Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

Last updated

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
ISS-50 EVA-1 (b) Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.jpg
AMS-02 on the truss, as viewed during an Expedition 50 spacewalk
Module statistics
Part of International Space Station
Launch date 16 May 2011 13:56:28 (2011-05-16UTC13:56:28) UTC [1] [2] [3]
Launch vehicle Space Shuttle Endeavour
Berthed May 19, 2011
Mass 6,717 kg (14,808 lb)
AMS-02 logo AMS-02 Logo.png
AMS-02 logo
Computer rendering of AMS-02 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02.jpg
Computer rendering of AMS-02

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). [4] The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment (RE1). [5] [6] The module is a detector that measures antimatter in cosmic rays; this information is needed to understand the formation of the universe and search for evidence of dark matter.

Contents

The principal investigator is Nobel laureate particle physicist Samuel Ting. The launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour flight STS-134 carrying AMS-02 took place on May 16, 2011, and the spectrometer was installed on May 19, 2011. [7] [8] By April 15, 2015, AMS-02 had recorded over 60 billion cosmic ray events [9] and 90 billion after five years of operation since its installation in May 2011. [10]

In March 2013, Professor Ting reported initial results, saying that AMS had observed over 400,000 positrons, with the positron to electron fraction increasing from 10 GeV to 250 GeV. (Later results have shown a decrease in positron fraction at energies over about 275 GeV). There was "no significant variation over time, or any preferred incoming direction. These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations." The results have been published in Physical Review Letters . [11] Additional data are still being collected. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]

History

The alpha magnetic spectrometer was proposed in 1995 by the Antimatter Study Group, [18] [4] led by MIT particle physicist Samuel Ting, not long after the cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider. The original name for the instrument was Antimatter Spectrometer, [4] [18] [19] with the stated objective to search for primordial antimatter, with a target resolution of antimatter/matter ≈10−9. [18] [19] The proposal was accepted and Ting became the principal investigator. [20]

AMS-01

STS-91 PLB.jpg
AMS-01 flew in space in June 1998 aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-91. It is visible near the rear of the payload bay.
STS-91 AMS-01 Detail.jpg
A detail view of the AMS-01 module (center) mounted in the shuttle payload bay for the STS-91 mission.

An AMS prototype designated AMS-01, a simplified version of the detector, was built by the international consortium under Ting's direction and flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-91 in June 1998. By not detecting any antihelium, the AMS-01 established an upper limit of 1.1×10−6 for the antihelium-to-helium flux ratio [21] and proved that the detector concept worked in space. This shuttle mission was the last shuttle flight to the Mir space station.

AMS-02

AMS-02 during integration and testing at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. AMS01Geneva.jpg
AMS-02 during integration and testing at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland.

After the flight of the prototype, the group, now labelled the AMS Collaboration, began the development of a full research system designated AMS-02. This development effort involved the work of 500 scientists from 56 institutions and 16 countries organized under United States Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship.

The instrument which eventually resulted from a long evolutionary process has been called "the most sophisticated particle detector ever sent into space", rivaling very large detectors used at major particle accelerators, and has cost four times as much as any of its ground-based counterparts. Its goals have also evolved and been refined over time. As built it is a more comprehensive detector which has a better chance of discovering evidence of dark matter along with other goals. [22]

The power requirements for AMS-02 were thought to be too great for a practical independent spacecraft, so AMS-02 was designed to be installed as an external module on the International Space Station and use power from the ISS. The post- Space Shuttle Columbia plan was to deliver AMS-02 to the ISS by space shuttle in 2005 on station assembly mission UF4.1, but technical difficulties and shuttle scheduling issues added more delays. [23]

AMS-02 completed final integration and operational testing at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland which included exposure to energetic proton beams generated by the CERN SPS particle accelerator. [24] [25] AMS-02 was then shipped by specialist hauler to ESA's European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) facility in the Netherlands, arriving February 16, 2010. Here it underwent thermal vacuum, electromagnetic compatibility, and electromagnetic interference testing. AMS-02 was scheduled for delivery to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States, in late May 2010. [7] This was, however, postponed to August 26, as AMS-02 underwent final alignment beam testing at CERN. [26] [27]

Amsbeamtesting.JPG
AMS-02 during final alignment testing at CERN just days before being airlifted to Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Beamfeedingams.JPG
Beamline from SPS feeding 20 GeV positrons to AMS for alignment testing at the time of the picture.

