Women's suffrage in Illinois

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League of Women Voters members parade in Chicago in August 1920 LWV members parade in Chicago in August 1920.jpg
League of Women Voters members parade in Chicago in August 1920

Women's suffrage began in Illinois began in the mid-1850s. The first women's suffrage group was formed in Earlville, Illinois, by the cousin of Susan B. Anthony, Susan Hoxie Richardson. After the Civil War, former abolitionist Mary Livermore organized the Illinois Woman Suffrage Association (IWSA), which would later be renamed the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association (IESA). Frances Willard and other suffragists in the IESA worked to lobby various government entities for women's suffrage. In the 1870s, women were allowed to serve on school boards and were elected to that office. The first women to vote in Illinois were 15 women in Lombard, Illinois, led by Ellen A. Martin, who found a loophole in the law in 1891. Women were eventually allowed to vote for school offices in the 1890s. Women in Chicago and throughout Illinois fought for the right to vote based on the idea of no taxation without representation. They also continued to expand their efforts throughout the state. In 1913, women in Illinois were successful in gaining partial suffrage. They became the first women east of the Mississippi River to have the right to vote in presidential elections. Suffragists then worked to register women to vote. Both African-American and white suffragists registered women in huge numbers. In Chicago alone 200,000 women were registered to vote. After gaining partial suffrage, women in Illinois kept working towards full suffrage. The state became the first to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, passing the ratification on June 10, 1919. The League of Women Voters (LWV) was announced in Chicago on February 14, 1920.

Contents

Early efforts

Suffragists march in Decoration Day parade in DeKalb in 1892 Suffragists march in Decoration Day parade in DeKalb in 1892.jpg
Suffragists march in Decoration Day parade in DeKalb in 1892

The first women's suffrage group in Illinois was created by Susan B. Anthony's cousin, Susan Hoxie Richardson. [1] Richardson created the Earlville Suffrage Association in 1855. [2] Richardson had heard the women's suffrage speech given by lawyer and editor of the Earlville Transcript, Alonzo Jackson Grover, earlier that year. [3] Grover's paper often published articles on the abolition movement and women's suffrage. [3] Grover's wife, Octavia Grover, became the secretary of the Earlville Suffrage Association. [3]

When the Civil War broke out, women in Illinois helped to provide supplies to soldiers and hospitals. [1] Working with the war effort convinced abolitionist, Mary Livermore, that women needed to have the right to vote in order to enact political reform. [1]

Livermore organized the first women's suffrage convention in Illinois. [1] It took place in Chicago at Library Hall in February in 1869. [4] Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke at the convention. [4] Mary Whitney Phelps of St. Louis, Missouri, also spoke during the convention. [4] Naomi Talbert Anderson spoke about the need to include African-American women in the conversation about women's suffrage. [5] During this convention, the Illinois Woman Suffrage Association (IWSA) was created. [6]

At the same time as Livermore's group was meeting, another suffrage convention was being held by Sorosis in Chicago. [1] The Chicago Tribune made fun of the situation and implied that the women weren't able to properly plan conventions. [1] Mrs. D. L. Waterman of Sorosis replied to the Tribune, explaining how the conventions had happened at the same time and provided letters between herself and Livermore. [7]

After the convention, Livermore started a suffrage newspaper called The Agitator. [8] The first issue came out on March 13, 1869. [9] The newspaper featured articles about women's rights and empowerment. [9] After Livermore moved to Boston with her family in 1870, she merged The Agitator with the Woman's Journal. [1] [9]

IWSA held their annual convention in the capital of Illinois, Springfield in February 1870. [10] Frances Willard and other members of IWSA lobbied the Illinois Constitutional Convention being held there for women's suffrage. [1] [10] Other women later petitioned against women's suffrage, presenting petitions from around the state. [1] In the end, only adult males, including Black men, were only enfranchised. [1] Willard had been involved with the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), first joining in 1874. [11] She became the second president of WCTU and encouraged the group to support women's suffrage. [11]

Suffragists in Illinois began to lobby for a change in the law, instead of a state constitutional amendment. [12] Women's rights activists and politicians like Alta Hulett, Myra Colby Bradwell and Judge James Bradwell worked to improve the lives and political standing of women in the state. [12] Judge Bradwell served as a president of IWSA and Myra Bradwell was a secretary in 1871. [13] Judge Bradwell helped pass a rule allowing women to serve on school boards. [12] The next year saw ten women elected as County Superintendents of schools. [12] In 1879, Willard brought a petition to the General Assembly requesting that women have the right to vote on alcohol-related issues. [14]

