List of mammals of North America

Last updated

This is a list of North American mammals. It includes all mammals currently found in the United States, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Canada, Greenland, Bermuda, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean region, whether resident or as migrants. This article does not include species found only in captivity. Mammal species which became extinct in the last 10,000 to 13,000 years are also included in this article. Each species is listed, with its binomial name. Most established introduced species occurring across multiple states and provinces are also noted.

Contents

Some species are identified as indicated below:

Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:

EX - extinct, EW - extinct in the wild
CR - critically endangered, EN - endangered, VU - vulnerable
NT - near threatened, LC - least concern
DD - data deficient, NE - not evaluated
(v. 2013.2, the data is current as of March 5, 2014 [1] )

and Endangered Species Act:

E - endangered, T - threatened
XN, XE - experimental non essential or essential population
E(S/A), T(S/A) - endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance
(selected only taxa found in the US, the data is current as of March 28, 2014 [2] )

Didelphimorphia (opossums)

Didelphidae

Cingulata (armadillos)

Dasypodidae

Chlamyphoridae

Pampatheriidae

Pilosa: Vermilingua (anteaters and tamanduas)

Cyclopedidae

Myrmecophagidae

Pilosa: Folivora (sloths)

Megalonychidae

Jefferson's ground sloth Megalonyx wheatleyi.JPG
Jefferson's ground sloth

Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)

Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)

Megatheriidae

Mylodontidae

Nothrotheriidae

Rodentia (rodents)

Echimyidae

Heteropsomyinae

Echimyinae

Capromyinae (hutias)

Aplodontiidae

(ssp. A. r. nigra: E)

Castoridae (beavers)

North American beaver Castor canadensis.jpg
North American beaver

Zapodidae (jumping mice)

(Preble's meadow jumping mouse, Z. h. preblei: T) and: [n 3]

Erethizontidae (New World porcupines)

Caviidae (cavy family)

Heptaxodontidae (giant hutia)

Dasyproctidae

Cuniculidae

Geomyidae (pocket gophers)

There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.

Botta's pocket gopher Thomomys bottae.jpg
Botta's pocket gopher

Heteromyidae

Ord's kangaroo rat Ord's kangaroo rat.jpg
Ord's kangaroo rat
(Morro Bay kangaroo rat, D. h. morroensis: E)
(San Bernardino kangaroo rat, D. m. parvus: E)
(Fresno subspecies D. n. exilis and Tipton kangaroo rat, D. n. nitratoides: E)
(Pacific pocket mouse, P. l. pacificus: E)

Sciuridae (squirrels)

Eastern gray squirrel Eastern Grey Squirrel in St James's Park, London - Nov 2006 edit.jpg
Eastern gray squirrel
Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus.jpg
Black-tailed prairie dog
Woodchuck Groundhog-Standing2.jpg
Woodchuck
Golden-mantled ground squirrel Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel, Mount Rainier, July 2006.jpg
Golden-mantled ground squirrel
Eastern chipmunk EasternChipmunk23.jpg
Eastern chipmunk

Xerinae: Marmotini (ground squirrels)

Sciurinae: Pteromyini (flying squirrels)

(Carolina northern flying squirrel G. s. coloratus and Virginia northern flying squirrel G. s. fuscus: E)

Sciurinae: Sciurini

(Delmarva fox squirrel, S. n. cinereus: E)
(Mount Graham red squirrel, T. f. grahamensis: E)
(Mount Graham red squirrel, T. h. grahamensis: E)

Cricetidae

There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of mice and voles should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.

Eastern meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus.jpg
Eastern meadow vole
Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus FWS.jpg
Muskrat
Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus.jpg
Deer mouse
Cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus.jpg
Cactus mouse

Arvicolinae

(ssp. scirpen: E)

Neotominae

(Key Largo woodrat, N. f. smalli: E)
(ssp. riparia: E)
(ssp. allapaticola: E)
(Choctawhatchee beach mouse, P. p. allophrys, Perdido Key beach mouse, P. p. trissyllepsis, St. Andrews beach mouse, P. p. peninsularis, Alabama beach mouse, P. p. ammobates and Anastasia Island beach mouse, P. p. phasma: E, Southeastern beach mouse, P. p. niveiventris: T)

Sigmodontinae

Tylomyinae

Primates

Aotidae (night monkeys)

Atelidae

Callitrichidae

Cebidae

Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares)

Leporidae (rabbits and hares)

