Karting World Championship

Last updated

Karting World Championship
Logo FIA Kart Championship.svg
Category Kart racing
RegionInternational
Inaugural season1964
Constructors CIK
FIA
Official website fiakarting.com

The Karting World Championship is a kart racing competition organised by the CIK-FIA. It is held annually since 1964, and is karting's flagship event. The FIA (International Automobile Federation) created the CIK (International Karting Commission) in 1962. The Current President of the Championship is former Formula 1 driver Felipe Massa.

Contents

The first two World Championships in 1964 and 1965 were held over one final round, there after the world's best kart drivers competed for the title over an extended weekend, from Thursday to Saturday, including free and qualifying practice sessions, qualification heats, a pre-final and a final were common. From 2011 the championship has been disputed over five rounds, each of them in a different country. [1] From 2014 the world championships returned to a single event with one venue each year organizing the CIK-FIA OK and OK Junior World Championships in one weekend and another venue in a different weekend holding the CIK-FIA KZ World Championships together with the CIK-FIA KZ2 Super Cup and the third and final round of the CIK-FIA Karting Academy Trophy. [2] There is a separate CIK-FIA Endurance Championship, normally held each year at Le Mans, France, and there are separate Continental Championships like the CIK-FIA European Championships (OK, OK junior, KZ, KZ2 and Superkart) and the CIK-FIA Asia Pacific Championships. In 1968 CIK-FIA launched the first World Cup for Juniors.

Kart racing 1963 in Berlin Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B1007-0016-001, 5. Berliner K-Wagen-Rennen.jpg
Kart racing 1963 in Berlin

World Championship karting categories

From 1981 to 1989 the World Championship was raced with 135 cc Formula K karts. Before and after that period 100 cc direct-drive karts was the prevailing standard. In 2007, a change in regulations introduced the KF1 category carts, 125 cc karts equipped with electric starters, clutch and rpm limiters set at 16000 rpm, to replace the Formula A karts. The 2010 edition was raced with KF2 karts where the engine rpm is limited at 15000 rpm. [3]

The FIA Karting categories at the world championships are now divided into three main families: direct-drive karts, gearbox karts and Superkarts. All these karts have the technology in common of the 2-stroke engine. Since 2016 the new generation of Original Karts (OK) machines have taken over from the old KF engines. The top category OK at the World Championships is available for drivers from 14 years old in the year they participate. The OK Junior category is aimed at drivers aged between 12 and 14 years old. The gearbox categories KZ and KZ2 share the same specification except for chassis and brakes which are open in the KZ World Championship. The Superkart category is the most unusual discipline of Karting because it can only express itself fully on long racing tracks. With its complete bodywork and twin-cylinder 250 cc engines, developing nearly 100 hp (75 kW), these Superkarts are capable of extraordinary performances.

Modern Day Kart Racing Simeon Ivanov karting.jpg
Modern Day Kart Racing

Karting promotion

In 2013 for the first time in its history CIK-FIA called a promoter, WSK Promotion, to perfect the organisation of the major international karting competitions. The Swiss RGMMC Group is now the Official Promoter of the FIA Karting European and World Championships for the period of 2018-2020 (with the exception of Superkart and Endurance). They try increasing the audience for Karting Competitions worldwide, attracting new partners and working closely with ASNs (National Federations), these are the priorities of RGMMC Group. They also develop the communication and media coverage of the events by providing live video viewing during the events and by partnering with Motorsport.tv for broadcast around the world.

From 2022 all the events of the FIA Karting World Championship were sponsored by the website Mondokart.com and the official name of the competition become MONDOKART.COM FIA KARTING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP [4]

FIA Karting World champions (direct drive & primary category)

YearDriverChassisEngineTyreSecond placeThird placeLocationClassStroke
1964 Flag of Italy.svg Guido Sala Tecno Parilla Carlisle Flag of Italy.svg Ugo Cancellieri Flag of Italy.svg Oscar Constantini Flag of Italy.svg Pista d’Oro-Roma Kart100 cc
1965 Flag of Italy.svg Guido Sala Tecno BMCarlisle Flag of Germany.svg Werner Ihle Flag of the Netherlands.svg Antoine Hezemans Flag of Italy.svg Pista d’Oro-Roma Kart100 cc
1966 Flag of Italy.svg Susanna Raganelli Tecno Parilla Carlisle Flag of Sweden.svg L. Engeström Flag of Sweden.svg Ronnie Peterson Flag of Denmark.svg Copenhagen Kart100 cc
1967 Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Edgardo Rossi Birel Parilla Carlisle Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein Flag of Italy.svg Giulio Pernigotti 3-venue series

Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Vevey, Flag of Germany.svg Düsseldorf & Flag of Monaco.svg Circuit de Monaco

Kart100 cc
1968 Flag of Sweden.svg Tomas Nilsson Robardie BMCarlisle Flag of Italy.svg Giulio Pernigotti Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mickey Allen 3-venue series

Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Vevey, Flag of Italy.svg Jesolo & Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Hoddesdon

Kart100 cc
1969 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein Robardie Parilla Carlisle Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mickey Allen Flag of the United Kingdom.svg G. Fletcher 3-venue series

Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Vevey, Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Hoddesdon & Flag of France.svg Villacoublay

