List of Chinese classifiers

Last updated

In the tables, the first two columns contain the Chinese characters representing the classifier, in traditional and simplified versions when they differ. The next four columns give pronunciations in Standard (Mandarin) Chinese, using pinyin; Cantonese, in Jyutping and Yale, respectively; and Minnan (Taiwan). The last column gives the classifier's literal meaning (in quotes) and principal uses.

Contents

Nominal classifiers

Classifiers proper

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)
Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)
MinnanMeaning and principal uses
baa2ba2"grip" objects with handle-like parts (knives , scissors 剪刀, swords /, keys 鑰匙/钥匙, pistols 手槍/手枪, chairs 椅子, flaming torches or sticks )
běnbun2bun2pún"volume" bound print matter (books /, etc.)
bung6bung6walls (Cantonese only)
bou6bou6phō"part" novels 小說/小说, movies 電影/电影, TV dramas etc.; vehicles (一部大巴); Cantonese only: machines
//caak3chaak3tshehvolumes of books ( is more common in Traditional Chinese, in Simplified)
céngcang4chang4tsàn"layer" cakes, optical discs, etc.; stories of buildings
chǎngcoeng4cheung4tiûnn"stage" public spectacles, games 比賽/比赛, drama /, film 電影/电影, etc.
chùcyu3chyu3tshú"location", "site" ruins 廢墟/废墟, construction site 工地, etc.
chūceot1cheut1tshut"performance", "show" plays /, circus 馬戲/马戏, etc.
ci3chi3tshù"time" opportunities 機會/机会, accidents 事故
dàodou6dou6linear projections (light rays 亮光, etc.), orders given by an authority figure 命令, courses (of food) 點心/点心, walls and doors /, questions /, number of times (for certain procedures) 工序
dǐngdeng2deng2tíngobjects with protruding top (hats 帽子, etc.)
dòngdung6dung6tòng"pillar" buildings 房子
dou6dou6tóowalls and encompassing fixtures /
dùndoen6deun6tǹgmeals /
duǒdo2/doe2do2/deu2luíflowers , clouds /
faat3faat3huatprojectile weapons, such as bullets 子彈/子弹, artillery shells 炮彈/炮弹, rockets, guided missiles etc.
fènfan6fan6hūn"copy" newspapers 報紙/报纸, notarized document 公證/公证, contract 合同
fēngfung1fung1hongletters , mail, fax 傳真/传真
fuk1fuk1pak"width" paintings 畫兒/画儿; curtains; tapestries; photographs or prints (particularly when mounted and displayed on a wall)
gǎngon3gon3kuáinnobjects with "pole" (spears /, balance scales, steelyard balance)
ge (gè)go3go3êindividual things, people generic measure word (usage of this classifier in conjunction with any noun is generally accepted if the person does not know the proper classifier)
gēngan1gan1kunthin, slender, pole, stick objects (needles /, pillars 支柱, telegraph poles, matchsticks, etc.); strands /(e.g. hair 頭髮/头发)
hàohou6hou6people, workmen (一百多号人/一百多號人); business deals (几号买卖/幾號買賣) [1] [2] [3] [4]
jiāgaa1ga1gathering of people (families 人家, companies 公司, etc.), establishments (shops 商店, restaurants 酒店, hotels 飯店/饭店)
jiàgaa3ga3aircraft 飛機/飞机, pianos , machines 儀器/仪器
jiāngaan1gaan1kingrooms 屋子, ; Cantonese only: stores, companies
jiàngin6gin6kiānnmatters (affairs 事情), clothing 衣裳, etc.
jiègaai3gaai3kàirecurring, often annual, conferences /, class years in a school (e.g. Class of 2006) 畢業生/毕业生
juǎngyun2gyun2kńg"roll" film 膠卷/胶卷, toilet paper 手紙/手纸
fo2fo2trees (/) and other such flora
fo2fo2"kernel" small objects (beans, hearts , pearls 珠子, teeth 牙齒/牙齿, diamonds 鑽石/钻石, etc.) pillows, and objects appearing to be small (distant stars 星星 and planets 星球)
[[]]kǒuhau2hau2people in villages , family members; wells ; blade
lèileoi6leui6luīobjects of the same type or category affair 事情, circumstance 情況/情况
lap1lap1lia̍p"grain", small objects such as a grain of rice
liàngloeng2leung2wheeled vehicles: automobiles 汽車/汽车, bicycles 自行車/自行车, etc.
lièlit6lit6"array" trains 火車/火车
lúnleon4leun4"round" competition 比賽/比赛, discussions 會談/会谈; moon 明月
méimui4mui4small, flat objects (coins, medals, stamps);