Sophie Gibbs, a Universalist Minister, created the Decatur Women's Suffrage Club on July 30, 1888. [15] Around one hundred women in Decatur, Illinois came together to work towards women's suffrage. [15]

IWSA changed their name to the Illinois Equal Suffrage Association (IESA) in 1890. [14] However, the group is sometimes still referred to by the old name. [16] Catharine Waugh McCulloch becomes the legislative superintendent of IESA and begins lobbying the Illinois General Assembly for women's suffrage legislation. [17]

In 1891, IESA persuaded politicians to introduce a women's suffrage amendment in the state legislature. [18] George W. Curtis introduced a bill in the House and Charles Bogardus worked on the Senate version. [18] The bill for the amendment didn't pass, but it helped make the later passage of a school suffrage bill easier. [18] The school suffrage bill was written by the WCTU and was introduced in the state Senate by Thomas C. MacMillan where it easily passed. [18] The bill also passed by a large majority in the House. [18] The school suffrage bill was confusing and led to four different Supreme Court of Illinois decisions to determine the scope of the law. [18] In some situations, women were not given ballots at voting places or even ballot-boxes and had to provide their own. [19] In the end, it was decided that women could only vote on school offices created by the state legislature. [20]

Also in 1891, Ellen A. Martin found a loophole in the city charter of Lombard, Illinois that could allow her and other women to legally vote. [17] The charter stated that "all citizens" could vote and did not specify gender. [17] Martin, a lawyer, demanded her right to vote on April 6, 1891. [21] Fourteen other women who lived in Lombard also wished to vote. [21] After appealing to judges, the votes were tabulated and became the first 15 votes cast by women in Illinois. [17]

Further growth

Clara Welles in Chicago, preparing to leave for the Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., March 1913 Clara Welles in Chicago, preparinig to leave for the Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., March 1913.jpg
Clara Welles in Chicago, preparing to leave for the Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., March 1913

IESA worked to publicize the issue of women paying taxes without representation in 1901. [22] The group published and distributed a leaflet called "Suffrage for Women Taxpayers." [22] Members of the Chicago Teachers' Federation, under the leadership of Margaret Haley and Catherine Goggin, helped raise awareness for women's suffrage. [22] In the next years, suffragists worked to get the History of Woman Suffrage in library collections. [23] Suffragists also managed to get more women's clubs in the state interested in women's suffrage. [23] The Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs (IFWC) started to endorse municipal suffrage bills. [17] Further outreach to colleges and other venues to organize suffrage groups was done by Alice Henry and Elmira E. Springer. [24] Springer donated $1,000 to use for prizes in the annual "inter-collegiate oratorical suffrage contest." [25]

In 1906, Chicago held a Charter Convention to revise their municipal charter. [26] Members of the convention were men, but women worked to influence the changes in the convention. [26] Women of all classes and social status in the city worked together to help advocate for city improvements. [26] They also tried to get women's suffrage included, but were unsuccessful. [26] Nevertheless, IESA sent delegates from women's clubs to Springfield to support the passage of the bill in 1909. [26] While the bill didn't pass, the networks developed in the creation of the bill had long-lasting effects on women's influence in political areas in Chicago. [26]

In October 1909, IESA held its annual convention. [25] At the convention, the first Men's Equal Suffrage League was formed. [25] Grace Wilbur Trout worked with prominent men in Chicago as the newly elected president of the Chicago Political Equality League in 1910. [27] Not only did she lobby, but she also got new ideas from working with the politicians, and started a women's suffrage auto tour in July 1910. [27] [28] They were able to get the Winton Motor Company of Oak Park to donate cars and a chauffeur. [29] Trout publicized the tours with newspapers who sent journalists by train and trolley to cover the speeches in sixteen different cities. [30] Along with Trout, Anna E. Blount, Catherine Waugh McCulloch, and others toured the cities in a "suffrage by relay" plan. [31] The suffragists visited Aurora, Belvidere, DeKalb, Elgin, Evanston, Geneva, Gray Lake, Highland Park, Lake Forest, McHenry, Marengo, Naperville, Waukengan, Wheaton, and Woodstock. [29] Trout also worked to create local suffrage clubs in each state senator's district. [32]