Kart100 cc
1970 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein Robardie Parilla Carlisle Flag of the United Kingdom.svg David Ferris Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg Carl-Heinz Peters Flag of France.svg Thiverval-Grignon Kart100 cc
1971 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein Taifun Parilla G Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg Carl-Heinz Peters Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mickey Allen Flag of Italy.svg Turin Kart100 cc
1972 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein Taifun Parilla G Flag of Germany.svg Helmut Brandhofer Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mark Steeds Flag of Sweden.svg Kalmar Kart100 cc
1973 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Terry Fullerton Birel Komet G Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Erik Hagenbuch Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg Carl-Heinz Peters Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Nivelles-Baulers Kart100 cc
1974 Flag of Italy.svg Riccardo Patrese Birel Komet G Flag of the United States.svg Eddie Cheever, Jr. Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein Flag of Portugal.svg Autódromo do Estoril Kart100 cc
1975 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg François Goldstein BMBM G Flag of Italy.svg Elio de Angelis Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Alan Lane Flag of France.svg Paul Ricard Kart100 cc
1976 Flag of Italy.svg Felice Rovelli BMBM4Stars Flag of Sweden.svg Leif Larsson Flag of Germany.svg Martin Bott Flag of Germany.svg Hagen Kart100 cc
1977 Flag of Italy.svg Felice Rovelli BMBM B Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mickey Allen Flag of Sweden.svg Leif Larsson Flag of Italy.svg Parma Kart100 cc
1978 Flag of the United States.svg Lake Speed Birel Parilla B Flag of Austria.svg Toni Zoersel Flag of Sweden.svg Lars Forsman Flag of France.svg Le Mans Kart100 cc
1979 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Peter Koene DapDap D Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg Ayrton Senna Flag of the Netherlands.svg Harm Schurmann Flag of Portugal.svg Autódromo do Estoril Kart100 cc
1980 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Peter De Bruijn Swiss Hutless Parilla B Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg Ayrton Senna Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Terry Fullerton Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Nivelles-Baulers Kart100 cc
1981 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mike Wilson Birel Komet D Flag of Sweden.svg Lars Forsman Flag of Italy.svg Ruggero Melgrati Flag of Italy.svg Parma Formula K (FK)135 cc
1982 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mike Wilson Birel Komet D Flag of Sweden.svg Lars Forsman Flag of Sweden.svg Thomas Danielsson Flag of Sweden.svg Kalmar Formula K (FK)135 cc
1983 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mike Wilson [5] Birel Komet D Flag of Sweden.svg Lars Forsman Flag of France.svg Marc Boulineau Flag of France.svg Le Mans Formula K (FK)135 cc
1984 Flag of Denmark.svg Jorn Haase Kali Komet D Flag of Italy.svg Giuseppe Bugatti Flag of Sweden.svg Lars Forsman Flag of Germany.svg Liedolsheim Formula K (FK)135 cc
1985 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mike Wilson Birel Komet D Flag of Italy.svg Giuseppe Bugatti Flag of Denmark.svg Jörn Haase Flag of Italy.svg Parma Formula K (FK)135 cc
1986 Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg Augusto Ribas Birel Komet D Flag of the United States.svg Ken Kroeger Flag of the United States.svg Jason Kennedy Flag of the United States.svg Jacksonville Formula K (FK)135 cc
1987 Flag of Italy.svg Giampiero Simoni PCR PCR B Flag of Denmark.svg Tom Kristensen Flag of Italy.svg Maurizio Mediani Flag of Italy.svg Jesolo Formula K (FK)135 cc
1988 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mike Wilson CRG Komet D Flag of Italy.svg Giampiero Simoni Flag of Italy.svg Maurizio Mediani Flag of France.svg Laval Formula K (FK)135 cc
1989 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Mike Wilson CRG Komet D Flag of Italy.svg Fabrizio de Simone Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Marc Goossens Flag of France.svg Valence Formula K (FK)135 cc
1990 Flag of Denmark.svg Jan Magnussen CRG Rotax B Flag of Italy.svg Fabrizio de Simone Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Alain Corbiau Flag of Italy.svg Jesolo Formula K (FK)100 cc
1991 Flag of Italy.svg Jarno Trulli Allkart Parilla D Flag of Italy.svg Massimiliano Orsini Flag of Denmark.svg Kenneth Kristensen Flag of France.svg Le Mans Formula K (FK)100 cc
1992 Flag of Italy.svg Danilo Rossi CRG Rotax D Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Manetti Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Max Busslinger Flag of Italy.svg Ugento Formula K (FK)100 cc
1993 Flag of Italy.svg Nicola Gianniberti Haase Rotax D Flag of Italy.svg Jarno Trulli Flag of Italy.svg Massimiliano Orsini Flag of France.svg Laval Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
1994 Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Manetti CRG Rotax Vega Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Guy de Nies Flag of Italy.svg Daniele Parrilla Flag of Argentina.svg Córdoba Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
1995 Flag of Italy.svg Max Orsini Swiss Hutless Italsistem B Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Flag of Sweden.svg Johnny Mislijevic Flag of France.svg Valence Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
1996 Flag of Sweden.svg Johnny Mislijevic Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of Japan.svg Takao Matsuya Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Manetti Flag of Italy.svg Lonato Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
1997 Flag of Italy.svg Danilo Rossi CRG CRG D Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Manetti Flag of Italy.svg Giorgio Pantano Flag of France.svg Salbris Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
1998 Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of Italy.svg Massimiliano Orsini Flag of Italy.svg Sauro Cesetti Flag of Italy.svg Ugento Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
1999 Flag of Italy.svg Danilo Rossi CRG CRG D Flag of Italy.svg Ronnie Quintarelli Flag of Italy.svg Giorgio Pantano Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
2000 Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of France.svg Franck Perera Flag of Finland.svg Heikki Kovalainen Flag of Portugal.svg Braga Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
2001 Flag of Italy.svg Vitantonio Liuzzi CRG Maxter B Flag of Italy.svg Sauro Cesetti Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè 5-venue series Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Montreal, Flag of France.svg Salbris, Flag of Italy.svg Sarno, Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg & Flag of Germany.svg Kerpen [6] Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
2002 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Giedo van der Garde CRG Maxter B Flag of Italy.svg Ronnie Quintarelli Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè 5-venue series Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg, Flag of Finland.svg Alahärmä, Flag of Portugal.svg Braga, Flag of France.svg Salbris & Flag of Italy.svg La Conca [7] Formula Super A (FSA)100 cc
2003 Flag of New Zealand.svg Wade Cunningham CRG Maxter B Flag of France.svg Arnaud Kozlinski Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Ben Hanley Flag of Italy.svg Sarno Formula A (FA)100 cc
2004 Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of France.svg Arnaud Kozlinski Flag of the Netherlands.svg Bas Lammers Flag of Italy.svg La Conca Formula A (FA)100 cc
2005 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Oliver Oakes Gillard Parilla B Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Jon Lancaster Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Flag of Portugal.svg Braga Formula A (FA)100 cc
2006 Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of Denmark.svg Michael Christensen Flag of Italy.svg Sauro Cesetti Flag of France.svg Angerville Formula A (FA)100 cc
2007 Flag of Italy.svg Marco Ardigò [8] Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Gary Catt Flag of Denmark.svg Nikolaj Bollingtoft Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg KF1 125 cc
2008 Flag of Italy.svg Marco Ardigò [9] Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Libor Toman Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Gary Catt Flag of Italy.svg La Conca KF1 125 cc
2009 Flag of France.svg Arnaud Kozlinski [10] CRG Maxter B Flag of Finland.svg Aaro Vainio Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Ben Hanley Flag of Macau.svg Macau Super KF (SKF) 125 cc
2010 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Nyck de Vries [11] Zanardi Parilla D Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Jordan Chamberlain Flag of Denmark.svg Nicolaj Møller Madsen Flag of Spain.svg Zuera KF2 125 cc
2011 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Nyck de Vries Zanardi Parilla B Flag of Thailand.svg Alexander Albon Flag of Italy.svg Flavio Camponeschi 5-venue series Flag of Germany.svg Wackersdorf, Flag of Spain.svg Zuera, Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Genk, Flag of Italy.svg Sarno & Flag of Japan.svg Suzuka KF1 125 cc
2012 Flag of Italy.svg Flavio Camponeschi Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Tom Joyner Flag of Italy.svg Felice Tiene 2-venue series