A cryogenic, superconducting magnet system was initially installed on the AMS-02. When the Obama administration extended International Space Station operations beyond 2015, the decision was made by AMS management to exchange the AMS-02 superconducting magnet for the non-superconducting magnet previously flown on AMS-01. Although the non-superconducting magnet has a weaker field strength, its on-orbit operational time at ISS is expected to be 10 to 18 years versus only three years for the superconducting version. [28] In December 2018, it was announced that funding for the ISS had been extended to 2030. [29]

In 1999, after the successful flight of AMS-01, the total cost of the AMS program was estimated to be $33 million, with AMS-02 planned for flight to the ISS in 2003. [30] After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, and after a number of technical difficulties with the construction of AMS-02, the cost of the program ballooned to an estimated $2 billion. [31] [32]

Installation on the International Space Station

AMS02onISS.jpg
A computer generated image showing AMS-02 mounted to the ISS S3 Upper Inboard Payload Attach Site.
ISS Unpressurized Platforms.png
Location of the AMS on the International Space Station (upper left).
AMS-02 installed on the ISS. STS-134 the starboard truss of the ISS with the newly-installed AMS-02.jpg
AMS-02 installed on the ISS.

For several years it was uncertain if AMS-02 would ever be launched because it was not manifested to fly on any of the remaining Space Shuttle flights. [33] After the 2003 Columbia disaster, NASA decided to reduce shuttle flights and retire the remaining shuttles by 2010. A number of flights were removed from the remaining manifest, including the flight for AMS-02. [20] In 2006, NASA studied alternative ways of delivering AMS-02 to the space station, but they all proved to be too expensive. [33]

In May 2008, a bill [34] was proposed to launch AMS-02 to the ISS on an additional shuttle flight in 2010 or 2011. [35] The bill was passed by the full U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2008. [36] The bill then went before the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee where it also passed. It was then amended and passed by the full Senate on September 25, 2008, and was passed again by the House on September 27, 2008. [37] It was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 15, 2008. [38] [39] The bill authorized NASA to add another space shuttle flight to the schedule before the space shuttle program was discontinued. In January 2009, NASA restored AMS-02 to the shuttle manifest. On August 26, 2010, AMS-02 was delivered from CERN to the Kennedy Space Center by a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy jet. [40]

It was delivered to the International Space Station on May 19, 2011, as part of station assembly flight ULF6 on shuttle flight STS-134, commanded by Mark Kelly. [41] It was removed from the shuttle cargo bay using the shuttle's robotic arm and handed off to the station's robotic arm for installation. AMS-02 is mounted on top of the Integrated Truss Structure, on USS-02, the zenith side of the S3-element of the truss. [42]

Operations, condition and repairs

ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano, attached to the Canadarm2 robotic arm, carries the new thermal pump system for AMS ISS-61 EVA-6 (b) Luca Parmitano carries the new thermal pump system.jpg
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano, attached to the Canadarm2 robotic arm, carries the new thermal pump system for AMS

By April 2017, only one of the 4 redundant coolant pumps for the silicon trackers was fully working, and repairs were being planned, despite AMS-02 not being designed to be serviced in space. [43] [44] By 2019, the last pump was being operated intermittently. [44] In November 2019, after four years of planning, [44] special tools and equipment were sent to the ISS for in-situ repairs requiring four EVAs. [45] Liquid carbon dioxide coolant was also replenished. [44]

The repairs were conducted by the ISS crew of Expedition 61. The spacewalkers were the expedition commander and ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano, and NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan. Both of them were assisted by NASA astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir who operated the Canadarm2 robotic arm from inside the Station. The spacewalks were described as the "most challenging since [the last] Hubble repairs". [46]

The entire spacewalk campaign was a central feature of the Disney+ docuseries Among The Stars.

