New York state public-benefit corporations

Last updated

New York state public-benefit corporations and authorities operate like quasi-private corporations, with boards of directors appointed by elected officials, overseeing both publicly operated and privately operated systems. Public-benefit nonprofit corporations share characteristics with government agencies, but they are exempt from many state and local regulations. Of particular importance, they can issue their own debt, allowing them to bypass limits on state debt contained in the New York State Constitution. This allows public authorities to make potentially risky capital and infrastructure investments without directly putting the credit of New York State or its municipalities on the line. As a result, public authorities have become widely used for financing public works, and they are now responsible for more than 90% of the state's debt.

Contents

The growing influence of public authorities over state and local financing, coupled with their ability to avoid regulations applicable to government agencies, has led to calls for reform. Some reforms were passed in the Public Authorities Accountability Act of 2005. [1] The New York State Authorities Budget Office, in their 2018 annual report, noted that there were 47 state authorities and 531 local authorities, including 109 IDAs and 292 not-for-profit corporations created locally, that they provided oversight for in New York State. [2] According to this same ABO report, the operating expenses in 2017 for the 47 state authorities was $34.82 billion. [3] Additionally, the 47 state authorities carried a total of $160.4 billion in outstanding debt. [4]

Origins

Public benefit corporations in New York State have origins in mercantile capitalism. A shared tradition of English common law and Dutch law may explain their origins.

The New York Court of Appeals provided a thorough history of state laws regarding public authorities in the 1994 case Schulz v. State, 84 N.Y.2d 231. [5] As the court explained, state debt limits were first enacted as a reaction to fiscal crises caused by the state's lending of its credit to "irresponsible" canal and railroad corporations in the early nineteenth century. The state was forced to assume these obligations, which amounted to more than three-fifths of the state's entire debt. In 1846, a referendum requirement was added to the state constitution, prohibiting the state from contracting long term debt without approval by the voters.

As early as 1851, the legislature began to search for ways to evade the constitutional debt limit in order to finance public works projects. Canal certificates, which would be repaid through canal revenues, and which by their terms were not state obligations, were nevertheless held to be unconstitutional in Newell v. People, 7 N.Y. 9 (1852). [6] The court held that the state had a moral obligation to repay the debts if canal revenues proved insufficient, and thus the certificates were deemed "an evasion if not a direct violation of the constitution".

In 1921, the legislature chartered the first state public authority, the Port of New York Authority, as a new vehicle for financing public projects while insulating the state from long term debt obligations. In 1926, the Court of Appeals held in Williamsburgh Savings Bank v. State, 243 N.Y. 231, that the state could disclaim any moral obligation for public authority debts. However, amendments to the 1938 Constitution overruled this case and completely disclaimed the state's responsibility for any public authority debt.

The widespread use of public authorities in New York State was pioneered by Robert Moses in the 1930s and 40s. Much of Moses' power base resulted from his tight control of the Triborough Bridge Authority, which allowed him to earmark revenues from tolls on the bridge for other projects in New York City and around the state. He also served as president of the Jones Beach Parkway Authority (1933–1963), president of the Bethpage State Park Authority (1933–1963), and chairman of the New York Power Authority (1954–1962). Moses, through his control of these authorities, was able to build some of New York's most important public works projects, including the Cross Bronx Expressway, the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, and various bridges and parkways. The public authority model allowed Moses to bypass many of the legal restrictions placed on state agencies, allowing him to expedite development but also allowing him to hide project financing, contracting and operational information from public scrutiny. Because of this, he has been criticized for wasteful spending, patronage, and refusing to consider public opposition to his projects.

The 1938 constitutional amendments attempted to limit the proliferation of public authorities by specifying that they could be created only by special act of the state legislature. By 1956, 53 public authorities had been created. In 1990, the Commission on Government Integrity concluded that "At present, so far as Commission staff has been able to determine, no one has even an approximate count of how many of these organizations exist, where they are, much less an accounting of what they do." By 2004, the Office of the State Comptroller had identified at least 640 state and local authorities. [7] The current count stands at 1,098. [8]

Some of the most well known major public benefit corporations in New York State include the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (actually a bi-state authority created by interstate compact), the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and the Empire State Development Corporation. New York has hundreds of lesser-known public benefit corporations, including industrial development agencies and local development corporations.