small, round jewelry (rings 戒指, diamonds 鑽石/钻石);

projectiles (bombs 炸彈/炸弹, grenades 手榴彈/手榴弹, rockets, satellites); eggs

ménmun4mun4"gate" areas of knowledge (courses /, languages 語言/语言, majors 專業/专业, etc.), also for artillery pieces 大砲/大炮.
miànmin6min6"surface" flat objects (mirrors 鏡子/镜子, flags 旗子, etc.)
míngming4ming4honorific, or persons with perceived higher social rank (doctors 醫生/医生, lawyers 律師/律师, politicians, royalty, etc.); in formal occasions or in literary Chinese, also used for any type of person (not necessarily high-ranking, e.g. mother 母親)
pánpun4pun4puânnflat objects (video cassettes 錄影帶/录影带, etc.); literally means "dishes" and can be used for a plate of food
pào, pāopaau1paau1classifiers for liquid extractions (tea , urine 尿)
pat1pat1horses / and other mounts; also rolls/bolts of cloth
pet6pet6(Cantonese only) small pile of thick, viscous substance mud, feces, etc.
piānpin1pin1phinnwritten work: papers 論文/论文, articles 文章, novels etc.
piànpin3pin3phìnn"slice" flat objects, cards, slices of bread 麵包/面包, etc.
po1po1(Cantonese only) trees (/) and other such flora
hei2hei2case, instance (两起大脑炎); batch, group (分两起出发) [5] [6] [7] [8]
shànsin3sin3doors /, windows 窗戶/窗户.
shǒusau2sau2songs , poems /, music 曲子, etc.
shuǐseoi2seui2washings/rinsings (这件衬衫洗了三水了) [9] [10]
sōusau2sau2ships
suǒso2so2for buildings whose purposes are explicitly stated, e.g. hospitals 醫院/医院. Otherwise can use ""
/táitoi4toi4tâiheavy objects, esp. machines (TVs 電視機/电视机, computers 電腦/电脑, etc.); performances (theatre 話劇/话剧, etc.)
tángtong4tong4periods of classes / (e.g. "I have two classes today"), suites of furniture
tàngtong3tong3trips (usually repetitive), scheduled transportation services flights 班機/班机
tai4tai4test/exam questions
tǐngting5, ting2ting5thánmachine guns 機槍
tiáotiu4tiu4tiâu"strip"; long, narrow, flexible objects — (fish /, dogs , trousers 褲子/裤子, etc.), also for roads and rivers , pertaining to human lives, e.g. "兩條人命" two (human) lives, "一條心", lit. "one heart" (to work as one), classifiers for certain things like counter-measures, etc.
tóutau4tau4"head" domesticated animals 家畜 (pigs /, cows , etc.), hair (only used alongside a modifier)
wěimei5mei5bué"tail" fish / (ancient)
wèiwai2wai2polite classifier for people (attached to positions, not names) workers 工人, director 主任
xiànghong6hong6hāng"item" items, projects initiative 倡議/倡议, ordinances 法令, statements 聲明/声明
宿xiǔsuk1suk1nights, overnight stays (住一宿) [11] [12] [13]
yàngjoeng6yeung6general items of differing attributes
𠹻zam6jam6(Cantonese only) odor
zak1jak1sections of text notice 消息, jokes 笑話/笑话, news 新聞/新闻, etc.
zhǎnzaan2jaan2light fixtures (usually lamps /), pot of tea etc.
zhāngzoeng1jeung1tiunn"sheet" flat objects (paper /, tables 桌子, etc.), faces /, bows, paintings 圖畫/图画, tickets , constellations, blankets, bedsheets 床單/床单; Cantonese only: chairs
zhīzek3jek3one of a pair (hands , legs); animals (birds /, cats /, etc.)
zhīzi1ji1fairly long, stick-like objects (pens /, chopsticks, roses, rifles /, etc.), fleets 舰队/艦隊
zhīzi1ji1kialternative form of ("stalk"): can be used for rifles / and flowers
zhǒngzung2jung2tsióngtypes or kinds of objects (animals 動物/动物)
zhūzyu1jyu1trees /
zhùcyu5chyu5incense
zūnzyun1jyun1statues
zuòzo6jo6tsōlarge mansion 大厦; mountains ;