Black-tailed jackrabbit Btjackrabbit.jpg
Black-tailed jackrabbit
(Lower Keys marsh rabbit, S. p. hefneri: E)

Ochotonidae

Eulipotyphla (moles and shrews)

Talpidae (moles)

Star-nosed mole Condylura.jpg
Star-nosed mole

Soricidae (shrews)

Short-tailed shrew NShortTailedShrew23.jpg
Short-tailed shrew
Cinerous shrew MaskedShrew23.jpg
Cinerous shrew

Solenodontidae

Nesophontidae

Chiroptera (bats)

Molossidae (free-tailed bats)

Emballonuridae (sac-winged bats)

Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)

Vespertilionidae

Indiana bat Indiana Bat FWS.jpg
Indiana bat
Mexican long-nosed bat Leptonycteris nivalis.jpg
Mexican long-nosed bat
(ssp. C. t. virginianus and C. t. ingens: E)

Mormoopidae

Furipteridae

Noctilionidae (bulldog bats)

Phyllostomidae (New World leaf-nosed bats)

Brachyphyllinae

Carolliinae

Desmodontinae (vampire bats)

Glossophaginae

Phyllonycterinae

Phyllostominae

Stenodermatinae

Thyropteridae

Carnivora (carnivorans)

Felidae (cats)

Jaguar Jaguar full.jpg
Jaguar
(ssp. P. o. augusta (E))
(ssp. P. c. couguarE)

Canidae (dogs)

Gray wolf Front view of a resting Canis lupus ssp.jpg
Gray wolf
(ssp. U.l. littoralis, U. l. catalinae, U. l. santarosae and U. l. santacruzae: E)

Ursidae (bears)

Procyonidae

Mustelidae

River otter LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg
River otter
(ssp. E. l. nereis and E. l. kenyoni: T, ssp. E. l. nereis also XN)

Mephitidae

Otariidae (eared seals)

(ssp. E. j. monteriensis: LC, ssp. E. j. jubatus: EN) T (except west of 144° W, where E)

Odobenidae

Phocidae (earless seals)

Harbor seal Seehund.jpg
Harbor seal

Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

Equidae (horse family)

Tapiridae (tapirs)

Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Camelidae

Tayassuidae

Bovidae (bovines)

American bison American bison k5680-1.jpg
American bison
(Desert bighorn sheep, O. c. nelsoni and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, O. c. sierrae: E)
(ssp. S. t. tatarica: EN, ssp. S. t. mongolicaEN)

Cervidae (deer)

(Columbian white-tailed deer, O. v. leucurus and Key deer, O. v. clavium: E)
(Migratory woodland caribou, R. t. caribou: E)

Antilocapridae

(Baja California pronghorn, A. a. peninsularis: E, Sonoran pronghorn, A. a. sonoriensis: E)

Cetacea

Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins)

Killer whales, Orcinus orca near Unimak Island, eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska Killerwhales jumping.jpg
Killer whales, Orcinus orca
near Unimak Island,
eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Monodontidae

Phocoenidae (porpoises)

Kogiidae

Physeteridae

Ziphiidae (beaked whales)

Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus Bluewhale 300.jpg
Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus

Eschrichtiidae (gray whales)

Balaenopteridae (rorquals)

(ssp. brevicauda - pygmy blue whale: DD, ssp. musculus North Pacific stock: LR/cd, ssp. musculus North Atlantic stock: VU)

Balaenidae

Sirenia (sea cows)

Manatee, Trichechus manatus Crystal River, Florida Manatee Florida.jpg
Manatee, Trichechus manatus
Crystal River, Florida

Trichechidae

(ssp. T. m. manatus - Antillean or Caribbean manatee: EN, ssp. T. m. latirostris - Florida manatee: EN)

Dugongidae

Proboscidea

Physical reconstruction of a mammoth and a mastodon MammothVsMastodon.jpg
Physical reconstruction of a mammoth and a mastodon

Elephantidae

Mammutidae

Gomphothere

Introduced mammals

Echimyidae - Echimyinae, Myocastorini

Muridae

Leporidae (rabbits and hares)

Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)

Herpestidae (mongoose)

Mustelidae

Suidae (pigs)

Bovidae (bovines)

Cervidae (deer)