The Public Authorities Accountability Act of 2005 created the Authority Budget Office in order "to provide the governor and the legislator with conclusions and opinions concerning the performance of public authorities and to study, review and report on the operations, practices and finances of public authorities...." [1] The ABO is intended to promote transparency and accountability and to improve authority governance.

Incorporation and dissolution

The New York State Constitution, Art. X, sec. 5, provides that public benefit corporations may only be created by special act of the legislature. In City of Rye v. MTA, 24 N.Y.2d 627 (1969), the court of appeals explained that "The debates of the 1938 Convention indicate that the proliferation of public authorities after 1927 was the reason for the enactment of section 5 of article X.... Abbott Low Moffat, who supported this proposal, told the convention that its purpose was 'to require the Legislature to pass directly itself upon the establishment of each new authority, and to prevent the enactment of general laws pursuant to which a municipal corporation can itself create a corporation of the authority type'".

While major public authorities can only be created by special legislation, many local development corporations have been created under the general Not-For-Profit Corporation Law. These LDCs function in much the same way as other public benefit corporations and public authorities, but do not need to be established by specific state legislation. Additionally, many public authorities have the power to create subsidiary authorities without additional legislative authorization. An example is the Empire State Development Corporation, which decided in 2007 to dissolve 13 subsidiaries and merge 25 others into a single holding company. [9] ESDC still encompasses many subsidiary organizations. [10]

Public authority financing

The 1938 Constitution "expressly empowered public authorities to contract debt independently of the State". [5] Because of this, the Court of Appeals has repeatedly affirmed that public authorities are distinct from the state and that the state carries no moral obligation to repay their debts. Although the Constitution prohibits the state from lending its credit to public authorities, it does allow the state to make gifts of money to authorities. As a practical result, this has resulted in some authorities receiving annual funding from the state on a consistent basis. Despite the fairly obvious moral obligation that the state carries to continue funding these authorities, which provide incredibly important public services such as road maintenance and transit operations, the Court of Appeals has continued to approve the fiction created by the Constitution's ban on moral obligation debt. As the Court of Appeals stated in Schulz v. State, 84 N.Y.2d 231 (1994), if "modern ingenuity, even gimmickry, have in fact stretched the words of the Constitution beyond the point of prudence, that plea for reform in State borrowing practices and policy is appropriately directed to the public arena". [5] See alsoWein v. State, 39 N.Y.2d 136 (1976); Wein v. Levitt, 42 N.Y.2d 300 (1977).

Financing public projects through public authorities is also attractive because their independent corporate structure theoretically makes them more flexible and efficient than state agencies. Many restrictions placed on state agencies do not apply to public authorities, including, for example, general public bidding requirements (some public bidding requirements do apply under the Public Authorities Law). SeePlumbing, Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning Contr. Ass'n v. N.Y.S. Thruway Auth., 5 N.Y.2d 420 (1959). Most public authorities may also make contracts, and because of public authorities' corporate status, there is generally, no remedy against the state for the breach of such contracts. John Grace & Co. v. State University Constr. Fund, 44 N.Y.2d 84 (1978). Many public authorities, such as industrial development agencies and the Empire State Development Corporation, can also condemn property.

The New York State Public Authorities Control Board was created in 1976 to provide oversight for some of the state's most powerful authorities. [11] Sections 50 and 51 of the Public Authorities Law currently require 11 authorities to receive approval from the PACB prior to entering into contracts for project-related financing. There are five members on the PACB board, all of whom are appointed by the governor and serve year-long terms. [12]

Public authorities are currently responsible for more than 90% of the state's debt and 80% of the state's infrastructure, leading some to refer to them as the "shadow government". [13]

Public authority governance

Public benefit corporations and public authorities are controlled by boards of directors made up of political appointees. Board members have fixed terms and are, at least in theory, considered to be more independent of political influence than elected politicians and appointed agency heads. [14]

Board members and employees of public authorities usually are not considered to be state employees, but are rather employees of the authority. Ciulla v. State, 77 N.Y.S.2d 545 (N.Y. Ct. Cl. 1948). However, public authority employees are covered by the ethics regulations included in section 74 of the Public Officers Law, and the Public Authorities Accountability Act of 2005 imposed additional ethics requirements on board members of some public authorities. Importantly, authority board members are now required to attend training sessions on ethics and governance issues. [14]

Types of public authorities

The New York State Comptroller's Office lists four types of public benefit corporations and authorities:

List of New York state public-benefit corporations

For a more complete list, see a list of New York State public-benefit corporations

Class A public benefit corporations in the New York City Metropolitan Area

Below are some of the authorities operating in and around the New York City metropolitan area.