First spacewalk

The first spacewalk was conducted on November 15, 2019. The spacewalk began with the removal of the debris shield covering AMS, which was jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. The next task was to install three handrails in the vicinity of AMS to prepare for the next spacewalks and remove zip ties on the AMS' vertical support strut. This was followed by the "get ahead" tasks: Parmitano removed the screws from a carbon-fibre cover under the insulation and passed the cover to Morgan to jettison. The spacewalkers also removed the vertical support beam cover. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 39 minutes. [47] [48]

Second spacewalk

The second spacewalk was conducted on November 22, 2019. Parmitano and Morgan cut a total of eight stainless steel tubes, including one that vented the remaining carbon dioxide from the old cooling pump. The crew members also prepared a power cable and installed a mechanical attachment device in advance of installing the new cooling system. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 33 minutes. [49]

Third spacewalk

The third spacewalk was conducted on December 2, 2019. The crew completed the primary task of installing the upgraded cooling system, called the upgraded tracker thermal pump system (UTTPS), completed the power and data cable connections for the system, and connected all eight cooling lines from the AMS to the new system. The intricate connection work required making a clean cut for each existing stainless steel tube connected to the AMS, then connecting it to the new system through swaging. [50]

The astronauts also completed an additional task to install an insulating blanket on the nadir side of the AMS to replace the heat shield and blanket they removed during the first spacewalk to begin the repair work. The flight control team on Earth initiated power-up of the system and confirmed its reception of power and data. [50]

The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 2 minutes. [50]

Fourth spacewalk

The fourth spacewalk was conducted on January 25, 2020. The astronauts conducted leak checks for the cooling system on the AMS and opened a valve to pressurize the system. Parmitano found a leak in one of the AMS's cooling lines. The leak was fixed during the spacewalk. Preliminary testing showed the AMS was responding as expected. [51] [52]

Ground teams worked to fill the new AMS thermal control system with carbon dioxide, allowed the system to stabilize, and powered on the pumps to verify and optimize their performance. The tracker, one of several detectors on the AMS, began collecting science data again before the end of the week after the spacewalk. [51]

The astronauts also completed an additional task to remove degraded lens filters on two high-definition video cameras. [51]

The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 16 minutes. [51]

Specifications

About 1,000 cosmic rays are recorded by the instrument per second, generating about one GB/s of data. This data is filtered and compressed to about 300 kbit/s for download to the operation center POCC at CERN.

A mockup of the machine is present inside the operations center at CERN.

Design

The detector module consists of a series of detectors that are used to determine various characteristics of the radiation and particles as they pass through. Characteristics are determined only for particles that pass through from top to bottom. Particles that enter the detector at any other angles are rejected. From top to bottom the subsystems are identified as: [55]

Scientific goals

The AMS-02 uses the unique environment of space to advance knowledge of the Universe and lead to the understanding of its origin by searching for antimatter, dark matter and measuring cosmic rays. [42]

Antimatter

Experimental evidence indicates that our galaxy is made of matter; however, scientists believe there are about 100–200 billion galaxies in the observable Universe and some versions of the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe require equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Theories that explain this apparent asymmetry violate other measurements. Whether or not there is significant antimatter is one of the fundamental questions of the origin and nature of the Universe. Any observations of an antihelium nucleus would provide evidence for the existence of antimatter in space. In 1999, AMS-01 established a new upper limit of 10−6 for the antihelium/helium flux ratio in the Universe. AMS-02 was designed to search with a sensitivity of 10−9, [19] an improvement of three orders of magnitude over AMS-01, sufficient to reach the edge of the expanding Universe and resolve the issue definitively.

Dark matter

The visible matter in the Universe, such as stars, adds up to less than 5 percent of the total mass that is known to exist from many other observations. The other 95 percent is dark, either dark matter, which is estimated at 20 percent of the Universe by weight, or dark energy, which makes up the balance. The exact nature of both still is unknown. One of the leading candidates for dark matter is the neutralino. If neutralinos exist, they should be colliding with each other and giving off an excess of charged particles that can be detected by AMS-02. Any peaks in the background positron, antiproton, or gamma ray flux could signal the presence of neutralinos or other dark matter candidates, but would need to be distinguished from poorly known confounding astrophysical signals.