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
    Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  2. ↑ Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as Opossum, D. marsupialis (merged Mexican, D. marsupialis and D. virginiana).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Species split from this species or considered as distinct species alternatively. All these taxa occur in the area of interest, including the one on the left.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294
    Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [Species split from this species or considered as distinct species alternatively.When treating these taxa separately, the one on the left does not occur in the area of interest.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - mentioned only in the description of another species as possible split.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  8. ↑ Texas pocket gopher, Geomys personatus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Baker et al. 2003, [3] - as 2 distinct species: Texas Pocket Gopher G. personatus and Strecker's Pocket Gopher G. streckeri.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - described as the nominative species and 1 or 2 additional distinct species.
  10. ↑ Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002. [4]
  11. ↑ Mammal Species of the World (MSW3) [6] and IUCN Red List, [7] also probably North American Mammals NMNH SI [5] and Baker et al. 2003 [3] - Dipodomys elephantinus merged with D. venustus as D. venustus elephantinus.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Not recognized as a separate species in the Mammal Diversity Database v. 1.10. [9]
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baker et al. 2003, [3] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  14. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - range not clear because described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  15. 1 2 3 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] IUCN Red List. [7]
  16. ↑ Mexican fox squirrel, Sciurus nayaritensis: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - only as Apache fox squirrel S. apache.
  17. ↑ Northern collared lemming, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus: Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Baker et al. 2003 [3] - as 3 distinct species: Peary Land collared lemming D. groenlandicus, Bering collared lemming D. rubricatus and Victoria collared lemming D. kilangmiutak
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with D. exsul .
  18. ↑ Nelson's collared lemming, Dicrostonyx nelsoni: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Baker et al. 2003 [3] - as 2 distinct species: Nelson's collared lemming D. nelsoni and St. Lawrence Island collared lemming D. exsul.
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] - mentioned only in the description of D. groenlandicus as possible split (D. exsul).
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  20. 1 2 Mexican vole, Microtus mexicanus:
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List [7] - M. mexicanus.
    Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002 [4] - only M. mogollonensis.
    North American Mammals NMNH SI [5] - M. mexicanus listed, but only M. mexicanus mogollensis (Arizona and New Mexico) described in "Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus)" chapter.
    IUCN Red List [7] - M. mexicanus sometimes split in two species: M. mexicanus and M. mogollonensis. [14] [15]
    12 subspecies are recognized, 4 occur in the USA (1991 [16] ), Hualapai Mexican vole M. m. hualpaiensis is listed as endangered (E) under the Endangered Species Act. [2] [16]
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] IUCN Red List. [7]
  22. ↑ Northern rock mouse, Peromyscus nasutus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - mentioned only in the description of rock mouse, Peromyscus difficilis that P. difficilis was formerly known as P. nasuts, so range is not clear because these species are merged here.
  23. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - described separately as the nominative species but probably merged with another species.
  24. 1 2 3 Baker et al. 2003, [3] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] IUCN Red List. [7]
  25. 1 2 3 4 Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  26. ↑ North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] IUCN Red List. [7]
  27. ↑ Long-tailed shrew, Sorex dispar: IUCN Red List. [7]

    Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] North American Mammals NMNH SI [5]
    - as 2 distinct species: longtail/long-tailed shrew S. dispar and Gaspé shrew S. gaspensis.
  28. ↑ Gaspé shrew, Sorex gaspensis: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] North American Mammals NMNH SI [5]
  29. ↑ Baker et al. 2003, [3] IUCN Red List. [7]
  30. ↑ Velvety free-tailed bat: Baker et al. 2003, [3] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Kays & Wilson 2002 [4] - it is believed that colonies found in buildings in the Florida Keys were members of Molossidae .
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] IUCN Red List. [7]
  32. ↑ Southwestern myotis, Myotis auriculus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - mentioned only in the description of long-eared myotis, M. evotis as possible split, occurring in southern N. Mexico.
  33. 1 2 North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  34. ↑ Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  35. ↑ Prinstine mustached bat: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3) [6] - possibly Florida.
    Extinct at the end of Pleistocene - in the USA found in Rancholabrean cave deposits in southern Florida (Monkey Jungle Hammock). [21]
  36. ↑ Lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae: Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Baker et al. 2003 [3] - as southern long-nosed bat L. curasoae (L. yerbabuenae was included [22] in L. curasoae as a subspecies [23] ).
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - mentioned only in the description of L. nivalis under the junior synonym [22] L. sanborni as possible split, so range is not clear here.
  37. ↑ Margay: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3). [6]
    Kays & Wilson 2002: [4] last record in Texas from 1852. [4]
  38. ↑ Red fox, Vulpes vulpes: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as North American V. fulva distinct from the Old World species V. vulpes.
  39. ↑ Brown bear, Ursus arctos: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as 2 distinct species: grizzly bear, U. horribilis and Kodiak bear, U. middendorffi, also distinct from the "worldwide" species U. arctos.
  40. ↑ Wolverine, Gulo gulo: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as North American G. luscus distinct from the Old World species G. gulo.
  41. ↑ Least weasel, Mustela nivalis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as North American M. rixosa distinct from the Old World species M. nivalis.
  42. ↑ American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Kays & Wilson 2002 [4] - as 2 distinct species: eastern hog-nosed skunk C. leuconotus and western hog-nosed skunk C. mesoleucus.
  43. ↑ Guadalupe fur seal, Arctocephalus townsendi: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as Guadalupe fur seal A. philippi , formerly A. townsendi.
  44. 1 2 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  45. ↑ Moose, Alces americanus: North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] - as North American A. americanus (distinct from Eurasian elk A. alces).