Battery Park City Authority

Fully titled the Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority, according to its official website, the authority is:

a New York State public benefit corporation whose mission is to plan, create, co-ordinate and maintain a balanced community of commercial, residential, retail, and park space within its designated 92-acre site on the southern tip of Manhattan.

Long Island Power Authority

The Long Island Power Authority or LIPA ["lie-pah"], a municipal subdivision of the State of New York, was created under the Long Island Power Act of 1985 to acquire the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO)'s assets and securities. A second Long Island Power Authority (LIPA), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the first, acquired LILCO's transmission and distribution system in June 1998.

Lower Manhattan Development Corporation

The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) was formed after the September 11 attacks to plan the reconstruction of Lower Manhattan. It was founded by Governor George Pataki and then-Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The LMDC is a joint State-City corporation governed by a 16-member Board of Directors, half appointed by the Governor of New York and half by the Mayor of New York City.

The development corporation is a subsidiary of the Empire State Development Corporation.

Metropolitan Transportation Authority

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority manages public transportation in the New York metropolitan area (this includes the New York City Subway and MTA Regional Bus Operations systems, as well as the Long Island Rail Road and the Metro-North Railroad).

The MTA includes the following subsidiaries:

  • Excess Loss Trust Fund
  • First Mutual Transportation Assurance Company
  • MTA Capital Construction Company
  • MTA Capital Program Review Board
  • Long Island Rail Road Company
  • Metro-North Commuter Rail Road Company
  • New York City Transit Authority & Manhattan & Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority
  • Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority
  • Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority — famously once a fiefdom of Robert Moses, it had performed, as an independent entity, the collection of tolls and the maintenance of the Triborough Bridge. It today operates all intrastate toll bridges in New York City, and is now a subsidiary of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.

New York City Economic Development Corporation

The New York City Economic Development Corporation was founded in 1966 as the New York City Public Development Corporation. It is New York City's official economic development corporation. [15]

Overcoat Development Corporation

The Overcoat Development Corporation was founded in the 1980s in an attempt to convince a men's outerwear company to relocate to New York from Indiana by offering a favourable lease on a building in Amsterdam, New York. This company folded, but the Overcoat Development Corporation continues to exist to service the long-term lease it signed. [16]

Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation

The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation's [17] responsibility is to develop Roosevelt Island, a small strip of land in the East River, part of the borough of Manhattan.

Class A public benefit corporations in Greater New York State

Some of the public benefit corporations outside of New York City's metropolitan area, or serving the entire state, are listed below.

Agriculture and New York State Horse Breeding Development Fund

The Agriculture and New York State Horse Breeding Development Fund serves equine interests in New York State and provides education concerning certain agricultural development.

A 2004 audit of the fund found problems with its management. [18]

Dormitory Authority of the State of New York

The Dormitory Authority of the State of New York (DASNY) provides construction, financing, and allied services that serve the public good, to benefit specifically universities, health care facilities, and court facilities.

Empire State Development

The Empire State Development, also known as the Urban Development Corporation, maintains various programs and subsidiaries to encourage economic development in New York State.

Natural Heritage Trust

The Natural Heritage Trust supports natural resource conservation and historic preservation within New York State through the reception and administration of donations and grants. It partners with several state agencies, including the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and the New York State Department of State; partners also include other public and private entities. The trust was established in 1968. [19] In 2017, it had operating expenses of $1.54 million and a staff of 76 people. Its staffing compensation exceeded its operating expenses in 2017 by almost $1.5 million in the 2018 New York State Authorities Budget Office report. [20]

New York State Thruway Authority

The New York State Thruway Authority maintains the New York State Thruway, a system of limited-access highways within New York State.