Strangelets

Six types of quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top) have been found experimentally; however, the majority of matter on Earth is made up of only up and down quarks. It is a fundamental question whether there exists stable matter made up of strange quarks in combination with up and down quarks. Particles of such matter are known as strangelets. Strangelets might have extremely large mass and very small charge-to-mass ratios. It would be a totally new form of matter. AMS-02 may determine whether this extraordinary matter exists in our local environment.

Space radiation environment

Cosmic radiation during transit is a significant obstacle to sending humans to Mars. Accurate measurements of the cosmic ray environment are needed to plan appropriate countermeasures. Most cosmic ray studies are done by balloon-borne instruments with flight times that are measured in days; these studies have shown significant variations. AMS-02 operates on the ISS, gathering a large amount of accurate data and allowing measurements of the long term variation of the cosmic ray flux over a wide energy range, for nuclei from protons to iron. In addition to understanding the radiation protection required for astronauts during interplanetary flight, this data will allow the interstellar propagation and origins of cosmic rays to be identified.

Results

By late 2016, it was reported that AMS-02 had observed over 90 billion cosmic rays. [10]

In February 2013, Samuel Ting reported that in its first 18 months of operation AMS had recorded 25 billion particle events including nearly eight billion fast electrons and positrons. [56] The AMS paper reported the positron-electron ratio in the mass range of 0.5 to 350 GeV, providing evidence about the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) model of dark matter.

On March 30, 2013, the first results from the AMS experiment were announced by the CERN press office. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [57] The first physics results were published in Physical Review Letters on April 3, 2013. [11] A total of 6.8×106 positron and electron events were collected in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV. The positron fraction (of the total electron plus positron events) steadily increased from energies of 10 to 250 GeV, but the slope decreased by an order of magnitude above 20 GeV, even though the fraction of positrons still increased. There was no fine structure in the positron fraction spectrum, and no anisotropies were observed. The accompanying Physics Viewpoint [58] said that "The first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays." These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations. Ting said "Over the coming months, AMS will be able to tell us conclusively whether these positrons are a signal for dark matter, or whether they have some other origin." [59]

On September 18, 2014, new results with almost twice as much data were presented in a talk at CERN and published in Physical Review Letters. [60] [61] [62] A new measurement of positron fraction up to 500 GeV was reported, showing that positron fraction peaks at a maximum of about 16% of total electron+positron events, around an energy of 275 ± 32 GeV. At higher energies, up to 500 GeV, the ratio of positrons to electrons begins to fall again.

The AMS team presented for 3 days at CERN in April 2015, covering new data on 300 million proton events and helium flux. [63] It revealed in December 2016 that it had discovered a few signals consistent with antihelium nuclei amidst several billion helium nuclei. The result remains to be verified, and the team is currently trying to rule out possible contamination. [64]

A study from 2019, using data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope discovered a halo around the nearby pulsar Geminga. The accelerated electrons and positrons collide with nearby starlight. The collision boosts the light to much higher energies. Geminga alone could be responsible for as much as 20% of the high-energy positrons seen by the AMS-02 experiment. [65] The AMS-02 on the ISS has, as of 2021, recorded eight events that seem to indicate the detection of antihelium-3. [66] [67]

Over a twelve-year period aboard the ISS, the AMS has accumulated a dataset of more than 230 billion cosmic rays, spanning energies reaching multi-TeV levels. The precise measurements obtained by the magnetic spectrometer enable data presentation with an accuracy approaching ~1%. Particularly significant is the high-energy data regarding elementary particles such as electrons, positrons, protons, and antiprotons, which presents challenges to theoretical frameworks. Additionally, observations of nuclei and isotopes reveal energy dependencies that deviate from theoretical predictions. The extensive dataset collected by AMS necessitates a reevaluation of existing models of the cosmos, as discussed at the APS April meeting in 2024. [68]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antimatter</span> Material composed of antiparticles of the corresponding particles of ordinary matter

