Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America is usually defined as consisting of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and Panama. Within Central America is the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a high amount of seismic activity in the region, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, which has resulted in death, injury, and property damage.
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Clipperton Island, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the United States.
The North American Free Trade Agreement was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product.
The Republic of Texas, or simply Texas, was a breakaway state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It shared borders with Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America.
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. Covering 1,972,550 km2, it is the world's 13th largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th most populous country and has the most Spanish speakers in the world. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest city, which is among the world's most populous metropolitan areas. The country shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.
The Flora of North America North of Mexico is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland. It includes bryophytes and vascular plants. All taxa are described and included in dichotomous keys, distributions of all species and infraspecific taxa are mapped, and about 20% of species are illustrated with line drawings prepared specifically for FNA. It is expected to fill 30 volumes when completed and will be the first work to treat all of the known flora north of Mexico; in 2015 it was expected that the series would conclude in 2017. Twenty-nine of the volumes have been published as of 2022.
The Xyelidae are a comparatively species-poor family of sawflies, comprising about 80 extant species in five genera worldwide, and is the only family in the superfamily Xyeloidea. The fossil record of the family is extensive, comprising more than 120 species and including the oldest fossil Hymenoptera species dating back to the Triassic, between 245 and 208 million years ago. Xyelidae are to be regarded as living fossils since they represent one of the oldest lineages of insects and include still extant forms.
The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, was an invasion of Mexico by the United States Army from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 American annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its territory because it refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco, signed by President Antonio López de Santa Anna after he was captured by the Texian Army during the 1836 Texas Revolution. The Republic of Texas was de facto an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens who had moved from the United States to Texas after 1822 wanted to be annexed by the United States.
Xyela is a genus of sawflies, belonging to the family Xyelidae.
Xyela bakeri is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela and is endemic to North America. It can be found from Quebec to Florida, and west to British Columbia and California. It has widespread hosts for its larvae, including Pinus elliottii, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. sabiniana, and P. virginiana.
Xyela californica is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to California.
Xyela cheloma is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to North America. It can be found in Idaho, Nevada, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. The host for the larvae is Pinus ponderosa.
Xyela concava is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to North America. It can be found in Utah, Nevada, and California. The host for the larvae is Pinus monophylla and P. ponderosa.
Xyela deserti is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to North America. It can be found in Nevada and California. The host for the larvae is Pinus monophylla.
Xyela dodgei is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to Florida.
Xyela gallicaulis is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to North America. It can be found in Virginia and Georgia. The larva feeds inside shoots and forms galls in its host which include: Pinus echinata, P. elliottii, and P. taeda.
Xyela linsleyi is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to North America. It can be found in Idaho, British Columbia, Washington, and California. The host for the larvae is Pinus ponderosa.
Xyela lunata is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to California. The host for the larvae is Pinus coulteri and P. sabiniana.
Xyela minor is a species of sawfly in the genus Xyela that is endemic to North America. It can be found from Quebec to Florida, and west to British Columbia and California. The larvae have widespread hosts, including: Pinus coulteri, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. sabiniana, P. taeda, and P. virginiana.