New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation

The New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation (EFC) provides low-cost capital, grants, and expert technical assistance for environmental projects in New York State. The EFC has issued more than $13 billion in both tax-exempt and taxable revenue bonds. In 2017, the EFC had operating expenses of $442.35 million, an outstanding debt of $5.917 billion, and 115 employees. [21] The EFC's 2009-2010 budget was in excess of $500 million. The statutory basis for substantially all EFC activity stems from Title 12 of Article 5 of the NYS Public Authorities Law (also called the "EFC Act") in 1970.

Capital District Transportation Authority

The Capital District Transportation Authority (CDTA) is a public benefit organization which provides transportation services to the Capital District of New York State (Albany, Schenectady, and Rensselaer counties plus part of Saratoga). The function of CDTA is to operate public transportation as well as to operate the Amtrak stations in the service area (Albany-Rennselaer, Schenectady, and Saratoga Springs).

It includes the following subsidies:

  • Access Transit Services
  • Capital District Transit System
  • Capital District Transit System, Number 1
  • Capital District Transit System, Number 2
  • CTDA Facilities, Inc.

Central New York Regional Transportation Authority

The Central New York Regional Transportation Authority manages most public transportation in four Central New York counties - Onondaga, Oneida, Oswego and Cayuga. This includes bus service serving the cities of Syracuse, Utica, Rome, Oswego and Auburn. The CNYRTA includes the following subsidiaries:

  • CNY Centro, Inc.
  • Centro of Cayuga
  • Centro of Oswego
  • Centro of Oneida
  • Call-A-Bus Paratransit Services (operates demand-responsive paratransit service in Onondaga County)
  • Centro Parking (operates two state-owned parking garages and various surface lots in the city of Syracuse)
  • ITC, Inc. (operates the William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center in Syracuse)

New York State Bridge Authority

The New York State Bridge Authority owns and operates five bridges on the Hudson River.

Olympic Regional Development Authority

The Olympic Regional Development Authority was designed to administer and manage the Whiteface Mountain Ski Center and the other Winter Olympic venues used during the Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics.

New York Power Authority

The New York Power Authority provides electricity throughout New York State.

New York State Canal Corporation

The New York State Canal Corporation is a subsidiary of the New York Power Authority (it was a subsidiary of the Thruway Authority before 2017). [22] It is responsible for the oversight, administration and maintenance of the New York State Canal System, [23] which consists of the Erie Canal, Cayuga-Seneca Canal, Oswego Canal and Champlain Canal. It is also involved with the development and maintenance of the New York State Canalway Trail and with the general development and promotion of the Erie Canal Corridor as both a tourist attraction and a working waterway.

Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority

The Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority consists of numerous subsidiaries, including:

  • Batavia Bus Service, Inc.
  • Genesee Transportation Service Council Staff, Inc.
  • Lift Line, Inc.
  • Livingston Area Transportation Service, Inc.
  • Orleans Area Transit System, Inc.
  • Regional Transit System, Inc.
  • Renaissance Square Corp.
  • RGRTA Maritime Development Corporation
  • Seneca Transport Systems, Inc.
  • Wayne Area Transportation Service, Inc.
  • Wyoming Transportation Service, Inc.

Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corporation

The Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corporation operates Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center in Buffalo, New York.

United Nations Development Corporation

The United Nations Development Corporation was designed to assist the United Nations with its real estate and development needs.

Healthcare

There are public benefit corporations that oversee the operations of Erie County Medical Center in Buffalo (Erie County Medical Center Corporation), Nassau University Medical Center in East Meadow (Nassau Health Care Corporation), and Westchester Medical Center in Valhalla (Westchester County Health Care Corporation).

Class B public authorities

Class C public authorities

Class C public authorities have local jurisdiction and very few are of significance outside of economic development within towns, villages, and small cities.

New York City School Construction Authority (SCA)

The New York City School Construction Authority's mission is to design and construct public schools for children throughout New York City.

Class D public authorities

Class D public authorities have interstate and international jurisdiction. This is the complete list.