    Alces alces: IUCN Red List, [7] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002. [4]
  46. ↑ Elk, Cervus canadensis: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] North American Mammals NMNH SI [5] (species list from the database).
    Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI [5] (Field Guide), Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List [7] - as "worldwide" C. elaphus (not North American C. canadensis.)
  47. ↑ Caribou, Rangifer tarandus: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] North American Mammals NMNH SI, [5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - as 3 distinct species: woodland caribou, R. caribou, barren-ground caribou, R. arcticus and Greenland caribou R. tarandus.
  48. ↑ Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] IUCN Red List. [7]
  49. ↑ Pygmy beaked whale: Kays & Wilson 2002: [4] one record in North America, Division of Mammals Collections NMNH SI: [33] two strandings in California (2001 and 2012).
  50. ↑ Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] IUCN Red List. [7]
  51. ↑ House mouse: Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] IUCN Red List. [7]
    Mammal Species of the World (MSW3) [6] - only general range description.
  52. 1 2 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Kays & Wilson 2002. [4]
  53. ↑ Baker et al. 2003, [3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide), [8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  54. ↑ European rabbit: Baker et al. 2003. [3]
    Kays & Wilson 2002 [4] - range not clear (islands on Pacific Coast).
    Introduced to Hawaii. [37]
  55. ↑ Sus scrofa : Baker et al. 2003 [3] - feral pig or wild boar, Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide) [8] - wild boar (Swine), Kays & Wilson 2002 [4] - wild boar, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3) [6] - wild boar - feral populations, IUCN Red List [7] - wild boar - introduced.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baker et al. 2003, [3] Kays & Wilson 2002, [4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3), [6] IUCN Red List. [7]
  57. ↑ Barbary sheep - free ranging. [52] [53]
  58. ↑ Blackbuck - free ranging. [52] [53] [54] [55]
  59. ↑ Nilgai - semi-free-ranging [52] /free-ranging. [53]
  60. ↑ Bezoar ibex - free-ranging: Florida Mountains near Deming New Mexico. [54]
  61. ↑ Gemsbok - free ranging. [57] [54]
  62. ↑ Chital - free-ranging. [52]
  63. ↑ Red deer, elaphus division (not canadensis division) - introduced [6]
  64. ↑ Sambar - free ranging. [53]