Flag of Japan.svg Suzuka & Flag of Macau.svg Macau

KF1 125 cc
2013 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Tom Joyner [12] Zanardi TMVega Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Ben Hanley Flag of the Netherlands.svg Max Verstappen 2-venue series Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Brandon & Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain KF 125 cc
2014 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Lando Norris [13] FA Kart Vortex D Flag of Russia.svg Nikita Mazepin Flag of India.svg Jehan Daruvala Flag of France.svg Essay KF 125 cc
2015 Flag of Poland.svg Karol Basz Kosmic VortexVega Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Jordon Lennox-Lamb Flag of Denmark.svg Nicklas Nielsen Flag of Italy.svg La Conca KF 125 cc
2016 Flag of Spain.svg Pedro Hiltbrand Aguilar CRG ParillaVega Flag of Poland.svg Karol Basz Flag of Italy.svg Felice Tiene Flag of Bahrain.svg Sakhir OK125 cc
2017 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Danny Keirle Zanardi ParillaLeCont Flag of Spain.svg David Vidales Flag of Finland.svg Juho Valtanen Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Brandon OK125 cc
2018 Flag of Italy.svg Lorenzo Travisanutto Kart RepublicParilla B Flag of Germany.svg Hannes Janker Flag of Italy.svg Luigi Coluccio Flag of Sweden.svg Kristianstad OK125 cc
2019 Flag of Italy.svg Lorenzo Travisanutto Kart RepublicParillaLeCont Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Taylor Barnard Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Harry Thompson Flag of Finland.svg Alahärmä OK125 cc
2020 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Callum Bradshaw Tony Kart VortexLeCont Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Joe Turney Flag of Spain.svg Pedro Hiltbrand Aguilar Flag of Portugal.svg Portimão OK125 cc
2021 Flag of Finland.svg Tuukka Taponen Tony Kart VortexMG Flag of Italy.svg Luigi Coluccio Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Arvid Lindblad Flag of Spain.svg Campillos OK125 cc
2022 Flag of Brazil.svg Matheus Morgatto Kart RepublicParillaMG Flag of Finland.svg Tuukka Taponen Flag of Sweden.svg Oscar Pedersen Flag of Italy.svg Sarno OK125 cc
2023 Flag of Russia.svg Kirill Kutskov Kart RepublicIAMEMG Flag of the Netherlands.svg Rene Lammers Flag of Japan.svg Kean Nakamura-Berta Flag of Italy.svg Franciacorta OK125 cc
KF1 Kart racing in 2008 Sauro Cesetti.jpg
KF1 Kart racing in 2008