In October 1910, IESA held their convention in Elgin, Illinois. [33] Some members of IESA under the direction of McCulloch, went to Springfield in order to lobby the General Assembly. [33] One thing Trout discovered while visiting the IESA members in Springfield, was that there was still hostility to women's suffrage. [34] McCulloch passed the job onto Elizabeth K. Booth in 1911. [34] Trout and Booth came up with an educational plan that was quiet and would not draw a large opposition. [34] They also created a card-catalog database with information about the views and personal lives of all of the members of the General Assembly. [35] The database gave them the information they needed to more effectively lobby the legislators. [36] Trout wanted to identify legislators who may be friendly to women's suffrage. [27] Also in 1911, the Chicago Political Equality League outgrew its headquarters in the Chicago Woman's Club and moved to the Fine Arts Building. [37]

In January 1913, the Alpha Suffrage Club, the first Black suffrage organization in Illinois, was formed. [38] Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were organizing the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C. [38] Trout served as the leader of the 83 Illinois suffragists participating in the Woman Suffrage Procession on March 3, 1913. [27] [39] Trout's group practiced drilling and had "cap and baldric" uniforms designed by Clara Barck Welles. [38] The Illinois delegation asked parade organizers if African-American marchers were welcome. [40] When they didn't receive an answer, Ida B. Wells came with the other suffragists. [40] Wells represented the Alpha Suffrage Club. [38] When the suffragists rehearsed the parade, organizers ordered the Black marchers to segregate. [40] They wanted Wells to walk at the end of the procession. [27] A "sometimes heated and emotional debate" took place, with some Illinois suffragists threatening not to march if Wells could not march. [38] Wells said, "If the Illinois women do not take a stand now in this great democratic parade then the colored women are lost." [40] [38] Trout tried to intercede so that she could march with the other Illinois women, but was rebuffed. [40] Alice Paul, the leader of the Procession, did not see the importance of integrating and she was worried about offending white Southerners. [40] While the suffragists were trying to decide what to do, Wells disappeared. [40] When the march started, Wells joined the white Illinois suffragists and marched alongside Virginia Brooks, and Belle Squire . [40] Illinois was one of four states whose suffragists marched as "integrated units." [40]

Partial Suffrage

Governor Edward F. Dunne signs the Suffrage Bill in Illinois, June 26, 1913. Mrs. Dunne is to the left and Speaker William B. McKinley (Illinois state legislator) is to the right. Suffragists standing are Grace Wilbur Trout, Elizabeth Booth, and Antoinette Funk. Seated is Margaret Haley. Governor Edward F. Dunne signs the Suffrage Bill in Illinois, June 26, 1913.jpg
Governor Edward F. Dunne signs the Suffrage Bill in Illinois, June 26, 1913. Mrs. Dunne is to the left and Speaker William B. McKinley (Illinois state legislator) is to the right. Suffragists standing are Grace Wilbur Trout, Elizabeth Booth, and Antoinette Funk. Seated is Margaret Haley.

The 1913 session of the General Assembly opened with a several weeks' long struggle for the role of Speaker of the House. [36] Booth spent the time learning to recognize each legislator in the Assembly. [36] Eventually, William B. McKinley (Illinois state legislator) was elected as Speaker. [28] Members of the Progressive Party wanted to bring forth a women's suffrage bill, but Trout and Booth convinced them that it would be better if IESA sponsor a bill in order to keep the issue independent of political party. [36] [41] McCulloch used her own, more specific draft of a women's suffrage bill. [42] McKinley helped the suffragists by giving the bill to a committee that would report favorably on the bill. [28] He also warned Trout that if there was no public support for the bill, he would not bring it up for a final vote. [28] Trout called on her network of suffragists and McKinley received an average of one phone call in support of women's suffrage every fifteen minutes when he was in Chicago. [28] He was called both at the office and at home. [43] On his return to Springfield, there was a pile of telegrams and letters waiting for him. [28] Women in different parts of the state were organized by Trout to call their own local legislators. [32] Trout consulted with Governor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne on the suffrage bill on March 10. [44] Dunne promised to support the bill provisionally. [44] Starting on April 7, Trout went to Springfield every week to stay in touch with legislators. [45] She started to regularly attend sessions of the legislature. [46] The Chicago press, and eventually the Springfield press, was supportive of the women's suffrage effort. [47] Suffragists used the articles printed in the news and placed them on the desks of legislators. [46]