In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge, parity, and time, known as CPT reversal. Antimatter occurs in natural processes like cosmic ray collisions and some types of radioactive decay, but only a tiny fraction of these have successfully been bound together in experiments to form antiatoms. Minuscule numbers of antiparticles can be generated at particle accelerators; however, total artificial production has been only a few nanograms. No macroscopic amount of antimatter has ever been assembled due to the extreme cost and difficulty of production and handling. Nonetheless, antimatter is an essential component of widely available applications related to beta decay, such as positron emission tomography, radiation therapy, and industrial imaging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Particle physics</span> Study of subatomic particles and forces

Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Positron</span> Anti-particle to the electron

The positron or antielectron is the particle with an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2, and the same mass as an electron. It is the antiparticle of the electron. When a positron collides with an electron, annihilation occurs. If this collision occurs at low energies, it results in the production of two or more photons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmic ray</span> High-energy particle, mainly originating outside the Solar system

Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own galaxy, and from distant galaxies. Upon impact with Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays produce showers of secondary particles, some of which reach the surface, although the bulk are deflected off into space by the magnetosphere or the heliosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiproton</span> Subatomic particle

The antiproton,
p
, is the antiparticle of the proton. Antiprotons are stable, but they are typically short-lived, since any collision with a proton will cause both particles to be annihilated in a burst of energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel C. C. Ting</span> Nobel prize winning physicist

Samuel Chao Chung Ting is an American physicist who, with Burton Richter, received the Nobel Prize in 1976 for discovering the subatomic J/ψ particle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PAMELA detector</span>

PAMELA was a cosmic ray research module attached to an Earth orbiting satellite. PAMELA was launched on 15 June 2006 and was the first satellite-based experiment dedicated to the detection of cosmic rays, with a particular focus on their antimatter component, in the form of positrons and antiprotons. Other objectives included long-term monitoring of the solar modulation of cosmic rays, measurements of energetic particles from the Sun, high-energy particles in Earth's magnetosphere and Jovian electrons. It was also hoped that it may detect evidence of dark matter annihilation. PAMELA operations were terminated in 2016, as were the operations of the host-satellite Resurs-DK1. The experiment was a recognized CERN experiment (RE2B).

Alexandru Adalbert "Alex" Marin was an American experimental particle physicist, a professor of physics at MIT, Boston University and Harvard University, and a researcher at CERN and JINR.

Astroparticle physics, also called particle astrophysics, is a branch of particle physics that studies elementary particles of astrophysical origin and their relation to astrophysics and cosmology. It is a relatively new field of research emerging at the intersection of particle physics, astronomy, astrophysics, detector physics, relativity, solid state physics, and cosmology. Partly motivated by the discovery of neutrino oscillation, the field has undergone rapid development, both theoretically and experimentally, since the early 2000s.

The Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility is a NASA project that was designed to investigate anti-matter. It consisted of a series of experiments which would culminate in an experiment launched in 1995 to be externally attached to the Freedom Space Station

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-134</span> 2011 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS and final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour

STS-134 was the penultimate mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the 25th and last spaceflight of Space ShuttleEndeavour. This flight delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and an ExPRESS Logistics Carrier to the International Space Station. Mark Kelly served as the mission commander. STS-134 was expected to be the final Space Shuttle mission if STS-135 did not receive funding from Congress. However, in February 2011, NASA stated that STS-135 would fly "regardless" of the funding situation. STS-135, flown by Atlantis, took advantage of the processing for STS-335, the Launch on Need mission that would have been necessary if the STS-134 crew became stranded in orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmic-ray observatory</span> Installation built to detect high-energy-particles coming from space

A cosmic-ray observatory is a scientific installation built to detect high-energy-particles coming from space called cosmic rays. This typically includes photons, electrons, protons, and some heavier nuclei, as well as antimatter particles. About 90% of cosmic rays are protons, 9% are alpha particles, and the remaining ~1% are other particles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luca Parmitano</span> Italian astronaut, pilot and engineer (born 1976)