References

  1. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries, § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife". US Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Robert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice & Clyde Jones (1 December 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers. Museum of Texas Tech University (229). ISSN   0149-175X . Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America . Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN   0-691-07012-1.
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  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
  12. ↑ Yensen, E. 2019. Urocitellus nancyae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T116989724A116989738. Downloaded on 12 December 2019.
  13. ↑ Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus mollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T116989381A116989399. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T116989381A116989399.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  14. ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & Reid, F. (2008). "Microtus mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  15. ↑ Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Microtus (see comments) mexicanus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  16. 1 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1991). Hualpai Mexican Vole Recovery Plan (PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 28 pp. Retrieved 2014-04-02.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T., Lacher, T. & Vázquez, E. (2017). "Neotoma bryanti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T117189944A22371413. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T117189944A22371413.en . Retrieved 16 January 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Turvey, Samuel T. (May 28, 2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199535095 . Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  19. ↑ Whitaker, John O.; Hamilton, William John (1998-06-28). Mammals of the Eastern United States (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN   9780801434754 . Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  20. ↑ Hutterer, R. (2005). "Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–311. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  21. ↑ Morgan, Gary S.; Emslie, Steven D. (2010). "Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida" (PDF). Quaternary International . 217 (1–2): 143–158. Bibcode:2010QuInt.217..143M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.030 . Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  22. 1 2 Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  23. ↑ Medellín, R. (2016). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T136659A21988965. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136659A21988965.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  24. ↑ Rosa, Carlos L. de la; Nocke, Claudia C. (2010-06-28). A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Texas Press. ISBN   978-0-292-78951-7.
  25. ↑ Lucherini, M. (2015). "Cerdocyon thous". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T4248A81266293. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4248A81266293.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  26. ↑ Nowak, Ronald E. (January 7, 2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. JHU Press. p. 116. ISBN   0-8018-8033-5.
  27. ↑ Trillmich, F. & IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group (2008). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  28. ↑ Ibarra Portillo, R. E.; Herrera Serrano, N. O.; Paniagua Palacios, W. C.; Pérez Chávez, J. E. (2017). "Presencia de leones marinos (Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Otariidae) en El Salvador". Revista Comunicaciones Científicas y Técnológicas (in Spanish). 2 (1): 82–90.
  29. ↑ Trillmich, F. (2015). "Zalophus wollebaeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41668A45230540. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41668A45230540.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  30. ↑ Tenorio, A. R.; Verplancken, F. R. E.; Reynoso, J. P. G.; Márquez, L. A. Á.; Acuña, I. D. B. (2 October 2023). "Records of Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in the southern Mexican Pacific". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 18 (2). doi:10.5597/lajam00311. ISSN   2236-1057.
  31. ↑ Kenny, J. S. (2008). The Biological Diversity of Trinidad and Tobago: A Naturalist's Notes. Prospect Press/MEP. p. 61. ISBN   9-7897-6950-8231.
  32. ↑ Hall, Stephen Austin (Aug 1972). "Holocene Bison occidentalis from Iowa". Journal of Mammalogy . 53 (3): 604–606. doi:10.2307/1379052. JSTOR   1379052.
  33. ↑ "Search the Division of Mammals Collections". Keywords: Mesoplodon peruvianus: STR 13453 Stranding, Skull, Salinas State Beach, Monterey Bay, California, 2001, STR 18334: Stranding, Photograph, Arcata, Humboldt County, California, 2012
  34. ↑ Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T40635A10345818. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40635A10345818.en . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
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  36. ↑ Crossen, K. S. (2005). "5,700-Year-Old Mammoth Remains from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska: Last Outpost of North America Megafauna". Geological Society of America. 37: 463. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  37. ↑ Bloggs, Fred (2011). "The history of mammal eradications in Hawai`i and the United States associated islands of the Central Pacific". In Veitch, C. R; Clout, M. N; Towns, D. R (eds.). Island invasives: eradication and management. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 67–73.
  38. ↑ Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Segniagbeto, G.; Nobimè, G.; Imong, I. (2020). "Cercopithecus mona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T4222A17946672. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  39. ↑ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide to Mammals of North America. Mobi Reference. Boston: MobileReference. 2008. ISBN   9781605012797 . Retrieved 2 April 2014.
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  41. ↑ "Alcoholic Vervet Monkeys! - Weird Nature - BBC animals - YouTube". YouTube .
  42. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ↑ "Vervet monkey: Chlorocebus aethiops - Everglades Invasive Species". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
  44. ↑ Kingdon, J. & Gippoliti, S. (2008). "Chlorocebus sabaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T136265A4267012.
  45. ↑ The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide To Mammals Of North America. Mobi Reference. MobileReference. January 7, 2010. ISBN   9781605012797 . Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  46. ↑ The State | Homepage Archived 2004-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
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  48. ↑ "WIS News 10 - Columbia, South Carolina | 'Monkey Island' found off SC's coast". Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
  49. ↑ Wolfe, Linda, Cambridge University Press (2002). Primates Face to Face. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN   0-521-79109-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bowers, Nora; Bowers, Rick; Kaufmann, Kenn (2004). Mammals of North America . Kaufman focus guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.  168. ISBN   0-618-15313-6 . Retrieved 2014-04-04.
  54. 1 2 3 Deal, Kevin (2010). Wildlife and Natural Resource Management (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN   978-1-4354-5401-9 . Retrieved 2014-04-05.
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Further reading

Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south

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