The bill was introduced to the Senate first and passed on May 7. [48] On May 13, Antoinette Funk came to Springfield to help with the suffrage effort. [49] The House voted on the bill on June 11. [28] During this vote, Trout waited at the door and encouraged legislators favorable to the bill to stay for the vote while she also prevented anti-suffragists from illegally entering. [28] The House doorkeeper was against women's suffrage so Trout's presence there was important. [50] The bill passed with a wild outburst of applause. [28] [50] Anti-suffragists immediately began to lobby Governor Dunne to veto the bill as soon as it passed the house. [51] Mrs. Medill McCormick went to Chicago to get lawyers' legal opinions on the bill to show it was constitutional. [51] On June 13, the suffragists held a celebratory banquet at the Leland Hotel. [51] The bill was signed on June 26. [51] Women in Illinois were now able to vote for presidential electors and any local office not named by the state constitution. [28] Illinois became the first state to the east of the Mississippi River to give women the right to vote for the President. [28] Unfortunately, the fight to give Illinois women the vote had depleted the funds of suffragists. [52]

On July 1, 1913, a car parade took place on Michigan Boulevard. [51] Suffragists in Illinois now had to raise awareness about voting and how to vote. [51] William Randolph Hearst offered the suffragists a chance to publish a suffrage edition of the Chicago Examiner at no cost to any of their organization. [53] The paper, produced by the suffragists with Antoinette Funk as managing editor, helped raise $15,000 and filled their depleted bank accounts. [53] Suffragists also raised money through a "Self-Denial Fund." [54] Suffragists were asked to give up items such as a favorite food or "pretty laces" on National Self-Denial Day, August 15, 1914, and put the money they would have spent on the items towards the suffrage fund. [54]

Registration of women voters in Chicago on February 3, 1914. Among those photographed are Edith Ogden Harrison (far left) and her husband, Chicago Mayor Carter Harrison Jr. (second from left) Edith Ogden Harrison, Carter Harrison Jr., Dina De Vries, Mary Conrad, Mary L. Shulz during registration of female voters on February 3, 1914.jpg
Registration of women voters in Chicago on February 3, 1914. Among those photographed are Edith Ogden Harrison (far left) and her husband, Chicago Mayor Carter Harrison Jr. (second from left)

Anti-suffragists and liquor interests continued to attack the constitutionality of the new law. [53] A case was brought that went before the Supreme Court of Illinois. [53] Money was raised to help fight the case on behalf of the suffragists. [53] While the case was being decided, suffragists wanted to show that women truly wanted to vote. [55] They needed to register women to vote before the next election in April 1914. [55]

Anti-suffragists said that "not 25,000 women will register in Chicago." [55] Suffragists in Illinois saw the importance of beating that number. [55] Mrs. Edward L. Stewart and Judith Weil Lowenthal worked with women's clubs in Chicago to get women to register to vote. [55] The Alpha Suffrage Club canvassed Chicago neighborhoods in get out the vote campaigns in Black neighborhoods and even reached out to female prisoners about voting. [56] Through the work of suffragists and clubwomen, more than 200,000 women were registered to vote in Chicago alone. [55] [57]

Work continues and ratification

Illinois Women's Votes Poll Book, November 5, 1918 Illinois Women's Votes Poll Book, November 5, 1918.jpg
Illinois Women's Votes Poll Book, November 5, 1918

Chicago held a large suffrage parade on May 2, 1914, where around 15,000 women marched down Michigan Boulevard. [58] Governor Dunne and the mayor of Chicago, Carter H. Harrison participated in the parade. [59] Nearly a thousand suffragists were invited to the La Salle Hotel for food, music and speeches. [60] The parade showed that it was important for Illinois women to keep fighting for equal suffrage. [61]

During the 1916 Republican National Convention in Chicago, suffragists marched in a "rainy day suffrage parade" which was sponsored by NAWSA. [62] [63] The Woman's Party Convention in Chicago also took place in June 1916. [64] The convention was held at the Blackstone Theater at the same time as the Republican convention. [65] There were more than 11,000 attendees at the convention which eventually formed the National Women's Party (NWP). [65] NWP planned to focus on pursuing a federal women's suffrage amendment. [65] There was tension between the march organizers and women involved with forming NWP. [62] NAWSA didn't want the NWP convention to take place at the same time as their march. [62] The march started just as Republican delegates were leaving the convention. [62] It was pouring rain, but the women still marched with umbrellas, raincoats and song. [62] The end of the march had Carrie Chapman Catt give Senator William Borah the suffrage plank that NAWSA had prepared for the convention. [62] This plank was subsequently adopted by the Republican convention. [62]