Colonel Luca Parmitano is an Italian astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps for the European Space Agency (ESA). He was selected as an ESA astronaut in May 2009. Parmitano is also a Colonel and test pilot for the Italian Air Force. He is the first Italian to command the International Space Station (ISS) during Expedition 61.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calorimetric Electron Telescope</span> 2015 Japanese space observatory

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a space telescope being mainly used to perform high precision observations of electrons and gamma rays. It tracks the trajectory of electrons, protons, nuclei, and gamma rays and measures their direction, charge and energy, which may help understand the nature of dark matter or nearby sources of high-energy particle acceleration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ALPHA experiment</span> Antimatter gravitation experiment

The Antihydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus (ALPHA), also known as AD-5, is an experiment at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator, designed to trap antihydrogen in a magnetic trap in order to study its atomic spectra. The ultimate goal of the experiment is to test CPT symmetry through comparing the respective spectra of hydrogen and antihydrogen. Scientists taking part in ALPHA include former members of the ATHENA experiment (AD-1), the first to produce cold antihydrogen in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bilge Demirköz</span> Physicist

Bilge Demirköz is a Turkish professor of high energy physics at Middle East Technical University. She coordinates the Particle Radiation Tests Creation Laboratory, the first collaboration between Turkey and CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 61</span> Long-duration mission to the International Space Station

Expedition 61 was the 61st Expedition to the International Space Station, which began on 3 October 2019 with the undocking of the Soyuz MS-12 spacecraft. The Expedition was commanded by ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano, who became the third European and first Italian astronaut to command the ISS. Parmitano, along with his Soyuz MS-13 colleagues Aleksandr Skvortsov and Andrew Morgan, and Christina Koch from Soyuz MS-12, transferred over from Expedition 60. They were joined by Oleg Skripochka and Jessica Meir, who launched on 25 September 2019 on board Soyuz MS-15.

Eun-Suk Seo is a Korean-American astrophysicist known for her observational research on cosmic rays. She is a professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park, where she is also affiliated with the Institute for Physical Science and Technology and heads the Cosmic Ray Physics Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roberto Battiston</span> Italian physicist

Roberto Battiston is an Italian physicist, specialized in the field of fundamental physics and elementary particles, and leading experts in the physics of cosmic rays. He was the president of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) from 2014 to 2018 and president of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) Committee on Astroparticle Physics from 2009 to 2014.

