| CCN5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | CCN5 , CT58, CTGF-L, WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2, WISP2, cellular communication network factor 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 603399 MGI: 1328326 HomoloGene: 2882 GeneCards: CCN5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2, or WISP-2 (also named CCN5) is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the WISP2 gene. [5] [6]
The CCN family of proteins regulates diverse cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation. [7] [8] [9]
WISP-2 is a member of the CCN family (CCN intercellular signaling protein) of secreted, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated signaling matricellular proteins. The CCN acronym is derived from the first three members of the family identified, namely CYR61 (CCN1), CTGF (connective tissue growth factor, or CCN2), and NOV. These proteins, together with WISP1/CCN4, WISP2 (CCN5, this gene), and WISP3 (CCN6) comprise the six-member CCN family in vertebrates. CCN proteins characteristically contain an N-terminal secretory signal peptide followed by four structurally distinct domains with homologies to insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP), von Willebrand type C repeats (vWC), thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR), and a cysteine knot motif within the C-terminal (CT) domain. However, WISP-2 is unique among this family of proteins by lacking precisely the CT domain.
WISP-2 (CCN5) inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, [10] human uterine myometrial cells, and leiomyoma cells. [11] Ectopic expression of WISP-2 also inhibits the motility and invasiveness of breast carcinoma cells. [12] [13] WISP-2 also inhibits cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, an effect that appears linked to the absence of the CT domain. [14]
In molecular genetics, the Krüppel-like family of transcription factors (KLFs) are a set of eukaryotic C2H2 zinc finger DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression. This family has been expanded to also include the Sp transcription factor and related proteins, forming the Sp/KLF family.
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells. It is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by a hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and by a related hormone called IGF-2. It belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. This receptor mediates the effects of IGF-1, which is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. IGF-1 plays an important role in growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults – meaning that it can induce hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and other target tissues. Mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor die late in development, and show a dramatic reduction in body mass. This testifies to the strong growth-promoting effect of this receptor.
CTGF, also known as CCN2 or connective tissue growth factor, is a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix-associated heparin-binding proteins. CTGF has important roles in many biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, skeletal development, and tissue wound repair, and is critically involved in fibrotic disease and several forms of cancers.
Cripto is an EGF-CFC or epidermal growth factor-CFC, which is encoded by the Cryptic family 1 gene. Cryptic family protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFC1B gene. Cryptic family protein 1B acts as a receptor for the TGF beta signaling pathway. It has been associated with the translation of an extracellular protein for this pathway. The extracellular protein which Cripto encodes plays a crucial role in the development of left and right division of symmetry.
Rac1, also known as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, is a protein found in human cells. It is encoded by the RAC1 gene. This gene can produce a variety of alternatively spliced versions of the Rac1 protein, which appear to carry out different functions.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK1 gene.
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDGFRB gene. Mutations in PDGFRB are mainly associated with the clonal eosinophilia class of malignancies.
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) or CCN family member 1 (CCN1), is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the CYR61 gene.
Inhibitor of growth protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ING1 gene.
RhoC is a small signaling G protein, and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. It is encoded by the gene RHOC.
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, also known as SFRP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SFRP1 gene.
NOV also known as CCN3 is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the NOV gene.
Calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIB1 gene and is located in Chromosome 15. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the calcium-binding protein family. The specific function of this protein has not yet been determined; however this protein is known to interact with DNA-dependent protein kinase and may play a role in kinase-phosphatase regulation of DNA end-joining. This protein also interacts with integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3), which may implicate this protein as a regulatory molecule for alpha(IIb)beta(3).
Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZEB1 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK4 gene.
Protein Wnt-7a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT7A gene.
WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1), also known as CCN4, is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the WISP1 gene.
WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3 is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the WISP3 gene.
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRK gene. PTPRK is also known as PTPkappa and PTPκ.
CCN proteins are a family of extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins involved in intercellular signaling. Due to their dynamic role within the ECM they are considered matricellular proteins.
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