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, suffragists in Illinois stepped up to help the war effort. [66] Trout worked as part of the leadership of the Women's Council of National Defense. [66] In that year, Trout also worked with Catt in Washington, D.C., to help work on the federal amendment for women's suffrage. [66]

Several states competed to become the first to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. [67] Illinois ratified the amendment on June 10, 1919. [67] Illinois beat the state of Wisconsin by only an hour and also beat Michigan, who ratified the same day. [67] In the Senate, the amendment was ratified unanimously and in the House, only 3 legislators voted against. [68] Suffragists packed the General Assembly gallery and unfurled suffrage banners when the amendment was passed. [69] While Illinois voted first, the state of Wisconsin was the first state to finalize the ratification process. [70]

NAWSA held their Victory Convention in Chicago on February 14, 1920. [71] On that day, Catt created the League of Women Voters (LWV). [72] Illinois suffragist and artist, Adelaide Johnson, unveiled her women's suffrage monument in Washington, D.C., on February 6, 1921. [73]

African-American women's suffrage

Ida B. Wells at the Woman Suffrage Procession Iht319630cm1.jpg
Ida B. Wells at the Woman Suffrage Procession

African-American voices in the women's suffrage movement were present at the beginning in Illinois. White women were also more involved in promoting and supporting Black women in the suffrage movement. [74] Naomi Talbert Anderson attended the first Illinois women's suffrage convention in 1869 and advocated for Black women in the suffrage movement. [5] Prudence Crandall, a white teacher and suffragist who was forced out of Connecticut for teaching African-American students, was an early supporter of Black women's suffrage in Illinois. [1] Anna Blount also spoke out against excluding Black women from women's clubs. [75] Sophonisba Breckinridge worked to use women's suffrage as a way to create racial justice. [76]

Sadie Lewis Adams served as a delegate to the IESL when they held their conventions in Chicago. [77] In 1913, the Alpha Suffrage Club was founded by Ida B. Wells and Belle Squire in Chicago. [78] [79] the Alpha Suffrage Club worked on a broader range of issues than other women's suffrage clubs in Illinois. [78] The club was the first group to hold a suffrage meeting in the Bridewell Prison. [56] The club was a centralized place for Black women to learn about politics and ways to empower themselves. [80] Women in the Alpha Suffrage Club created political power that was noticed by the Republican Party who asked them to support their candidate. [80] Black suffragists earned the support of African-American men by arguing that they could use their vote to support Black politicians. [81] In 1915, the Alpha Suffrage Club helped elect the first Black alderman in Chicago, Oscar DePriest. [79]

When Wells refused to march in the segregated section of the Woman Suffrage Procession in 1913, her action was publicized. [82] A picture of Wells marching between her white friends, Squire and Virginia Brooks, was published in the Chicago Daily Tribune . [80] The publicity of Wells defiance against segregation was important for Black women in the country, showing them that they had a place in the women's suffrage movement. [80]

Anti-suffragists

In Illinois, one of the reasons people opposed women's suffrage was because it upset gender roles. [17] There were fears that women's suffrage would hurt the traditional family. [17] One man wrote the state Senate to oppose women's suffrage because he believed that suffragists secretly hated men. [17] Others worried that ideas like socialism and anarchy would be supported by suffragists. [17]

Caroline Fairfield Corbin of Chicago created the Illinois Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women (IAOESW) in 1897. [17] Corbin worked not only to oppose the efforts of Illinois suffragists, but also took her campaign to Germany. [83] Corbin had a rivalry with Susan B. Anthony. [84] Corbin's message was that women who already liked their position in life would lose their privilege and that suffragists would spread socialism and communism in the United States. [85]

See also

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Early women's suffrage work in Alabama started in the 1860s. Priscilla Holmes Drake was the driving force behind suffrage work until the 1890s. Several suffrage groups were formed, including a state suffrage group, the Alabama Woman Suffrage Organization (AWSO). The Alabama Constitution had a convention in 1901 and suffragists spoke and lobbied for women's rights provisions. However, the final constitution continued to exclude women. Women's suffrage efforts were mainly dormant until the 1910s when new suffrage groups were formed. Suffragists in Alabama worked to get a state amendment ratified and when this failed, got behind the push for a federal amendment. Alabama did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1953. For many years, both white women and African American women were disenfranchised by poll taxes. Black women had other barriers to voting including literacy tests and intimidation. Black women would not be able to fully access their right to vote until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Delaware</span>