125 Gearbox FIA Karting world champions and World Cup winners

YearWorld ChampionChassisEngineTyreLocationClassStroke
1983 Flag of Italy.svg Gianni Mazzola Birel Balen D Flag of Italy.svg Magione Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1984 Flag of Italy.svg Gabriele Tarquini Kalì Balen D Flag of Sweden.svg Axamo Ring Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1985 Flag of Italy.svg Piermario Cantoni Kalì Balen D Flag of France.svg Laval Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1986 Flag of Italy.svg Fabrizio Giovanardi Tony Kart Pavesi B Flag of Italy.svg Pomposa Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1987 Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Piccini DAPPavesiVega Flag of Italy.svg Magione Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1988 Flag of Sweden.svg Peter RydellAll KartPavesi D Flag of Hungary.svg Kecskemét Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1989 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Giorgi Kalì Kali D Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Olomouc Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1990 Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Piccini Birel Pavesi B Flag of France.svg Laval Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1991 Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Piccini Birel Pavesi D Flag of Italy.svg Parma Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1992 Flag of Italy.svg Danilo Rossi Kalì Pavesi D Flag of Italy.svg Ugento Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1993 Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Piccini Kalì Pavesi D Flag of Italy.svg Val Vibrata Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1994 Flag of Italy.svg Jarno Trulli Tony Kart Pavesi D Flag of Poland.svg Bydgoszcz Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1995 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Beggio BiesseTMVega Flag of Italy.svg Val Vibrata Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1996 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Beggio BiesseTM B Flag of France.svg Salbris Formula C (FC)125 cc
1997 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Beggio Birel TM B Flag of Italy.svg Ugento Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1998 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Beggio Birel TM B Flag of the United States.svg Charlotte, NC Formula C (FC) 125 cc
1999 Flag of Italy.svg Francesco Laudato Birel TM D Flag of France.svg Circuit Carole Paris Formula C (FC) 125 cc
2000 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Beggio Birel TM B Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg Formula C (FC)125 cc
2001Not held
2002Not held
2003* Flag of the Netherlands.svg Robert Dirks Birel TMVega Flag of France.svg Carole Super ICC 125 cc
2004* Flag of Italy.svg Ennio Gandolfi Birel TMVega Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg Super ICC 125 cc
2005* Flag of Italy.svg Francesco Laudato Birel TMVega Flag of Italy.svg Sarno Super ICC 125 cc
2006* Flag of Italy.svg Davide Forè Tony Kart VortexVega Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mariembourg Super ICC 125 cc
2007* Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Jonathan Thonon CRG Maxter D Flag of Italy.svg Sarno KZ1 125 cc
2008* Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Jonathan Thonon CRG Maxter D Flag of France.svg Varennes KZ1 125 cc
2009* Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Jonathan Thonon CRG Maxter D Flag of Italy.svg Sarno KZ1125 cc
2010* Flag of the Netherlands.svg Bas Lammers IntrepidTM D Flag of Portugal.svg Braga KZ1 125 cc
2011* Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Jonathan Thonon CRG Maxter D Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Genk KZ1 125 cc
2012* Flag of the Netherlands.svg Bas Lammers PragaParilla B Flag of Italy.svg Sarno KZ1 125 cc
2013 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Max Verstappen CRG TM B Flag of France.svg Varennes KZ 125 cc
2014 Flag of Italy.svg Marco Ardigo Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of Italy.svg Sarno KZ 125 cc
2015 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Jorrit Pex CRG TM B Flag of France.svg Le Mans KZ 125 cc
2016 Flag of Italy.svg Paolo de Conto CRG TMVega Flag of Sweden.svg Kristianstad KZ 125 cc
2017 Flag of Italy.svg Paolo de Conto CRG TMVega Flag of Germany.svg Wackersdorf KZ 125 cc
2018 Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Patrik Hajek Kosmic VortexLeCont Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Genk KZ 125 cc
2019 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Marijn Kremers Birel TM B Flag of Italy.svg Lonato KZ 125 cc
2020 Flag of France.svg Jérémy Iglesias Formula KTMVega Flag of Italy.svg Lonato KZ 125 cc
2021 Flag of Sweden.svg Noah Milell Tony Kart VortexMG Flag of Sweden.svg Kristianstad KZ 125 cc
2022 Flag of Sweden.svg Viktor Gustafsson CRG TMLeCont Flag of France.svg Le Mans KZ 125 cc
2023 Flag of Qatar.svg Nasser Al Thani Birel ARTROTAXLeCont Flag of Germany.svg Wackersdorf SENIOR 125 cc

(*) indicates the years the World Championships were held as a World Cup

Note: World Championship status from 1983 to 2000, and from 2012 onwards. World Cup status from 2003 onwards till 2012