Controversy

Some of these corporations, particularly the "authorities", are criticized as being wasteful or overly secretive. There were more than 640 as of 2004 according to a New York Times editorial. Some attempts at reform have been made. According to the editorial:

[New York State Comptroller Alan] Hevesi has offered a comprehensive bill that incorporates some of the best ideas in other legislation circulating in Albany [to reform the authorities]. It would also create a commission to assess whether all 640 authorities set up over the last 80 years still need to exist. The Overcoat Protection Authority, for one, would seem to have had its day. [26]

The Overcoat Protection Authority actually is not the correct name of the entity in question. The correct name of the entity the Times was speaking of is the Overcoat Development Corporation, [27] which was designed to lure a clothing manufacturer to New York from Indiana in the 1980s. [16]

Lack of oversight is a major concern with New York's authorities. According to the Associated Press:

Out of 643 state and local authorities in New York, only 11 need approval by the Public Authorities Control Board before selling bonds. The comptroller's office gets financial reports from just 53. [28]

In 2004, the New York State Comptroller's Office, headed at the time by Alan Hevesi, became concerned about the debt public authorities were generating:

Most public authorities have the ability to borrow funds by issuing debt. Total public authority debt reached more than $120.4 billion in 2004, and continues to grow. $37 billion of this debt is State-supported, accounting for more than 90 percent of total outstanding State-supported debt. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</span> Public transportation organization in New York

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) is a public benefit corporation responsible for public transportation in the New York City metropolitan area of the U.S. state of New York. The MTA is the largest public transit authority in North America, serving 12 counties in Downstate New York, along with two counties in southwestern Connecticut under contract to the Connecticut Department of Transportation, carrying over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 850,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday.

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA), doing business as MTA Bridges and Tunnels, is an affiliate agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority that operates seven toll bridges and two tunnels in New York City. In terms of traffic volume, it is the largest bridge and tunnel toll agency in the United States, serving more than a million people each day and generating more than $1.9 billion in toll revenue annually as of 2017. As of 2018, its budget was $596 million, funded through taxes and fees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority</span> Public transit operator in Erie and Niagara Counties, New York

The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The NFTA, as an authority, oversees a number of subsidiaries, including the NFTA Metro bus and rail system, the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, the Niagara Falls International Airport and NFTA Small Boat Harbor. The NFTA Metro bus and rail system is a multi-modal agency, utilizing various vehicle modes, using the brand names: NFTA Metro Bus, NFTA Metro Rail, NFTA Metrolink and NFTA PAL. In 2022, the system had a ridership of 14,061,700 or about 53,200 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2023. In addition, the NFTA also owns and manages a number of properties, including the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center in Downtown Buffalo ; the Niagara Falls Transportation Center on Factory Outlet Boulevard; the Portage Road Transit Center in Niagara Falls; and a number of strategically located bus loops and transit centers in the Buffalo Niagara region. Of note, many of the bus loops have been in continuous operation since the days of the International Railway Company, a predecessor to the NFTA. Agency-wide, the NFTA employs 1,500 full-time and part-time employees. There are three business centers that operate as the NFTA organization: Surface Transportation, which handles ground transportation throughout Erie and Niagara counties, Aviation, which handles air related business at the Buffalo-Niagara International Airport and Niagara Falls International Airport and Property Risk/Management, which operates the NFTA-Boat Harbor and handles other properties that are owned and/or operated by the NFTA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hudson–Bergen Light Rail</span> Light rail system in New Jersey, United States

The Hudson–Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) is a light rail system in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Owned by New Jersey Transit (NJT) and operated by the 21st Century Rail Corporation, it connects the communities of Bayonne, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, Union City, and North Bergen.

The Central New York Regional Transportation Authority, commonly referred to as Centro, is a New York State public benefit corporation and the operator of mass transit in Onondaga, Oswego, Cayuga, and Oneida counties in New York state. The CNYRTA was formed on August 1, 1970, along with similar agencies in Rochester, Albany, and Buffalo.