Women's suffrage began in Delaware the late 1860s, with efforts from suffragist, Mary Ann Sorden Stuart, and an 1869 women's rights convention held in Wilmington, Delaware. Stuart, along with prominent national suffragists lobbied the Delaware General Assembly to amend the state constitution in favor of women's suffrage. Several suffrage groups were formed early on, but the Delaware Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) formed in 1896, would become one of the major state suffrage clubs. Suffragists held conventions, continued to lobby the government and grow their movement. In 1913, a chapter of the Congressional Union (CU), which would later be known at the National Woman's Party (NWP), was set up by Mabel Vernon in Delaware. NWP advocated more militant tactics to agitate for women's suffrage. These included picketing and setting watchfires. The Silent Sentinels protested in Washington, D.C., and were arrested for "blocking traffic." Sixteen women from Delaware, including Annie Arniel and Florence Bayard Hilles, were among those who were arrested. During World War I, both African-American and white suffragists in Delaware aided the war effort. During the ratification process for the Nineteenth Amendment, Delaware was in the position to become the final state needed to complete ratification. A huge effort went into persuading the General Assembly to support the amendment. Suffragists and anti-suffragists alike campaigned in Dover, Delaware for their cause. However, Delaware did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until March 6, 1923, well after it was already part of the United States Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware</span>

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware. Suffragists in Delaware began to fight for women's suffrage in the late 1860s. Mary Ann Sorden Stuart and national suffragists lobbied the Delaware General Assembly for women's suffrage. In 1896, the Delaware Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) was formed. Annual state suffrage conventions were held. There were also numerous attempts to pass an equal suffrage amendment to the Delaware State Constitution, but none were successful. In 1913, a state chapter of the Congressional Union (CU) was opened by Mabel Vernon. Delaware suffragists are involved in more militant tactics, including taking part of the Silent Sentinels. On March 22, 1920, Delaware had a special session of the General Assembly to consider ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It was not ratified by Delaware until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Nevada</span>

Women's suffrage began in Nevada began in the late 1860s. Lecturer and suffragist Laura de Force Gordon started giving women's suffrage speeches in the state starting in 1867. In 1869, Assemblyman Curtis J. Hillyer introduced a women's suffrage resolution in the Nevada Legislature. He also spoke out on women's rights. Hillyer's resolution passed, but like all proposed amendments to the state constitution, must pass one more time and then go out to a voter referendum. In 1870, Nevada held its first women's suffrage convention in Battle Mountain Station. In the late 1880s, women gained the right to run for school offices and the next year several women are elected to office. A few suffrage associations were formed in the mid 1890s, with a state group operating a few women's suffrage conventions. However, after 1899, most suffrage work slowed down or stopped altogether. In 1911, the Nevada Equal Franchise Society (NEFS) was formed. Attorney Felice Cohn wrote a women's suffrage resolution that was accepted and passed the Nevada Legislature. The resolution passed again in 1913 and will go out to the voters on November 3, 1914. Suffragists in the state organized heavily for the 1914 vote. Anne Henrietta Martin brought in suffragists and trade unionists from other states to help campaign. Martin and Mabel Vernon traveled around the state in a rented Ford Model T, covering thousands of miles. Suffragists in Nevada visited mining towns and even went down into mines to talk to voters. On November 3, the voters of Nevada voted overwhelmingly for women's suffrage. Even though Nevada women won the vote, they did not stop campaigning for women's suffrage. Nevada suffragists aided other states' campaigns and worked towards securing a federal suffrage amendment. On February 7, 1920, Nevada became the 28th state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Florida. Ella C. Chamberlain began women's suffrage efforts in Florida starting in 1892. However, after Chamberlain leaves the state in 1897, suffrage work largely ceases until the next century. More women's suffrage groups are organized, with the first in the twentieth century being the Equal Franchise League in Jacksonville, Florida in 1912. Additional groups are created around Florida, including a Men's Equal Suffrage League of Florida. Suffragists lobby the Florida Legislature for equal suffrage, hold conventions, and educate voters. Several cities in Florida pass laws allowing women to vote in municipal elections, with Fellsmere being the first in 1915. Zena Dreier becomes the first woman to legally cast a vote in the South on June 19, 1915. On May 26, 1919, women in Orlando vote for the first time. After the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, Helen Hunt West becomes the first woman in Florida to register to vote under equal franchise rules on September 7, 1920. Florida does not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until May 13, 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona</span> Review of the topic

