Pentadiene

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In organic chemistry, pentadiene is any hydrocarbon with an open chain of five carbons, connected by two single bonds and two double bonds. All those compounds have the same molecular formula C5H8. The inventory of pentadienes include:

Contents

Well known derivatives containing pentadiene groups include hexadienes, cyclopentadiene, and especially three fatty acids linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid as well as their triglycerides (fats).

Preparation and basic reactions

1,4-Pentadiene can be prepared from 1,5-pentadiol via the diacetate. [6]

1,3-Pentadiene, like 1,3-butadiene, undergoes a variety of cycloaddition reactions. For example, it forms a sulfolene upon treatment with sulfur dioxide. [7]

Pentadienyl

Pentadienyl refers to the organic radical, anion, or cation with the formula [CH2(CH)3CH2]z, where z = 0, −1, +1, respectively.

Biochemistry

Methylene-interrupted polyenes are 1,4-pentadiene groups found in polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid. These pentadiene derivatives are susceptible to lipid peroxidation, far moreso than monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids. The basis for this reactivity is the weakness of doubly allylic C-H bonds, leading to pentadienyl radicals. A range of reactions with oxygen occur. Products include fatty acid hydroperoxides, epoxy-hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids, jasmonates, divinylether fatty acids, and leaf aldehydes. Some of these derivatives are signallng molecules, some are used in plant defense (antifeedants), some are precursors to other metabolites that are used by the plant. [8]

Cyclooxygenases ("COX") are enzymes that generate prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins such as prostacyclin. Aspirin and ibuprofen exert their effects through inhibition of COX.

Mechanism of COX activation and catalysis. The tyrosyl radical can abstracts the 13-pro(S) hydrogen of arachidonic acid to generate a pentadienyl radical, initiating the COX cycle. PGG2 mechanism.png
Mechanism of COX activation and catalysis. The tyrosyl radical can abstracts the 13-pro(S) hydrogen of arachidonic acid to generate a pentadienyl radical, initiating the COX cycle.

Drying and rancidification

Simplified chemical reactions associated with the formation of a hydroperoxide from a typical polyunsaturated fatty acid. In the second step, the hydroperoxide combines with another unsaturated side chain to generate a crosslink. DryOilSteps.svg
Simplified chemical reactions associated with the formation of a hydroperoxide from a typical polyunsaturated fatty acid. In the second step, the hydroperoxide combines with another unsaturated side chain to generate a crosslink.

Fats containing 1,4-pentadiene groups are drying oils, i.e. film-forming liquids suitable as paints. One practical consequence is that polyunsaturated fatty acids have poor shelf life owing to their tendency toward autoxidation, leading, in the case of edibles, to rancidification. Metals accelerate the degradation.

Organometallic chemistry

In organometallic chemistry, the pentadienyl anion is a ligand, the acyclic analogue of the more-common cyclopentadienyl anion. The pentadienyl anion is generated by deprotonation of pentadiene. A number of complexes are known, including bis(pentadienyl) iron, Fe(C5H7)2, the "open" analog of ferrocene. Only few pentadienyl complexes feature simple C5H7 ligands. More common is the dimethyl derivative 2,4-Me2C5H5. Additionally, many pentadienyl ligands are cyclic, being derived from the addition of hydride to η6-arene complexes or hydride abstraction from cyclohexadiene complexes. [10] [11]

The first pentadienyl complex to be reported was derived from protonolysis of a complex of pentadienol: [12]

Fe(C5H7OH)(CO)3 + H+ → [Fe(C5H7)(CO)3]+ + H2O

Treatment of this cation with sodium borohydride gives the pentadiene complex:

[Fe(C5H7)(CO)3]+ + H− → Fe(C5H8)(CO)3

Further reading

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References

  1. ↑ James R. Durig, Stephen Bell, Gamil A. Guirgis (1996): "Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment for 1,2-pentadiene (ethyl allene)". Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, volume 52, issue 14, pages 1843-1859. doi : 10.1016/S0584-8539(96)01740-0
  2. ↑ Aldo Priola, Sebastiano Cesca, Giuseppe Ferraris, and Mario Bruzzone (1975): "Relative reactivity of cis‐ and trans‐1,3‐pentadiene in the cationic copolymerization with isobutene". Die Makromolekulare Chemie, volume 176, issue 7, pages 1969-1981. doi : 10.1002/macp.1975.021760707
  3. ↑ S. Boue and Rangaswamy Srinivasan (1970): "Differences in reactivity between excited states of cis- and trans-1,3-pentadiene". Journal of the American Chemical Association, volume 92, issue 10, pages 3226–3227. doi : 10.1021/ja00713a074
  4. ↑ Paul N. Kogerman (1930): "Synthesis of 1,4-pentadiene". Journal of the American Chemical Association, volume 52, issue 12, pages 5060–5065. doi : 10.1021/ja01375a064
  5. ↑ Kenneth B. Wiberg, Yi-gui Wang, Shaun M. Wilson, Patrick H. Vaccaro, William L. Jorgensen, T. Daniel Crawford, Micah L. Abrams, James R. Cheeseman, and Mark Luderer (2008): "Optical Rotatory Dispersion of 2,3-Hexadiene and 2,3-Pentadiene". Journal of Physical Chemistry A J. Phys. Chem. A , 112, 2415-2422. doi : 10.1021/jp076572o
  6. ↑ R. E. Benson, B. C. McKusick, Oliver Grummitt, E. P. Budewitz, C. C. Chudd (1958). "1,4-Pentadiene". Organic Syntheses. 38: 78. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.038.0078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Robert L. Frank, Raymond P. Seven (1949). "Isoprene Cyclic Sulfone". Organic Syntheses. 29: 59. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.029.0059.
  8. ↑ Feussner, Ivo; Wasternack, Claus (2002). "The Lipoxygenase Pathway". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53: 275–297. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135248. PMID   12221977.
  9. ↑ Ned A. Porter, Sarah E. Caldwell, Karen A. Mills "Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids" Lipids 1995, volume 30, Pages 277-290. doi : 10.1007/BF02536034
  10. ↑ Lothar Stahl; Richard D. Ernst (2007). "Pentadienyl Complexes of the Group 4 Transition Metals". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 55: 137–199. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(07)55003-3. ISBN   978-0-12-373978-0.
  11. ↑ Richard D. Ernst (1988). "Structural and reactivity patterns in transition-metal-pentadienyl chemistry". Chem. Rev. 88 (7): 1255–1291. doi:10.1021/cr00089a013.
  12. ↑ Mahler, J. E.; Pettit, R. (1962). "Pentadienyl and Hexadienyl Carbonium Ions as Ligands in Stable Complex Cations". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84 (8): 1511–1512. doi:10.1021/ja00867a051.
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