Empire State Development (ESD) is the umbrella organization for New York's two principal economic development public-benefit corporations, the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) and the New York Job Development Authority (JDA). The New York State Department of Economic Development (DED) is a department of the New York government that has been operationally merged into ESD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York State Bridge Authority</span> Public benefit corporation in New York State, United States

The New York State Bridge Authority (NYSBA) is a public benefit corporation in New York State, United States. The NYSBA was born out of the necessity to build a bridge over the Hudson River to link the city of Hudson and the village of Catskill. It owns, operates, and maintains five Hudson River bridge crossings in the Mid-Hudson River Valley of New York State. It also owns and maintains the Walkway Over the Hudson, but that structure is operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York State Canal System</span> Canal system in New York State

The New York State Canal System is a successor to the Erie Canal and other canals within New York. Currently, the 525-mile (845 km) system is composed of the Erie Canal, the Oswego Canal, the Cayuga–Seneca Canal, and the Champlain Canal. In 2014 the system was listed as a national historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in its entirety, and in 2016 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ogdensburg International Airport</span> Public airport in Upstate New York

Ogdensburg International Airport is a public airport located in the town of Oswegatchie, 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Ogdensburg, in St. Lawrence County, New York. It is owned by the Ogdensburg Bridge & Port Authority, which also owns and operates the Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge, Port of Ogdensburg-Marine Terminal Facility, Commerce Park, Port of Waddington, a medium-heavy industrial park and two short line railroads. The Ogdensburg Bridge and Port Authority is a New York State public-benefit corporation. The international airport is just outside the city limits on NY 812. It is used for general aviation and commercial service. Scheduled commercial flights are operated by one airline: Contour Airlines.

The New York State Canal Corporation is a New York State public-benefit corporation responsible for the oversight, administration and maintenance of the New York State Canal System, which consists of the Erie Canal, Cayuga–Seneca Canal, Oswego Canal and Champlain Canal. It is also involved with the development and maintenance of the New York State Canalway Trail and with the general development and promotion of the Erie Canal Corridor as both a tourist attraction and a working waterway. The canal system totals 524 miles in length, and includes 57 locks and 17 lift bridges. The corporation suggests that canal boat travelers reserve 5 days to traverse the Erie Canal portion of the system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York State Department of Transportation</span> Government agency in New York, United States

The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) is the department of the New York state government responsible for the development and operation of highways, railroads, mass transit systems, ports, waterways and aviation facilities in the U.S. state of New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dormitory Authority of the State of New York</span>

The Dormitory Authority of the State of New York provides construction, financing, and allied services which serve the public good of New York State. More specifically, as a New York State public-benefit corporation, DASNY provides services for public and non-proprietary private universities in New York State; for not-for-profit healthcare facilities in the State; and for other New York State-related institutions/purposes. Like other public authorities in New York, DASNY has the flexibility to borrow on behalf of the state through legislative authorization, rather than incurring general obligation debt, which requires voter approval.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Albany–Rensselaer</span> Port in United States

The Port of Albany–Rensselaer, widely known as the Port of Albany, is a port of entry in the United States with facilities on both sides of the Hudson River in Albany and Rensselaer, New York. Private and public port facilities have existed in both cities since the 17th century, with an increase in shipping after the Albany Basin and Erie Canal were built with public funds in 1825.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York energy law</span>

New York energy law is the statutory, regulatory, and common law of the state of New York concerning the policy, conservation, taxation, and utilities involved in energy. Secondary sources have also influenced energy law in New York.

The Albany Health and Human Services Corporation (AHHSC) is a proposed public benefit corporation (PBC) of Albany County, New York, and New York State. On May 11, 2009, Albany County Comptroller Michael Conners in his "2009 State of Fisc" proposed a PBC for health in Albany County. On June 9, 2009, the Albany County, Legislature adopted Resolution 205, which directs the County Executive to develop a plan for the long-term care of the elderly in Albany County.

A Municipal Assistance Corporation (MAC) was an independent New York State public-benefit corporation created by the State of New York for purposes of providing financing assistance and fiscal oversight of a fiscally-distressed city. Two MACs are explicitly designated under New York law.

The New York State Authorities Budget Office (ABO) is an independent office in the state of New York established by the Public Authorities Accountability Act of 2005 and signed into law by Governor Pataki in 2006. In 2009, the ABO was restructured as part of the Public Authorities Reform Act.