Cosmic ray astronomy is a branch of observational astronomy where scientists attempt to identify and study the potential sources of extremely high-energy charged particles called cosmic rays coming from outer space. These particles, which include protons, electrons, positrons and atomic nuclei, travel through space at nearly the speed of light and provide valuable insights into the most energetic processes in the universe. Unlike other branches of observational astronomy, it uniquely relies on charged particles as carriers of information.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from AMS project page. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ↑ Moskowitz, Clara (April 29, 2011). "NASA Delays Last Launch of Shuttle Endeavour Due to Malfunction". Space.com. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  2. ↑ Final Shuttle Flight Will Be Delayed at Least Until November for AMS Switchout – April 26th, 2010
  3. ↑ "Space Shuttle Launch and Landing". NASA. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 Kristine Rainey (April 2, 2013). Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS): How It Works, NASA. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Recognized Experiments at CERN". The CERN Scientific Committees. CERN. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  6. ↑ "RE1/AMS : Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) for Extraterrestrial Study of Antimatter, Matter and Missing Matter on the International Space Station". CERN. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  7. 1 2 "A final test for AMS at ESTEC". The Bulletin. CERN. February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  8. ↑ "AMS–NASA meeting results". AMS collaboration. April 18, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  9. ↑ ""AMS Days at CERN" and Latest Results". AMS02.org. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  10. 1 2 "The First Five years of AMS on the International Space Station" (PDF). AMS collaboration. December 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Aguilar, M.; Alberti, G.; Alpat, B.; Alvino, A.; Ambrosi, G.; Andeen, K.; Anderhub, H.; Arruda, L.; Azzarello, P.; Bachlechner, A.; Barao, F.; Baret, B.; Barrau, A.; Barrin, L.; Bartoloni, A.; Basara, L.; Basili, A.; Batalha, L.; Bates, J.; Battiston, R.; Bazo, J.; Becker, R.; Becker, U.; Behlmann, M.; Beischer, B.; Berdugo, J.; Berges, P.; Bertucci, B.; Bigongiari, G.; et al. (2013). "First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–350 GeV" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 110 (14): 141102. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.110n1102A. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102 . PMID   25166975.
  12. 1 2 Staff (April 3, 2013). "First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment". AMS Collaboration. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  13. 1 2 Heilprin, John; Borenstein, Seth (April 3, 2013). "Scientists find hint of dark matter from cosmos". AP News . Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  14. 1 2 Amos, Jonathan (April 3, 2013). "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer zeroes in on dark matter". BBC . Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  15. 1 2 Perrotto, Trent J.; Byerly, Josh (April 2, 2013). "NASA TV Briefing Discusses Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Results". NASA . Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  16. 1 2 Overbye, Dennis (April 3, 2013). "New Clues to the Mystery of Dark Matter". The New York Times . Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  17. ↑ "AMS experiment measures antimatter excess in space".
  18. 1 2 3 Ahlen, S.; et al. (Antimatter Study Group) (1994). "An antimatter spectrometer in space". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 350 (1–2): 351–367. Bibcode:1994NIMPA.350..351A. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(94)91184-3.
  19. 1 2 3 Battiston, Roberto (2008). "The antimatter spectrometer (AMS-02) A particle physics detector in space". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 588 (1–2): 227–234. Bibcode:2008NIMPA.588..227B. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.01.044.
  20. 1 2 Overbye, Dennis (April 3, 2007). "Long-Awaited Cosmic-Ray Detector May Be Shelved". The New York Times .
  21. ↑ AMS Collaboration; Aguilar, M.; Alcaraz, J.; Allaby, J.; Alpat, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Anderhub, H.; Ao, L.; et al. (August 2002). "The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle". Physics Reports. 366 (6): 331–405. Bibcode:2002PhR...366..331A. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3. S2CID   122726107.
  22. ↑ Controversy Follows Pricey Space Station Experiment to Launch Pad, SCIENCE, Vol. 332, April 22, 2011.
  23. ↑ Monreal, Benjamin. "AMS experiment mission overview". AMS Experiment Guided Tour. AMS-02 Collaboration. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  24. ↑ "LEAVING CERN, ON THE WAY TO ESTEC". AMS in The News. AMS-02. February 16, 2010. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Dark Matter Detective Arrives At ESTEC" (PDF). Space Daily. spacedaily.com. February 17, 2010.
  26. ↑ C5-M Aircraft with the AMS Detector aboard starting from GVA airport . Retrieved May 8, 2024– via www.youtube.com.
  27. ↑ "Waiting for the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer". ESA News. December 17, 2009. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  28. ↑ "AMS To Get Longer Lease On Life". Aviation Week and Space Technology. April 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  29. ↑ @SenBillNelson (December 20, 2018). "The Senate just passed my bill to..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  30. ↑ Clark, Greg (October 15, 1999). "NASA Puts Big Bang to the Test". SPACE.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2003. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