Junior World Champions & Junior World Cup winners

YearWorld ChampionChassisEngineTyreSecond placeThird placeLocationClass
1968 Flag of Italy.svg Amedeo Pacitto Tecno BMCarlise Flag of Italy.svg Milano Pista Rosa CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1969 Flag of Sweden.svg D. Carlsson IlheSirio Flag of Sweden.svg Kalmar CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1970 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Alan Lane BarlottiKometCIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1971 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Marc Wouters Taifun Parilla Flag of Germany.svg Horrem CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1972 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Derek BlissZipKomet Flag of Denmark.svg Vojens CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1973 Flag of France.svg Alain Prost Birel Parilla Flag of the Netherlands.svg Oldenzaal CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1974 Flag of Italy.svg Felice Rovelli Birel Parilla Flag of England.svg Rye House, Hoddesdon CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1975 Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Adrian Wepfer BMBM Flag of Germany.svg Fulda CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1976 Flag of Italy.svg Andrea de Cesaris SirioSirio Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Wohlen CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1977 Flag of Italy.svg Paolo Bandinelli SirioSirio Flag of France.svg Le Creusot CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1978 Flag of Italy.svg Stefano Modena Birel Parilla Flag of Luxembourg.svg Mondercange CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1979 Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Thomas Glauser Birel Parilla Flag of Italy.svg Fano CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1980 Flag of Germany.svg Bernd Schneider Birel Parilla Flag of the Netherlands.svg Michel Vacirca Flag of Sweden.svg Thomas Danielsson Flag of France.svg Le Creusot CIK-FIA Junior World Cup
1981* Flag of the Netherlands.svg Michel Vacirca AllKartPCR Flag of Germany.svg Kerpen CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1982* Flag of Italy.svg Romeo Deila Birel PCR Flag of Italy.svg Parma CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1983* Flag of the Netherlands.svg Frank van Eglem Tecno Kart Parilla Flag of Germany.svg Kerpen CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1984* Flag of Italy.svg Andrea Gilardi Birel PCR Flag of France.svg Yvan Muller Flag of Italy.svg Roberto Colciago Flag of France.svg Laval CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1985* Flag of Italy.svg Andrea Gilardi Birel PCR Flag of Germany.svg Michael Schumacher Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Allan McNish Flag of France.svg Le Mans CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1986* Flag of Italy.svg Fabrizio de Simone Birel Parilla Flag of Italy.svg Jesolo CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1987* Flag of Denmark.svg Jan Magnussen Tony Kart Parilla Flag of France.svg Laval CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1988* Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Malandrucco CRG Parilla Flag of Italy.svg PomposaCIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1989* Flag of Denmark.svg Jan Magnussen Tony Kart Rotax Flag of Spain.svg Saragozza CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1990* Flag of France.svg Jérémie Dufour SodikartDino Flag of Italy.svg Jarno Trulli Flag of Italy.svg Lonato CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1991* Flag of France.svg Sébastien Philippe SodikartDino Flag of Italy.svg Alessio Falchi Flag of France.svg David Terrien Flag of France.svg Laval CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1992** Flag of Italy.svg Bruno Balocco Mike 1 Parilla Flag of Finland.svg Mikael Santavirta Flag of the Netherlands.svg René van Ameyden Flag of Sweden.svg Göteborg CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1993** Flag of Italy.svg Ennio Gandolfi Kali Parilla Flag of Sweden.svg Johan Agrell Flag of Italy.svg Danilo Miotto CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1994** Flag of Italy.svg Giorgio Pantano CRG Rotax Flag of Germany.svg Alexander Müller Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Philip Cloostermans CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1995** Flag of Australia (converted).svg James Courtney Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of Italy.svg Vitantonio Liuzzi Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Piccolo Flag of Portugal.svg Braga CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
1996** Flag of Spain.svg Fernando Alonso Mach 1 Parilla B Flag of the Netherlands.svg Jimmy van der Ende Flag of Austria.svg Riko Fürtbauer Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Genk CIK-FIA Junior World Cup (ICA)
2009* Flag of Italy.svg Giuliano Maria Niceta Top KartVortexVega Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Jake Dennis Flag of France.svg Pierre Gasly Flag of Italy.svg Sarno-Napoli KF3 CIK-FIA World Cup
2010* Flag of Thailand.svg Alexander Albon IntrepidTM D Flag of the Netherlands.svg Max Verstappen Flag of South Africa.svg Callan O'Keeffe Flag of Portugal.svg Braga KF3 CIK-FIA World Cup
2010 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Jake Dennis Top KartWKELeCont Flag of Finland.svg Matias Köykkä Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Adam Stirling 3-venue series

Flag of Germany.svg Wackersdorf, Flag of Spain.svg Alcañiz, Flag of France.svg Val d'Argenton

U18 KF3
2011* Flag of Monaco.svg Charles Leclerc IntrepidTMVega Flag of South Africa.svg Callan O'Keeffe Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Harrison Scott Flag of Italy.svg Sarno-Napoli KF3 CIK-FIA World Cup
2011 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Matthew Graham ZanardiWKELeCont Flag of Finland.svg Pyry Ovaska Flag of France.svg Anthoine Hubert multiple-venue series

Flag of Italy.svg Ortona, Flag of France.svg Essay & Flag of Italy.svg Sarno-Napoli

