List of American independent films

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This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality") [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure. [8]

Contents

Background

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s, [9] [10] [11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema [12] ), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement") [20] [21] [4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [4]

Differences from Hollywood

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films [27] [28] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle , Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards [11] [29] ) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America. [30] [16]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt. [31]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration [32] [33] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man ). [34]

Divisions

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein [35] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins, [36] [37] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features. [38] [39]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

Sources

[41] [2] [42] [20] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]

List of selected notable American independent films

Pre-1950s

1950s

1960s

1970s

[47] [120] [82] [73] [109] [83] ≈

1980s

[165] [71] [113] [114] [16] [47] [140] ≈

[164] [165] [14] [71] [113] [114] [47]

[113] [14] [114] [140] [82] [109] [65] ≈

[159] [46] [178] [81] [188] [164] [165] [71] [82] [139] [113] [172] [14] [189] [114] [16] [47] [73] [109] ≈

1990s

[6] [185] [165] [71] [82] [73]

[73] [193] [112] [16] [47] [82] ≈

[6] [185] [204] [165] [47] [82] [205] [83]

[178] [81] [6] [185] [208] [86] [82] [193]

[204] [165] [71] [113] [112] [47] ≈

[4] [203] [163] [44] [6] [71] [16] [47] [65] ≈

[165] [113] [47] [82] [192] [193]

[6] [208] [86] [47] [192] [193]

[115] [71] [86] [47] [82] [73]

2000s

[81] [71] [113] [112] [47] [82] [237]

[259] [204] [165] [240] [71] [112] [86] [47] [82] [237]

2010s

2020s

List of notable American independent filmmakers

[47] [82] [7] [73]

[9] [114] [16] [47] [140] [82] [73] [139]

[221] [46] [178] [81] [185] [165] [16] [82] [320]

[164] [165] [16] [47]

[159] [46] [178] [164] [165] [9] [114] [140] [82]

[164] [114] [16] [82] [7] [73]

[165] [114] [129] [73]

[73] [51] [90]

[47] [184] [73]

[165] [155] [125] [139]

[46] [81] [188] [165] [112] [114] [47] [82]

[178] [81] [185] [165] [114] [16] [47] [73] [320]

[217] [81] [165] [82] [125]

[122] [47] [140] [82] [73]

[21] [152] [178] [81] [188] [164] [165] [219] [172] [16] [47]

[21] [242] [5] [207] [185] [165] [16] [47] [82]

[114] [73]