Measure words/massifiers

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)
Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)
Meaning and principal uses
baa2ba2"handful" (beans, flour, rice, sand);

"bunch"/"bundle" (chopsticks, matches, sticks);

"bunch"/"hand" (bananas, carrots, flowers, scallions)

bānbaan1baan1classifier for scheduled transport services (trains 火車/火车, bus 公交, subway 地鐵/地铁, etc.); group of people; class as in pupils 學生/学生
bāngbong1bong1group of people (children 孩子, friends 朋友, etc.);

"gang", band of (bandits 匪徒, bad men 壞蛋/坏蛋, etc.)

bāobaau1baau1"packet" (cookies 餅乾/饼干, cigarettes 香煙/香烟, French fries 薯條/薯条, screws, etc.)
bēibui1bui1"cup" container (cup, glass, mug, beaker, etc.) of liquid
bèibui3bui3"generation", "lifetime" (people )
bat1bat1large quantities of money (money /, funds 資金/资金, account items 賬目/账目)
chuàncyun3chyun3"string" sequence of numbers 號碼/号码; pearls 珍珠; grapes 葡萄, skewer/stick (kebabs, satays, etc.)
chuángcong4chong4"bed" blankets 毯子, sheets, quilt
daap6daap6a "stack" of (e.g. paper, or any other paper-like things)
dàidoi6doi6"bag" sackfuls, pouchfuls, bagfuls, pocketfuls (flour 麵粉/面粉, French fries 薯條/薯条, cements 水泥, etc.)
dàndaam6daam6(Cantonese only) "mouthful" amount of food
/di1di1(Cantonese only) "some", "a bit" general massifier. Only used in the form 一啲, or without a number (e.g. after demonstratives).
dik6dik6"droplet" (water , blood 鮮血/鲜血, other such fluids)
diǎndim2dim2ideas 意見/意见, suggestions; can also mean "a bit" (often used to denote amount) e.g. courage 膽量/胆量
duàndyun6dyun6"length" cables 電線/电线, roadways , part as in a drama 臺詞/台词, etc.
duīdeoi3deui3"pile" trash 垃圾, sand 沙子, etc.
duìdeoi3deui3"pair" "couple" 夫妻, "partner" 搭檔/搭档, ring 戒指, earrings 耳環/耳环, bracelet 手鐲/手镯; Cantonese only: pair of objects which naturally come in pairs (e.g. chopsticks 筷子, shoes , etc.)
fuk6fuk6"dose" (medicine /)
fu3fu3"set" objects which come in pairs (gloves 手套, insole, couplets, etc.) also for spectacles/glasses 眼鏡/眼镜, mahjong 麻將/麻将, Chinese chess 象棋; pack of cards
gu2gu2flows (of air /, smell 香味, influence 潮流, etc.)
𫩥 (nonstandard)
(official)
gau6gau6(Cantonese only) "piece of", "chunk of" rock, soap, ginger, charcoal, rice, etc.
guǎngun2gun2"tube" toothpaste and things that comes in tubes
guàngun3gun3for canned beverages (e.g. soda), milk powder, sardine, etc.; also for air tank, nitrogen tank, etc.
hánghong4hong4"row" objects which form lines (words /, etc.); occupations in a field (idiom, spoken language); could also be pronounced as xíng, see below.
hap6hap6objects in a small "box" or case (e.g. mooncakes, tapes)
/wu6wu6households ( is common in handwritten Traditional Chinese) household 人家
wu4wu4liquids (usually drink) in a "pot" (tea, or sometimes rice wine) or kettle (usually water)
huǒfo2fo2bands of people such as gangs or hoodlums (when heard it as classifier from news it is mostly derogatory); group of people (non-derogatory in some dialect)
zai1jai1"dose" (medicine /)
jiézit3jit3"section" of bamboo 竹子, sugarcane, etc.; branch of tree; a class period at school /; columnar batteries, carriages of train (look like a section of bamboo)
geoi3geui3"sentences" 句子, quotes 引用, lines 臺詞/台词, etc.
[[]]kǒuhau2hau2"mouthful" amount of food
kuàifaai3faai3"chunk", "lump", "piece" land , stones 石頭/石头, cake 蛋糕 (piece/slice), bread (not slices) 麵包/面包, candy , tofu 豆腐, etc.; yuan (widely used in spoken language)
