles, including engine management, ignition, radio, carputers, telematics, in-car entertainment systems, and others. Ignition, engine and transmission electronics are also found in trucks, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, and other internal combustion powered machinery such as forklifts, tractors and excavators. Related elements for control of relevant electrical systems are also found on hybrid vehicles and electric cars.
MirrorLink is a device interoperability standard that offers integration between a smartphone and a car's infotainment system.
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is communication between a vehicle and any entity that may affect, or may be affected by, the vehicle. It is a vehicular communication system that incorporates other more specific types of communication as V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure), V2N (vehicle-to-network), V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2P (vehicle-to-pedestrian), V2D (vehicle-to-device).
Vehicle-to-device (V2D) communication is a particular type of vehicular communication system that consists in the exchange of information between a vehicle and any electronic device that may be connected to the vehicle itself.
The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices networked together with computers' industrial applications, including manufacturing and energy management. This connectivity allows for data collection, exchange, and analysis, potentially facilitating improvements in productivity and efficiency as well as other economic benefits. The IIoT is an evolution of a distributed control system (DCS) that allows for a higher degree of automation by using cloud computing to refine and optimize the process controls.
Link Motion is an automotive software and hardware company developing embedded automotive systems that have been used in the Lamborghini Huracán. Their main product is the Motion T carputer which can implement a connected vehicle gateway as a separate unit or as a part of the cockpit solution (eCockpit). The Motion T carputer runs on NXP's i.MX8 multi-OS platform, supports four in-car HD displays and hosts connectivity features on Microsoft’s connected vehicle platform, a set of services built on the Microsoft Azure cloud, such as over-the-air software and firmware updates, telemetry and diagnostics data and secure remote access.
Cellular V2X (C-V2X) is a 3GPP standard for V2X applications such as self-driving cars. It is an alternative to 802.11p, the IEEE specified standard for V2V and other forms of V2X communications.
Nexar is a provider of the world's first open vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) network for preventing road collisions and enabling autonomous mobility.
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