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona. The first women's suffrage bill was brought forward in the Arizona Territorial legislature in 1883, but it did not pass. Suffragists work to influence the Territorial Constitutional Convention in 1891 and lose the women's suffrage battle by only three votes. That year, the Arizona Suffrage Association is formed. In 1897, taxpaying women gain the right to vote in school board elections. Suffragists both from Arizona and around the country continue to lobby the territorial legislature and organize women's suffrage groups. In 1903, a women's suffrage bill passes, but is vetoed by the governor. In 1910, suffragists work to influence the Arizona State Constitutional Convention, but are also unsuccessful. When Arizona becomes a state on February 14, 1912, an attempt to legislate a women's suffrage amendment to the Arizona Constitution fails. Frances Munds mounts a successful ballot initiative campaign. On November 5, 1912, women's suffrage passes in Arizona. In 1913, the voter registration books are opened to women. In 1914, women participate in their first primary elections. Arizona ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on February 12, 1920. However, Native American women and Latinas would wait longer for full voting rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Maine</span>

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Maine. Suffragists began campaigning in Maine in the mid 1850s. A lecture series was started by Ann F. Jarvis Greely and other women in Ellsworth, Maine in 1857. The first women's suffrage petition to the Maine Legislature was sent that same year. Women continue to fight for equal suffrage throughout the 1860s and 1870s. The Maine Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA) is established in 1873 and the next year, the first Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) chapter was started. In 1887, the Maine Legislature votes on a women's suffrage amendment to the state constitution, but it does not receive the necessary two-thirds vote. Additional attempts to pass women's suffrage legislation receives similar treatment throughout the rest of the century. In the twentieth century, suffragists continue to organize and meet. Several suffrage groups form, including the Maine chapter of the College Equal Suffrage League in 1914 and the Men's Equal Suffrage League of Maine in 1914. In 1917, a voter referendum on women's suffrage is scheduled for September 10, but fails at the polls. On November 5, 1919 Maine ratifies the Nineteenth Amendment. On September 13, 1920, most women in Maine are able to vote. Native Americans in Maine are barred from voting for many years. In 1924, Native Americans became American citizens. In 1954, a voter referendum for Native American voting rights passes. The next year, Lucy Nicolar Poolaw (Penobscot), is the Native American living on an Indian reservation to cast a vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Maine</span>

While women's suffrage had an early start in Maine, dating back to the 1850s, it was a long, slow road to equal suffrage. Early suffragists brought speakers Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone to the state in the mid-1850s. Ann F. Jarvis Greely and other women in Ellsworth, Maine, created a women's rights lecture series in 1857. The first women's suffrage petition to the Maine Legislature was also sent that year. Working-class women began marching for women's suffrage in the 1860s. The Snow sisters created the first Maine women's suffrage organization, the Equal Rights Association of Rockland, in 1868. In the 1870s, a state suffrage organization, the Maine Women's Suffrage Association (MWSA), was formed. Many petitions for women's suffrage were sent to the state legislature. MWSA and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of Maine worked closely together on suffrage issues. By the late 1880s the state legislature was considering several women's suffrage bills. While women's suffrage did not pass, during the 1890s many women's rights laws were secured. During the 1900s, suffragists in Maine continued to campaign and lecture on women's suffrage. Several suffrage organizations including a Maine chapter of the College Equal Suffrage League and the Men's Equal Rights League were formed in the 1910s. Florence Brooks Whitehouse started the Maine chapter of the National Woman's Party (NWP) in 1915. Suffragists and other clubwomen worked together on a large campaign for a 1917 voter referendum on women's suffrage. Despite the efforts of women around the state, women's suffrage failed. Going into the next few years, a women's suffrage referendum on voting in presidential elections was placed on the September 13, 1920 ballot. But before that vote, Maine ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on November 5, 1920. It was the nineteenth state to ratify. A few weeks after ratification, MWSA dissolved and formed the League of Women Voters (LWV) of Maine. White women first voted in Maine on September 13, 1920. Native Americans in Maine had to wait longer to vote. In 1924, they became citizens of the United States. However, Maine would not allow individuals living on Indian reservations to vote. It was not until the passage of a 1954 equal rights referendum that Native Americans gained the right to vote in Maine. In 1955 Lucy Nicolar Poolaw (Penobscot) was the first Native American living on a reservation in Maine to cast a vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Wisconsin</span>