kǔnkwan2kwan2sets of bundled objects, usually pole-, rope- or stick-like stuffs (e.g. matchsticks 火柴, straw, wire, etc.)
liǎloeng5leung5sometimes used informally instead of 两个 (liǎng ge), to mean "two" (especially two things or people that are close to one another)
luò (luǒ)lo3, lo6lo3, lo6set of objects either be "stacked" (a stack of, e.g. books /) or be piled (a pile of, e.g. bricks /)
leoi5leui5"strand" hair, smoke /, wind /
páipaai4paai4"row" seats 座位, lanterns 燈籠/灯笼, aspen, etc.
pai1pai1"shipment" used when a large number of people (e.g. pupils) coming (e.g. entrance) or leaving (e.g. graduate) during the same period; also used for large amount of commodity, mass-produced objects (products 產品/产品, laptops, etc.) or supplies.
píngping4ping4objects in "bottle", vial, or flask. usually not too large so that people could takes by hands (e.g. lemonade, water, troche, etc.)
kei4kei4(issues of) periodicals 期刊, magazine 雜誌/杂志
qúnkwan4kwan4"group" (people, students 學生/学生, etc.), "herd" (e.g. birds /, horse /, etc.)
saam1saam1sometimes used informally instead of 三个 to mean "three", "three of"
shùcuk1chuk1"bundle" of flowers ; light , laser.
shuāngsoeng1seung1"pair" chopsticks 筷子, shoes , etc.
tàotou3tou3"set" books /, teaware 茶具, collectibles, clothes 衣裳, etc.
()tīngting1ting1for canned beverages (e.g. soda, cola)
"tin" ("" is common and informal in handwriting Traditional Chinese) — A recent loanword that have involved in Mandarin from Cantonese
tuántyun4tyun4"ball" (balls of yarn 毛線/毛线, cotton, etc.)
tuóto4to4"lump" mud , feces 糞便/粪便
wǎnwun2wun2for food in "bowl" (e.g. soup /, rice 米飯/米饭, congee , wonton 餛飩/馄饨)
xiēse1se1"some" general massifier. Only used in the form 一些, or without a number (e.g. after demonstratives).
xínghang4hang4groups of people traveling together, such as a trade commission or diplomats and aides visiting a foreign country: "国王一行人离开巴黎后十分兴奋" (having left Paris, the king and entourage were very excited). Note: almost only used in the form 一行人. — is also read háng, see above.
zaap3jaap3number of revolutions
zhāzaa1ja1In Cantonese usage, this is used in lieu of shù (), e.g. a bundle of flowers
"jar", "jug" beverages such as beer, soda, juice, etc. (A recent loan-word from English, it may be considered informal or slang.)
zhènzan6jan6"gust", "burst" events with short durations (e.g. lightning storms, gusts of wind /, etc.)
zhùzyu3jyu3a "pour" of water, tea (liquid); a "bet" lottery 彩票
zou2jou2"set" general mass-classifier for sets of objects (sets of, e.g. batteries 電池/电池, planets 行星, variables 變量/变量, data 数据/數據, objects 對象/对象, words /, or any sensible thing you want to name). A set is usually assumed to have two or more objects.
But there are also exceptions: depends on what object the classifier is used for, the quantity of objects in sets may be assumed without context. When assumed, the classifier usually falls back to play a similar role to either /, or /对: for example, when used for certain objects that come in pairs, e.g. 搭檔/搭档, represented as 一組搭檔/一组搭档 (一對搭档/一对搭档 is valid), here the quantity in each set is assumed to be two (i.e. one pair). Note that when used for other naturally paired things, like chopsticks 筷子, represented as *一組筷子/一组筷子; here the quantity of objects is unspecified if no context specific it, as people never use / for chopsticks as a natural in-pair object classifier (That is, except for certain objects like 搭檔/搭档, the classifier / won't fallback to /, et al. when used for objects in pairs.)