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
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  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
  10. ↑ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
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  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
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  23. ↑ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
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  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
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  30. 1 2 3 4 Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  31. ↑ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
  32. 1 2 3 In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
  33. ↑ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
  35. ↑ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
  36. ↑ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
  37. ↑ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
  38. ↑ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
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  40. 1 2 What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
  41. ↑ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
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  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Indie Reframed - Google Books
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  48. ↑ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
  53. 1 2 3 The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
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  55. ↑ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
  56. ↑ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  57. ↑ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
  58. ↑ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
  59. 1 2 Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
  60. ↑ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
  61. ↑ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
  62. ↑ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
  63. 1 2 An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
  64. ↑ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
  66. ↑ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
  67. ↑ Five - Trailers From Hell
  68. ↑ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
  69. 1 2 3 The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  70. 1 2 Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
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  75. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  77. 1 2 3 4 Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  78. ↑ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
  79. 1 2 A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
  80. 1 2 "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
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  85. ↑ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  87. 1 2 Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
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  89. ↑ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  90. 1 2 3 BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  91. 1 2 Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  92. ↑ Night Tide - Variety
  93. ↑ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
  94. ↑ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  95. ↑ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  96. ↑ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  97. ↑ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  98. ↑ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  99. 1 2 Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  100. ↑ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
  101. 1 2 3 4 Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
  102. 1 2 The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
  103. ↑ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
  104. 1 2 3 4 The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
  105. ↑ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  106. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
  107. ↑ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  108. ↑ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  109. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  110. ↑ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  111. 1 2 The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  112. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Not Hollywood - Google Books
  113. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  114. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Outsider Features - Google Books
  115. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  116. ↑ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
  117. ↑ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
  118. 1 2 "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  119. ↑ Joe - Trailers From Hell
  120. 1 2 The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  121. 1 2 3 4 5 6 When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
  122. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
  123. 1 2 3 4 5 Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
  124. ↑ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  125. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  126. ↑ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  127. ↑ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  128. 1 2 To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  129. 1 2 3 4 5 Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  130. ↑ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  131. 1 2 3 4 Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
  132. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  133. ↑ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  134. ↑ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  135. 1 2 3 4 Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
  136. ↑ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  137. ↑ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  138. 1 2 3 How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
  139. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  140. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
  141. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Acting Indie - Google Books
  142. 1 2 America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  143. ↑ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  144. ↑ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  145. 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  146. ↑ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  147. ↑ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  148. ↑ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  149. ↑ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  150. 1 2 3 HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
  151. 1 2 3 4 5 The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  152. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
  153. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
  154. ↑ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  155. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
  156. 1 2 3 February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  157. 1 2 Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
  158. ↑ BAM|Les Blank Program
  159. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
  160. 1 2 3 The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
  161. ↑ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  162. ↑ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  163. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
  164. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
  165. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
  166. 1 2 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
  167. ↑ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
  168. ↑ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  169. ↑ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  170. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  171. 1 2 "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
  172. 1 2 3 4 The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  173. ↑ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  174. ↑ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  175. ↑ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
  176. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
  177. ↑ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
  178. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
  179. 1 2 3 4 Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
  180. 1 2 Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  181. ↑ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  182. ↑ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  183. 1 2 July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
  184. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
  185. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
  186. 1 2 3 Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  187. 1 2 3 4 5 The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  188. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  189. 1 2 Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  190. 1 2 Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
  191. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
  192. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  193. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  194. ↑ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  195. 1 2 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  196. 1 2 Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  197. 1 2 Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
  198. 1 2 Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  199. ↑ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  200. ↑ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
  201. ↑ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
  202. 1 2 3 Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  203. 1 2 3 4 Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  204. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
  205. 1 2 3 "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
  206. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
  207. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
  208. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  209. ↑ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  210. ↑ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  211. 1 2 3 4 Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  212. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  213. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  214. 1 2 Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  215. 1 2 3 4 5 Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  216. 1 2 John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  217. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  218. ↑ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  219. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
  220. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
  221. 1 2 Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  222. 1 2 3 4 The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  223. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  224. ↑ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  225. ↑ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  226. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
  227. ↑ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
  228. 1 2 Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
  229. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Inside Indiewood|The Nation
  230. 1 2 Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  231. 1 2 3 4 5 Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  232. ↑ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
  233. 1 2 The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  234. ↑ CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
  235. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
  236. 1 2 The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  237. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
  238. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Indiewood - Backstage
  239. ↑ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  240. 1 2 3 4 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  241. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  242. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
  243. ↑ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  244. 1 2 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  245. 1 2 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  246. ↑ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  247. 1 2 3 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  248. 1 2 3 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  249. 1 2 Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  250. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  251. ↑ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  252. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  253. 1 2 3 4 "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
  254. ↑ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  255. ↑ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  256. 1 2 Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  257. ↑ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
  258. 1 2 Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  259. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
  260. ↑ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  261. 1 2 3 4 5 Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  262. ↑ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
  263. ↑ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  264. 1 2 3 4 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
  265. ↑ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
  266. 1 2 3 4 5 6 On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  267. ↑ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  268. ↑ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  269. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
  270. ↑ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  271. 1 2 Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
  272. 1 2 Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  273. ↑ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  274. 1 2 Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
  275. ↑ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  276. ↑ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  277. 1 2 Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
  278. ↑ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  279. ↑ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  280. ↑ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  281. ↑ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  282. 1 2 3 4 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
  283. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 The best A24 films to date|EW.com
  284. ↑ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  285. ↑ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  286. 1 2 Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  287. 1 2 The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  288. 1 2 BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
  289. 1 2 3 4 5 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  290. 1 2 Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  291. 1 2 3 Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
  292. 1 2 The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  293. ↑ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
  294. ↑ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
  295. ↑ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  296. ↑ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  297. ↑ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  298. ↑ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  299. 1 2 3 Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  300. 1 2 Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  301. ↑ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  302. ↑ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
  303. ↑ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  304. ↑ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  305. ↑ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  306. 1 2 A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  307. 1 2 Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  308. 1 2 3 4 5 Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
  309. ↑ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
  310. ↑ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  311. ↑ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  312. ↑ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  313. ↑ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  314. ↑ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  315. ↑ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  316. 1 2 3 The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  317. ↑ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
  318. ↑ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
  319. ↑ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
  320. 1 2 3 4 5 Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
  321. 1 2 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
  322. ↑ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
  323. ↑ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  324. 1 2 Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
  325. 1 2 DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
  326. ↑ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
  327. ↑ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
  328. ↑ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
  329. ↑ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
  330. 1 2 3 Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  331. ↑ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
  332. ↑ Indie Animation - WSJ
  333. 1 2 Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  334. ↑ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  335. ↑ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  336. ↑ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
  337. ↑ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
  338. ↑ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
  339. ↑ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
  340. ↑ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  341. ↑ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
  342. ↑ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
  343. ↑ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  344. 1 2 3 Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  345. ↑ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
  346. ↑ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
  347. ↑ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
  348. ↑ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  349. ↑ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  350. ↑ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography

Notes

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