Attempts to secure women's suffrage in Wisconsin began before the Civil War. In 1846, the first state constitutional convention delegates for Wisconsin discussed women's suffrage and the final document eventually included a number of progressive measures. This constitution was rejected and a more conservative document was eventually adopted. Wisconsin newspapers supported women's suffrage and Mathilde Franziska Anneke published the German language women's rights newspaper, Die Deutsche Frauen-Zeitung, in Milwaukee in 1852. Before the war, many women's rights petitions were circulated and there was tentative work in forming suffrage organizations. After the Civil War, the first women's suffrage conference held in Wisconsin took place in October 1867 in Janesville. That year, a women's suffrage amendment passed in the state legislature and waited to pass the second year. However, in 1868 the bill did not pass again. The Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association (WWSA) was reformed in 1869 and by the next year, there were several chapters arranged throughout Wisconsin. In 1884, suffragists won a brief victory when the state legislature passed a law to allow women to vote in elections on school-related issues. On the first voting day for women in 1887, the state Attorney General made it more difficult for women to vote and confusion about the law led to court challenges. Eventually, it was decided that without separate ballots, women could not be allowed to vote. Women would not vote again in Wisconsin until 1902 after separate school-related ballots were created. In the 1900s, state suffragists organized and continued to petition the Wisconsin legislature on women's suffrage. By 1911, two women's suffrage groups operated in the state: WWSA and the Political Equality League (PEL). A voter referendum went to the public in 1912. Both WWSA and PEL campaigned hard for women's equal suffrage rights. Despite the work put in by the suffragists, the measure failed to pass. PEL and WWSA merged again in 1913 and women continued their education work and lobbying. By 1915, the National Woman's Party also had chapters in Wisconsin and several prominent suffragists joined their ranks. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was also very present in Wisconsin suffrage efforts. Carrie Chapman Catt worked hard to keep Wisconsin suffragists on the path of supporting a federal woman's suffrage amendment. When the Nineteenth Amendment went out to the states for ratification, Wisconsin an hour behind Illinois on June 10, 1919. However, Wisconsin was the first to turn in the ratification paperwork to the State Department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey</span>

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey. Women and African Americans had the right to vote in New Jersey until the state constitution was changed in 1807, disenfranchising all but white men. Any early suffrage protest was taken by Lucy Stone in 1857 who refused to pay her property taxes because she could not vote. Additional attempts to make women more equal under the law took place in the 1880s and 1890s. There were also several court cases that challenged women's right to vote in the state. Eventually, a voter referendum on a state constitutional suffrage amendment took place in 1915, however the measure was voted down. Activists continued to fight both in the state and to protest in Washington, D.C. as Silent Sentinels. By February 10, 1920, New Jersey ratified the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Iowa</span>

Efforts toward women's suffrage began early in Iowa's history. During the territory's Constitutional Convention, discussions on both African American and women's suffrage took place. Early on, women's rights were discussed in the state by women such as Amelia Bloomer and petitions for suffrage were sent to the Iowa state legislature. While African American men earned the right to vote in 1868, women from all backgrounds had to continue to agitate for enfranchisement. One of the first suffrage groups was formed in Dubuque in 1869. Not long after, a state suffrage convention was held in Mount Pleasant in 1870. Iowa suffragists focused on organizing and lobbying the state legislature. In 1894, women gained the right to vote on municipal bond and tax issues and also in school elections. These rights were immediately utilized by women who turned out in good numbers to vote on these issues. By the 1910s, the state legislature finally passed in successive sessions a women's suffrage amendment to the state constitution. This resulted in a voter referendum to be held on the issue on June 5, 1916. The campaign included anti-suffrage agitation from liquor interests who claimed that women's suffrage would cause higher taxes. The amendment was defeated, though a subsequent investigation turned up a large amount of fraud. However, the election could not be invalidated and women had to wait to vote. On July 2, 1919, Iowa became the tenth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa</span>

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa. Women's suffrage work started early in Iowa's history. Organizing began in the late 1960s with the first state suffrage convention taking place in 1870. In the 1890s, women gained the right to vote on municipal bonds, tax efforts and school-related issues. By 1916, a state suffrage amendment went to out to a voter referendum, which failed. Iowa was the tenth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919.

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Sources

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