Measurement units

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)
Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)
Meaning
Time
miǎomiu5miu5"second"
fēnfan1fan1"minute"
hak1 haak1hak1 haak1"quarter","15 minutes" (mainly in certain dialects, such as Shanghainese, and translations)
tiāntin1tin1"day"
jat6yat6"day"
niánnin4nin4"year"
zǎizoi2 zoi3joi2 joi3"year" (ancient)
suìseoi3seoi3"year of age"
Weight/mass
hak1 haak1hak1 haak1"gram"
liǎngloeng2leung250 grams(1/10 jīn), used to be 1/16 jīn
加崙/加侖加仑jiālùngaa1 leon2gaa1 leun2gallon
jīngan1gan1"catty", "pound", 1/2 kilograms
公斤gōngjīngung1 gan1gung1 gan1"metric jīn", kilogram
千克qiānkècin1 hak1/haak1chin1 hak1/haak1"kilogram"
dūndeon1deun1"ton"
Length/distance
公分gōngfēngung1 fan1gung1 fan1"metric fēn",centimetre
厘米límǐlei4 mai5lei4 mai5"centimetre" (More common in Mainland China and Hong Kong)
cùncyun3chyun3Chinese "inch" (13 of a decimetre)
cùncyun3chyun3British inch
chǐce2/cek3che2/chek3Chinese "foot" (13 of a metre)
chǐcek3chek3British foot
英尺 yīngchǐjing1 cek3ying1 chek3British foot
公尺gōngchǐgung1 cek3gung1 chek3"metric chǐ", metre
mai5mai5"metre"
lei5lei5"", (500 metres)
le1/lei5/li1le1/lei5/li1British mile/Statute mile (5280 British feet)
英里 yīnglǐjing1 lei5ying1 lei5British mile/Statute mile
海里hǎilǐhai5 lei5hai5 lei5"nautical mile" (1852 meters, about 6076 British feet)
公里gōnglǐgung1 lei5gung1 lei5"kilometre" (1000 metres)
天文單位天文单位tiānwéndānwèitin1 man4 daan1 wai2tin1 man4 daan1 wai2"astronomical unit"
光年guāngniángwong1 nin4gwong1 nin4"light year"
秒差距miǎochājùmiu5 caa1 geoi6miu5 cha1 geui6"parsec"
Money
圓/元圆/元yuánjun4yun4"yuán", "¥" (main unit of currency)
(either form can be used in Traditional Chinese text)
kuàifaai3faai3"block", yuán (a slang term, like "quid" or "buck")
wénman1man1"dollar", yuán (Cantonese slang)
jiǎogok3gok3"jiǎo", "dime", "tenpence"
máomou4mou4"máo", "dime", "tenpence" (slang)
háohou4hou4"dime", "tenpence" (Cantonese slang)
fēnfan1/fan6fan1/fan6"fēn", "cent", "penny"

Verbal classifiers

See Chinese classifier → Verbal classifiers.

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)
Cantonese (Jyutping)Cantonese
(Yale)
Meaning and uses
biànbin3 pin3bin3 pin3the number of times an action has been completed, emphasizing the action's length and effort. e.g. 改了三遍把课文读一遍
chǎngcoeng4cheung4a length of an event taking place within another event. e.g. 哭一场演一场,(一場戲一場表演
ci3chi3times (unlike , refers to the number of times regardless of whether or not it was completed). e.g. 每次上一次下一次试了五次,(三次机会第一次用第两次出国
dùndeon6deun6actions without repetition. e.g. 打一顿骂一顿,(一顿大一顿骂
huíwui4wui4occurrences (used colloquially). e.g. 潇洒一回来一回走一回過場
shēngseng1/sing1seng1/sing1cries, shouts, etc. e.g. 砰的一声哗一声滴滴两声,(一声响一声呼唤
tàngtong3tong3trips, visitations, etc. e.g. 走一趟去一趟,(一趟下来
xiàhaa5/haa6ha5/ha6brief and often sudden actions (much more common in Cantonese than in northern dialects). e.g. 咔嚓一下噌的一下跳兩下按五下. also used as weakened injunctive mood. e.g. 來一下幫我一下.