  31. ↑ Musser, George (May 2011). "Cosmic-Ray Detector on Space Shuttle Set to Scan Cosmos for Dark Matter". Scientific American . Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  32. ↑ Hsu, Jeremy (September 2, 2009). "Space Station Experiment to Hunt Antimatter Galaxies". Space.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
  33. 1 2 Kaufman, Marc (December 2, 2007). "The Device NASA Is Leaving Behind". Washington Post. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  34. ↑ "bill". Archived from the original on November 25, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  35. ↑ Iannotta, Becky (May 19, 2008). "House Bill Would Authorize Additional Shuttle Flights". Space.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  36. ↑ David Kestenbaum (June 10, 2008). NASA balks at Taking Physics Gear Into Space (Radio production). Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  37. ↑ "House Sends NASA Bill to President's Desk, Reaffirms Commitment to Balanced and Robust Space and Aeronautics Program" (Press release). House Science and Technology Committee. September 27, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010.
  38. ↑ Matthews, Mark (October 15, 2008). "Bush Signs NASA Authorization Act". Orlando, Florida: Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008.
  39. ↑ "Major Actions: H.R. 6063". THOMAS (Library of Congress). October 15, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  40. ↑ CERN News – August 28, 2010: AMS From CERN to Space! . Retrieved May 8, 2024– via www.youtube.com.
  41. ↑ "Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA. August 25, 2009. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  42. 1 2 "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer – 02 (AMS-02)". NASA. August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  43. ↑ Giant space magnet may have trapped antihelium, raising idea of lingering pools of antimatter in the cosmos.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 "Repair equipment for particle physics experiment aboard next station cargo launch – Spaceflight Now" . Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  45. ↑ "Space station receives spacewalking gear, new baking oven – Spaceflight Now".
  46. ↑ "Luca to lead most challenging spacewalks since Hubble repairs". www.esa.int. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  47. ↑ "A very good start". www.esa.int. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  48. ↑ "Spacewalkers Complete First Excursion to Repair Cosmic Particle Detector – Space Station". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  49. ↑ "Astronauts Complete Intricate Tasks During Second Cosmic Repair Spacewalk – Space Station". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  50. 1 2 3 "Astronauts Wrap Up Third Spacewalk for Cosmic Particle Detector Repairs – Space Station". blogs.nasa.gov. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  51. 1 2 3 4 "Astronauts Wrap Up Spacewalk Repair Job on Cosmic Ray Detector – Space Station". blogs.nasa.gov. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  52. ↑ Crowcroft, Orlando (January 25, 2020). "NASA astronauts complete space-walk to fix cosmic ray detector". euronews. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  53. 1 2 "AMS-02 » AMS in a Nutshell". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  54. ↑ Blau, B.; Harrison, S. M.; Hofer, H.; Horvath, I. L.; Milward, S. R.; Ross, J. S. H.; Ting, S. C. C.; Ulbricht, J.; Viertel, G. (2002). "The superconducting magnet system of AMS-02 – a particle physics detector to be operated on the International Space Station". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 12 (1): 349–352. Bibcode:2002ITAS...12..349B. doi:10.1109/TASC.2002.1018417.
  55. ↑ Monreal, Benjamin. "The AMS Experiment". MIT. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  56. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (February 18, 2013). "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to release first results". BBC News Online . Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  57. ↑ "First result from the AMS experiment". CERN press office. March 30, 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  58. ↑ Coutu, S. (2013). "Positrons Galore". Physics. Vol. 6. p. 40. Bibcode:2013PhyOJ...6...40C. doi: 10.1103/Physics.6.40 .
  59. ↑ "AMS experiment measures antimatter excess in space".
  60. ↑ Accardo, L.; AMS Collaboration (September 18, 2014). "High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 113 (12): 121101. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113l1101A. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121101 . PMID   25279616.
  61. ↑ "New results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station" (PDF). AMS-02 at NASA. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  62. ↑ Schirber, Michael (2014). "Synopsis: More Dark Matter Hints from Cosmic Rays?". Physical Review Letters. 113 (12): 121102. arXiv: 1701.07305 . Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113l1102A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121102. hdl:1721.1/90426. PMID   25279617. S2CID   2585508.
  63. ↑ "Physics community to discuss latest results of the AMS experiment | CERN press office". press.web.cern.ch. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
  64. ↑ Sokol, Joshua (April 2017). "Giant space magnet may have trapped antihelium, raising idea of lingering pools of antimatter in the cosmos". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal1067.
  65. ↑ Garner, Rob (December 19, 2019). "Fermi Links Nearby Pulsar's Gamma-ray 'Halo' to Antimatter Puzzle". NASA. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  66. ↑ Crane, Leah (May 1, 2021). "Antimatter stars may lurk in the solar system's neighbourhood". New Scientist.
  67. ↑ Sokol, Joshua (April 19, 2017). "Giant space magnet may have trapped antihelium, raising idea of lingering pools of antimatter in the cosmos". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal1067.
  68. ↑ "APS April Meeting 2024 – Event – Latest Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station". Bulletin of the American Physical Society. American Physical Society.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.