U18 KF3
2012* Flag of Italy.svg Luca Corberi Kosmic VortexVega Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Callum Ilott Flag of Denmark.svg Slavko Ivanovic Flag of Spain.svg Zuera KF3 CIK-FIA World Cup
2012 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Henry Easthope SodikartWKELeCont Flag of Monaco.svg Charles Leclerc Flag of France.svg Anthoine Hubert 3-venue series

Flag of Portugal.svg Braga, Flag of France.svg Angerville & Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain

U18 KF3
2013 Flag of Italy.svg Alessio Lorandi Tony Kart Parilla LeCont Flag of Italy.svg Leonardo Pulcini Flag of Russia.svg Robert Shwartzman 2-venue series

Flag of Italy.svg Sarno, Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain

KF-Junior (KFJ) KF3
2014 Flag of Pakistan.svg Enaam Ahmed FA KartVortexVega Flag of Germany.svg Mick Schumacher Flag of Venezuela.svg Mauricio Baiz Flag of France.svg Essay KF-Junior (KFJ) KF3
2015 Flag of the United States.svg Logan Sargeant FA KartVortexLeCont Flag of France.svg Clément Novalak Flag of Brazil.svg Caio Collet Flag of Italy.svg La Conca KF-Junior (KFJ) KF3
2016 Flag of France.svg Victor Martins Kosmic Parilla Vega Flag of Spain.svg David Vidales Flag of France.svg Théo Pourchaire Flag of Bahrain.svg Sakhir OK-Junior (OKJ)
2017 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Dexter Patterson ExpritTMLeCont Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Chris Lulham Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Harry Thompson Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Brandon OK-Junior (OKJ)
2018 Flag of France.svg Victor Bernier Kosmic Parilla Vega Flag of Italy.svg Gabriele Minì Flag of Brazil.svg Gabriel Bortoleto Flag of Sweden.svg Kristianstad OK-Junior (OKJ)
2019 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Thomas ten Brinke FA KartVortexLeCont Flag of Brazil.svg Rafael Câmara Flag of Lithuania.svg Kajus Siksnelis Flag of Finland.svg Alahärmä OK-Junior (OKJ)
2020 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Freddie Slater Kosmic VortexMG Flag of Finland.svg Tuukka Taponen Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Harry Burgoyne, Jr. Flag of Portugal.svg Portimão OK-Junior (OKJ)
2021 Flag of Japan.svg Kean Nakamura-Berta ExpritTMMG Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Freddie Slater Flag of Russia.svg Anatoly Khavalkin Flag of Spain.svg Campillos OK-Junior (OKJ)
2022 Flag of Thailand.svg Enzo Tarnvanichkul Tony Kart VortexVega Flag of Hungary.svg Adam Hideg Flag of Poland.svg Jan Przyrowski Flag of Italy.svg Sarno OK-Junior (OKJ)
2023 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Dries van Langendonk ExpritTMVega Flag of Spain.svg Christian Costoya Flag of Sweden.svg Scott Lindblom Flag of Italy.svg Franciacorta OK-Junior (OKJ)

(*) indicates the years the event status was as a World Cup and not FIA World Championship

(**) Note: From 1992 - 1996 the Junior World Championships were held as the CIK-FIA Five Continents Cup Junior A

Secondary classes world champions

CIK-FIA Karting International Supercup

YearChampionChassisEngineTyreSecond placeThird placeClass
2013 Flag of France.svg Dorian Boccolacci Energy CorseTM B Flag of France.svg Alexandre Arrue Flag of New Zealand.svg Daniel Bray KZ2 Supercup
2014 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Ryan Van Der Burgt DRModena B Flag of Italy.svg Lorenzo Camplese Flag of the Netherlands.svg Menno Paauwe KZ2 Supercup
2015 Flag of France.svg Thomas Laurent Tony Kart VortexLeCont Flag of Sweden.svg Joel Johansson Flag of Italy.svg Alberto Cavalieri KZ2 Supercup
2016 Flag of Spain.svg Pedro Hiltbrand CRG MaxterVega Flag of Italy.svg Fabian Federer Flag of Sweden.svg Benjamin Törnqvist Persson KZ2 Supercup
2017 Flag of Italy.svg Alex Irlando SodikartTM B Flag of Sweden.svg Benjamin Törnqvist Persson Flag of Italy.svg Riccardo Longhi KZ2 Supercup
2018 Flag of Italy.svg Matteo Viganò Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of New Zealand.svg Daniel Bray Flag of Spain.svg David Vidales KZ2 Supercup
2019 Flag of France.svg Émilien Denner SodikartTM B Flag of Spain.svg David Vidales Flag of Sweden.svg Emil Skärås KZ2 Supercup
2020 Flag of Italy.svg Simone Cunati BirelTMVega Flag of Italy.svg Giuseppe Palomba Flag of Italy.svg Giacomo Pollini KZ2 Supercup
2021 Flag of Italy.svg Lorenzo Travisanutto ParolinTMMG Flag of the Netherlands.svg Senna van Walstijn Flag of Germany.svg David Trefilov KZ2 Supercup
2022 Flag of France.svg Arthur Carbonnel CRG TMLeCont Flag of Italy.svg Cristian Bertuca Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Arvid Lindblad KZ2 Supercup
2023 Flag of Germany.svg Niels Tröger MaranelloTMLeCont Flag of Jamaica.svg Alex Powell Flag of Romania.svg Daniel Vasile KZ2 Supercup

