related agencies: individual states' Councils of National Defense, Women's Committees of National Defense, segregated state committees in southern states
The Council of National Defense was a United States organization formed during World War I to coordinate resources and industry in support of the war effort, including the coordination of transportation, industrial and farm production, financial support for the war, and public morale.
The Army appropriation for 1916 provided for the creation and funding of the Council of National Defense.[3] The appropriation was $200,000.[4] President Woodrow Wilson established it on August 24, 1916,[5] because "The Country is best prepared for war when thoroughly prepared for peace."[4]
Members of some portions, such as the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps, which had existed previously as the Medical Reserve Corps, reverted to their former roles preparing for emergencies.[6]
New Jersey suffragists helping the Liberty Bond drive in 1918
In April 1917, suffragist, Anna Howard Shaw, founded the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense.[11] The committee was initially made up of Shaw, Carrie Chapman Catt, Maude A. K. Wetmore, Ida Tarbell, Mrs. Joseph E. Cowles, Antoinette Funk, Mrs. Phillip N. Moore, and Mrs. Joseph R. Lamar.[12] The Women's Committee helped match women with groups that had need for volunteers and also advised the defense council of how women could aid the war effort.[11][12]
Beginning in May 1917, the Council asked individual states to create their own Councils of Defense to assist the federal Council in carrying out its work.[3] There were 48 state Women's Committees formed.[13] Shaw appointed temporary chairs for each state committee in order to coordinate the upcoming war work.[14]
Some groups formed separate Women's Committees of National Defense and Southern states, at the urging of the National Council, formed organizations for African Americans.[3]Alice Dunbar Nelson worked as a field representative for the Women's Council.[15]
In January 1920, the Council recommended the creation of an Expert Survey Board to conduct research studies over the next six months to enable speedy mobilization in the event of another war.[16]
Disestablishment
The activities of the Council of National Defense were suspended in 1921.[3]
↑ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, pp. 127, 137-9, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. ISBN978-1-4000-6964-4.
↑ Nunn, Jack H. (October 1979). "MIT: A University's Contributions to National Defense". Military Affairs. 43 (3). Society for Military History: 120–125. doi:10.2307/1986870. JSTOR1986870.
William J. Breen, Uncle Sam at Home: Civilian Mobilization, Wartime Federalism, and the Council of National Defense, 1917-1919. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
The National Communications System (NCS) was an office within the United States Department of Homeland Security charged with enabling national security and emergency preparedness communications using the national telecommunications system. The NCS was disbanded by Executive Order 13618 on July 6, 2012.
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The Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM) was an independent agency of the United States government whose function was to plan, coordinate, direct and control all wartime mobilization activities of the federal government, including manpower, economic stabilization, and transport operations. It was established in 1950, and for three years was one of the most powerful agencies in the federal government. It merged with other agencies in 1958 to become the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (1958–1961).
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