See also

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Mary Abigail Kawenaʻulaokalaniahiʻiakaikapoliopele Naleilehuaapele Wiggin Pukui, known as Kawena, was a Hawaiian scholar, author, composer, hula expert, and educator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wu Jingyu</span> Chinese taekwondo practitioner

Wu Jingyu is a female Chinese Taekwondo practitioner who won gold medals at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in the –49 kg class. She also won several medals at world championships and Asian Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhang Zhaohuan</span>

Zhang, Zhaohuan (张照寰) was born in Zhenjiang, China, in 1925. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, Shanghai Medical College in 1950. Because of his outstanding school performance and academic potential, he was offered a lectureship by his alma mater upon graduation—a practice that is still in vogue in almost all universities in China when recruiting exceptional faculty members is difficult. In the eight years that followed, he worked there first as a lecturer and then an associate professor and associate director.

Wa (Va) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Wa people of Myanmar and China. There are three distinct varieties, sometimes considered separate languages; their names in Ethnologue are Parauk, the majority and standard form; Vo and Awa, though all may be called Wa, Awa, Va, Vo. David Bradley (1994) estimates there are total of 820,000 Wa speakers.

The Shaoxing dialect is a Wu dialect spoken in the city of Shaoxing more specifically in the city center of Yuecheng and its surrounding areas. It is a representative Wu dialect with a tripartite distinction on voiced stop initials and a textbook register split with each of the four tonal categories of Middle Chinese being divided into upper and lower registers. Within Wu, it is classified as a Northern Wu dialect belonging to the Taihu division within which it is classified under the Linshao subdivision (臨紹小片/临绍小片).

Jiang Shuying, also known as Maggie Jiang, is a Chinese actress. She was educated at Shanghai Theatre Academy and the University of East Anglia.

<i>ABC Chinese–English Dictionary</i>

The ABC Chinese–English Dictionary or ABC Dictionary (1996), compiled under the chief editorship of John DeFrancis, is the first Chinese dictionary to collate entries in single-sort alphabetical order of pinyin romanization, and a landmark in the history of Chinese lexicography. It was also the first publication in the University of Hawaiʻi Press's "ABC" series of Chinese dictionaries. They republished the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary in a pocket edition (1999) and desktop reference edition (2000), as well as the expanded ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (2003), and dual ABC English–Chinese, Chinese–English Dictionary (2010). Furthermore, the ABC Dictionary databases have been developed into computer applications such as Wenlin Software for learning Chinese (1997).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leo Wu</span> Chinese actor

Wu Lei, also known as Leo Wu, is a Chinese actor. He started appearing in commercials at the age of three. In 2007, he made his acting debut as Nezha in the series The Legend and the Hero. He is known for his supporting roles in Nirvana in Fire (2015) and The Whirlwind Girl (2015) and for his starring roles in Fight Breaks Sphere (2018), Tomb of the Sea (2018), The Long Ballad (2021), and Love like The Galaxy (2022). Wu ranked 63rd on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2017, 29th in 2019 and 47th in 2020.

Luomian is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is spoken in Xinyayong 新亚拥, Shangxincheng Township 上新城乡, Yuanyang County, Yunnan.

Shehua is an unclassified Sinitic language spoken by the She people of Southeastern China. It is also called Shanha, San-hak (山哈) or Shanhahua (山哈话). Shehua speakers are located mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces of Southeastern China, with smaller numbers of speakers in a few locations of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Anhui provinces.

Tu Tongjin was a Chinese military officer and neurosurgeon.

References

  1. Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p. 1144, ISBN   9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 392, ISBN   0-8248-1729-X
  3. Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 612, ISBN   9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  4. "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  5. Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, pp. 775–776, ISBN   9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  6. John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 505, ISBN   0-8248-1729-X
  7. Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 1207, ISBN   9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  8. "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  9. John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 480, ISBN   0-8248-1729-X
  10. "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  11. Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p. 1144, ISBN   9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 1744, ISBN   9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  13. "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.