Formula A World Champions

YearWorld ChampionChassisEngineTyreLocationClassStroke
1988 Flag of France.svg Emmanuel Collard CRG Rotax Flag of France.svg Laval Formula A100 cc
1989 Flag of Denmark.svg Gert Munkholm PCRAtomik Flag of France.svg Valence Formula A100 cc
1990 Flag of Italy.svg Danilo Rossi CRG Rotax Flag of Italy.svg Jesolo Formula A100 cc
1991 Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Manetti Tony Kart Rotax B Flag of France.svg Le Mans Formula A100 cc
1992 Flag of Italy.svg Nicola Gianniberti Tony Kart Rotax Vega Flag of Italy.svg Ugento Formula A100 cc
1993 Flag of France.svg David Terrien Sodi Kart Rotax Vega Flag of France.svg Laval Formula A100 cc
1994 Flag of Italy.svg Marco Barindelli HAASE Rotax Vega Flag of Argentina.svg Cordoba Formula A100 cc
1995 Flag of Brazil.svg Gastao Fraguas Tony Kart Italsistem B Flag of France.svg Valence Formula A100 cc
1996 Flag of France.svg Jean-Christophe Ravier Tony Kart Vortex Flag of France.svg Valence Formula A100 cc
1997 Flag of Australia (converted).svg James Courtney Tony Kart Vortex B Flag of France.svg Salbris Formula A100 cc
1998 Flag of Brazil.svg Ruben Carrapatoso Tony Kart Vortex Formula A100 cc
1999 Flag of France.svg Franck Perera Tony Kart Vortex Formula A100 cc
2000 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Colin Brown Top Kart Parilla Flag of Portugal.svg BragaFormula A100 cc
SuperKart Ben Willshire GP1.jpg
SuperKart

Formula E SuperKart World Champions

YearWorld ChampionChassisEngineTyreLocationClassStroke
1983 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Martin Hines Zip Kart Rotax B 3-venue series

Flag of Denmark.svg Jyllandsring, Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Silverstone & Flag of France.svg Le Mans-Bugatti

Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1984 Flag of Sweden.svg Lennart Bohlin Zip GP Rotax B 4-venue series

Flag of South Africa (1982-1994).svg Zwartkop, Flag of France.svg Le Mans-Bugatti

Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1985 Flag of Denmark.svg Poul V. Petersen PVP Rotax 3-venue series

Flag of France.svg Le Mans-Bugatti, Flag of Germany.svg Nürburgring, & Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Silverstone

Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1986 Flag of South Africa (1982-1994).svg Wade Nelson Rotax Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1987 Flag of France.svg Eric Gassin Nissag Rotax 4-venue series

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Silverstone, Flag of France.svg Le Mans-Bugatti

Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1988 Flag of Denmark.svg Poul V. Petersen PVP Rotax Flag of France.svg Le Mans Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1989 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Tim Parrot Rotax Flag of France.svg Le Mans Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1990 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Tim Parrot Rotax Flag of France.svg Le Mans Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1991 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Martin Hines /
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Perry Grondstra
Zip Kart/ Zip Kart Rotax/ Rotax B / B 3-venue series

Flag of the Netherlands.svg Assen, Flag of Scotland.svg Knockhill & Flag of France.svg Le Mans

Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1992 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Martin Hines Zip-Eagle Rotax B Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1993 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Perry Grondstra Rotax B Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc
1994 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Perry Grondstra Rotax B Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc [4]
1995 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Trevor Roberts Rotax Formula E (SuperKart)250 cc

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kart racing</span> Motorsport using go-karts

Kart racing or karting is a motorsport discipline using open-wheel, four-wheeled vehicles known as go-karts or shifter karts. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits, although some professional kart races are also held on full-size motorsport circuits. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher ranks of motorsports, with most Formula One drivers—including Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen, Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel, Nico Rosberg, and Max Verstappen—having begun their careers in karting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formula Three</span> Race car class

Formula Three, also called Formula 3, abbreviated as F3, is a third-tier class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America and Asia form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers.

OK-Junior is a kart racing class for top drivers aged 11 to 15.

KF2, is a kart racing class for top drivers aged 14 and up.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superkart</span> Racing series that uses karts on long circuits

Superkart is a form of motorsport road racing that uses karts on long circuits. The bigger difference between a superkart and most other forms of kart is that they have full aerodynamic bodykits, as well as having a longer wheel base than sprint chassis, and are generally raced on car circuits over 1,500 metres in length. The power unit, most often but not exclusively two-stroke 250 cc engines, can be specially designed kart engines or production motorcycle engines with either five- or six-speed sequential manual gearboxes. Owing to their high top speed and superb cornering ability, a superkart's aerodynamic bodywork includes a front fairing, larger sidepods, and a rear wing. They use either 130-or-150-millimetre-diameter tires and wheels and most often race on full size auto-racing circuits.

The Commission Internationale de Karting is the primary international sanctioning body for kart racing. It was founded in 1962, and is headquartered in Paris, France. In 2000, it joined with the FIA. Its most important event is the Karting World Championship.

