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Hong Taiji, also rendered as Huang Taiji and sometimes referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchens to "Manchu" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636.
The Seven Grievances was a manifesto announced by Nurhaci, khan of the Later Jin, on the thirteenth day of the fourth lunar month in the third year of the Tianming era of his reign; 7 May 1618. It effectively declared war against the Ming dynasty.
The Jianzhou Jurchens were one of the three major groups of Jurchens as identified by the Ming dynasty. Although the geographic location of the Jianzhou Jurchens changed throughout history, during the 14th century they were located south of the Wild Jurchens and the Haixi Jurchens, and inhabited modern-day Liaoning and Jilin provinces in China. The Jianzhou Jurchens were known to possess an abundant supply of natural resources. They also possessed industrial secrets, particularly in processing ginseng and the dyeing of cloth. They were powerful due to their proximity to Ming trading towns such as Fushun, Kaiyuan, and Tieling in Liaodong, and to Manpojin camp near Korea.
Hūlun gurun was a powerful confederacy of Haixi Jurchens tribes in the late 16th century, based primarily in modern Jilin province of China.
Li Chengliang, courtesy name Ruqi (汝契), art name Yincheng (引城), was a Ming dynasty general.
Taksi or posthumously titled as Emperor Xuan was a Jurchen chieftain and father of Nurhaci, founder of the Later Jin dynasty, and the fourth son of Giocangga. A member of the House of Aisin-Gioro, he was killed in an attack on Gure by a rival Jurchen chieftain Nikan Wailan in 1583.
Nara is a clan name shared by a number of royal Manchu clans, sometimes also transliterated as Nalan or Nalland. The four tribes of the Hūlun confederation (扈倫四部) – Hada, Ula, Hoifa and Yehe – were all ruled by clans bearing this name.
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The Haixi Jurchens were a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming dynasty. They inhabited an area that consists of parts of modern-day Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia in China.
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Nurhaci, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Qing, was the founding khan of the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty.
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Šurhaci, was a Jurchen leader, a member of the Aisin Gioro clan, he was a younger brother of Nurhaci, the founder of the Later Jin dynasty, the predecessor of the Qing dynasty. Under the Ming dynasty government, he held the title of local chieftain (都指揮) in the Jianzhou district, and maintained relations with the Ming authorities up to the beginning of 1607. In that year, he joined Nurhaci in the campaign against Bujantai and the Ula tribe, receiving the title of darhan baturu. However, as a result of disagreements with his brother over the conquest of the Hoifa and the killing of Hoifa's beile Baindari in 1607, he was put to death four years later at Nurhaci's order and buried in Dongjingling Township, Liaoyang. In 1653, he was posthumously given the rank of qinwang under the posthumous title Prince Zhuang of the First Rank.
Manchuria under Ming rule refers to the domination of the Ming dynasty of China over the greater region of Manchuria, including today's Northeast China and Outer Manchuria. The Ming rule of Manchuria began with its conquest of Manchuria in the late 1380s after the fall of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and reached its peak in the early 15th century with the establishment of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission. With the dissolution of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission the Ming power waned considerably in Manchuria. Starting in the 1580s, Nurhaci, the Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain who had been a Ming vassal, began to take control of most of Manchuria over the next several decades, and in 1616 he established the Later Jin and openly renounced Ming overlordship with the Seven Grievances. The Qing dynasty established by his son Hong Taiji would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper.
The Later Jin, officially known as Jin or the Great Jin, was a Jurchen-led royal dynasty of China in Manchuria and the precursor to the Qing dynasty. Established in 1616 by the Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain Nurhaci upon his reunification of the Jurchen tribes, its name was derived from the earlier Jin dynasty founded by the Wanyan clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The Jurchen unification were a series of events in the late 16th and early 17th centuries that led to the unification of the Jurchen tribes under the Jianzhou Jurchen leader Nurhaci. While Nurhaci was originally a vassal of the Ming dynasty who considered himself a local representative of imperial Ming power, he also had a somewhat antagonistic relationship with the Ming due to Ming's involvement in events early on in his life that led to the death of his father and grandfather combined with his own increasing ambition.
Wan was a Haixi Jurchen chieftain, a self-proclaimed Khan, and leader of the Hūlun tribal confederacy. A member of the Nara clan and leader of the Hada tribe, he succeeded his uncle Wangju-wailan as beile of the Hada. He was a skilled political leader and the most powerful Jurchen leader of his era, establishing dominance over the Ula, Yehe, and Hoifa tribes, which he organized into the Hūlun tribal confederation. His power waned late into his rule, and the Yehe and Ula broke off from the Hūlun under the leadership of Yangginu. Wan died soon after and was succeeded by his son Hûrhan.
References
- ↑ Kennedy 1943, pp. 896–897.
- 1 2 3 Kennedy 1943, pp. 799–800, 896–897.
- 1 2 3 Wada 1957, p. 52.
- ↑ Huang 2011, pp. 110–111.
- 1 2 Wada 1957, pp. 51–52.
- ↑ Huang 2011, p. 132.
- 1 2 Guo 1998, pp. 329–331.
- ↑ Crossley 2002, p. 154.
- ↑ Wada 1957, pp. 52–53.
Bibliography
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520234246.
- Guo, Songyi (1998). "Empress Xiao Ci Gao of the Nara Clan". In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women. Vol. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911. Routledge. ISBN 9781317475873.
- Huang, Pei (2011). Reorienting the Manchus: A Study of Sinicization, 1583–1795. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781933947921.
- Kennedy, George A. (1943). Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. Vol. 2. United States Government Printing Office.
- Wada, Sei (1957). "Some Problems Concerning the Rise of T'ai-tsu the Founder of Manchu Dynasty" (PDF). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tōyō Bunko (16). Tōyō Bunko: 35–73.