The New York Local Government Assistance Corporation is a New York state public-benefit corporation created in 1990 to issue bonds to decrease the state's reliance on short term loans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Development Authority of the North Country</span>

The Development Authority of the North Country (DANC) is a New York State public-benefit corporation. It was created in 1985 by the New York State Legislature to develop and manage the infrastructure needed to support the reactivation of the 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, and to serve the common interests of Jefferson, Lewis and St. Lawrence counties. DANC owns and operates a number of revenue-based infrastructure facilities including water and wastewater facilities, a fiber optic network and a regional landfill. Its staff manages a range of business and housing loan programs that encourage growth and contribute to the prosperity of communities. Its staff also provides fee-based technical services to municipalities including consolidation studies, Geographic Information System hosting and the management of water and wastewater facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hudson River–Black River Regulating District</span>

The Hudson River–Black River Regulating District (HRBRRD) is a New York state public-benefit corporation that traces its formation to the creation of the Black River Regulating District in 1919, and the Hudson River Regulating District in 1922 in response to the severe historical flooding of the cities of Albany, Green Island, Rensselaer, Troy, and Watervliet by the Sacandaga River and Hudson River and its tributaries. The HRBRRD, formed in 1959 by combining the two entities, collects excess runoff to reduce flooding impacts in the Hudson River and Black River basins, and releases this captured water gradually during periods of low river flow to maintain water quality in each river basin. This system was designed to reduce damage from spring storms and snowmelt, including disease and destruction of life and property, and to improve river navigation and public sanitation. The HRBRRD was also formed with hydroelectric generation in mind. It owns and operates several dams—including the Conklingville Dam which formed the Great Sacandaga Lake—and reservoirs.

References

  1. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2012-07-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ↑ "ABO's Annual Report on Public Authorities in New York State" (PDF). July 1, 2018. p. 2.
  3. ↑ "ABO's Annual Report on Public Authorities in New York State" (PDF). July 1, 2018. p. 16.
  4. ↑ "ABO's Annual Report on Public Authorities in New York State" (PDF). July 1, 2018. p. 26,28.
  5. 1 2 3 "Robert L. Schulz, Et Al. V. State Of New York, Et Al". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  6. ↑ Newell v. People, 7 N.Y. 9 (1852).
  7. ↑ "Public Authority Reform" (PDF). Office of the New York State Comptroller. Feb 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  8. 1 2 "New York's Public Authorities by Class". New York State Comptroller. Archived from the original on 2005-12-06. Retrieved 2005-12-09.
  9. ↑ "Empire State Development". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ↑ "Office of the New York State Comptroller - Thomas P. DiNapoli - Home". Osc.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  12. ↑ "Nys Dob: About Pacb". Budget.ny.gov. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  13. ↑ Associated, The (September 3, 2009). "New York's 'shadow government' debt rises to $140 billion". syracuse.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  14. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ↑ "History". NYCEDC. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  16. 1 2 Barry, Dan (March 20, 2004). "About New York; The Cold Facts Of Officialdom, Albany-Style". The New York Times. Section B, Page 1. Retrieved 8 July 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ↑ "Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation". Rioc.ny.gov. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  18. ↑ "Agriculture and New York State Horse Breeding Development Fund - Internal Controls Over Financial Operations [Issued 2/15/05][NY]". Osc.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  19. ↑ "Natural Heritage Trust". NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  20. ↑ "NYSABO 2018 Report" (PDF). November 5, 2018. pp. 16, 44.
  21. ↑ "NYSABO 2018 Report" (PDF). November 5, 2018. pp. 16, 29, 44.
  22. ↑ "N.Y. Power Authority to Assume Ownership of Canal Corporation on New Year's Day". NY Power Authority. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  23. ↑ "New York State Canals". Canals.ny.gov. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  24. ↑ "Adirondack Park Institute". Archived from the original on 2005-12-25.
  25. ↑ "PATH - The Port Authority of NY & NJ". Panynj.gov. 2013-03-03. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  26. ↑ "Everybody Wants Reform". The New York Times . 28 February 2004. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  27. ↑ "Office of the New York State Comptroller". Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2005-11-22.
  28. ↑ (Johnson, Mark. "Hevesi proposes reforms for state authorities," Associated Press, February 24, 2004)
  29. ↑ "Office of the New York State Comptroller - Thomas P. DiNapoli - Public Authorities". Osc.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.