KZ1 is a kart racing class using 125 cc water-cooled two-stroke engines yielding approximately 46–50 hp (34–37 kW), equipped with a six-speed gearbox. KZ1 is the fastest of the KZ karting racing categories, and technical regulations are similar to KZ2 except that KZ1 allows for the gearbox to be either manual or electro-mechanical as well as the wise use of soft tires. Both engines and chassis must be approved by the CIK-FIA racing governing commission. It is open to top drivers aged 15 and over. Minimum weight is 170 kg (370 lb), this includes the kart and driver. They can accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 3 seconds. KZ1 has a top speed of 180 km/h (110 mph).

The European KF1 Championship is a kart racing competition organised by the CIK-FIA.

KZ2 is a kart racing class using 125 cc water-cooled two-stroke engines yielding about 52 hp (39 kW). The engines are equipped with a 6-speed gearbox. Z2 is the second fastest of the KZ karting racing categories, and technical regulations are similar to faster KZ1 except that in KZ2 the gearbox must be "hand-operated and exclusively mechanical without a servo system", as well as the use of medium tires. Both the engine and chassis must be approved by the CIK-FIA racing governing commission. The class is open to drivers aged 15 years and up with the minimum weight being 175 kg, this includes the kart and driver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaime Alguersuari</span> Spanish racing driver (born 1990)

Jaime Víctor Alguersuari Escudero, also known as Jaume Alguersuari, and Squire is a Spanish DJ and retired racing driver best known for competing in Formula One between 2009 and 2011, and for being the 2008 British Formula 3 champion. He is the son of Jaime Alguersuari, Sr., a former motorcyclist and racing driver.

KF1 is the top level of karting. It is open to drivers aged 15 and up.

Joey Hanssen is a Dutch racing driver. He currently races in the CIK Stars of Karting Series in the KZ2 class.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formula 4</span> Open-wheel racing car category intended for junior drivers

FIA Formula 4, also called FIA F4, is an open-wheel racing car category intended for junior drivers. There is no global championship, but rather individual nations or regions can host their own championships in compliance with a universal set of rules and specifications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niko Kari</span> Finnish racing driver (born 1999)

Niko Kari is a Finnish racing driver who last raced in the FIA Formula 3 Championship with Jenzer Motorsport. He won his first single-seater championship, the 2015 SMP F4 Championship, in his debut year in car racing and is a former member of the Red Bull Junior Team.

The CIK-FIA Karting European Championship is a kart racing competition organised by the CIK-FIA. Its inaugural season took place in 1972. Today, the series holds championships in four karting categories: KZ, KF2, OK and OKJ. Notable champions have been Alex Zanardi, Jos Verstappen, Giorgio Pantano, Jarno Trulli, Sébastien Buemi, Alexander Albon, George Russell, Lando Norris and Formula One World Champions Jenson Button, Sebastian Vettel, Lewis Hamilton, and Max Verstappen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brad Benavides</span> American-Spanish-Guatemalan racing driver

Brad Domenico Benavides Agredo is an American-Spanish-Guatemalan racing driver who last raced for 2023 FIA Formula 2 Championship with PHM Racing by Charouz. He previously competed in the FIA Formula 3 Championship with Carlin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurens van Hoepen</span> Dutch racing driver (born 2005)

Laurens van Hoepen is a Dutch racing driver who is currently competing in the 2024 FIA Formula 3 Championship with ART Grand Prix. He previously competed in the Formula Regional European Championship with the French outfit in 2022 and 2023, having previously raced in the Ultimate Cup Series in 2021.

Joel Granfors, is a Swedish racing driver currently competing in the 2023 USF Pro 2000 Championship with Exclusive Autosport. He previously competed in the 2022 GB3 Championship with Fortec Motorsport, taking the runners-up position.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rokas Baciuška</span> Lithuanian rally driver

Rokas Baciuška is a professional rally driver from Lithuania. He has won the Lithuania Kart racing championship, the European Rallycross Championship in the Super1600 class, and the World Rally-Raid Championship in the T4 SSV class.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuukka Taponen</span> Finnish racing driver

Tuukka Taponen is a Finnish racing driver who is currently competing in the 2024 Formula Regional Middle East Championship with R-ace GP. He finished runner up in the 2023 F4 UAE Championship, and is a member of the Ferrari Driver Academy.

References

  1. (in English and French) Full grids guaranteed in the World Championship! [ permanent dead link ] – CIK-FIA Press release
  2. "World Championship with one single race ... yes or no? | Kart News". www.vroomkart.com. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  3. CIK World Karting Championship For Drivers Zuera (ESP) – 16–19.09.2010 – KartCafe, 16 September 2010
  4. 1 2 "FIA Karting 2022 Title Sponsorship Mondokart.com". www.fiakarting.com. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. "2001 CIK-FIA Karting World Championship". Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  7. "2002 CIK-FIA Karting World Championship". Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  8. "2007 CIK-FIA Karting World Championship – Timetable and Results". Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  9. "2008 CIK-FIA Karting World Championship – Official Classification". Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  10. "2009 CIK-FIA Karting World Championship – Official Classification" (PDF). Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  11. "2010 CIK-FIA Karting World Championship – Official Classification" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  12. "2013 CIK-FIA World Championship – KF Final Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013.
  13. "Sporting and popular success at Essay for the 2014 World Championship : CIKFIA". www.cikfia.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019.