Darier's disease

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Darier's disease
Other namesDarier disease, Darier–White disease, [1] Dyskeratosis follicularis, [1] and Keratosis follicularis [2] : 523  [3] : 567 
Specialty Medical genetics   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

Darier's disease (DD) is a rare, genetic skin disorder. It is an autosomal dominant disorder discovered by French dermatologist Ferdinand-Jean Darier in 1889.

Contents

Mild forms of the disease are the most common, consisting of skin rashes that flare up under conditions such as high humidity, high stress, or tight-fitting clothes. Short stature, combined with poorly-formed fingernails that contain vertical striations, is diagnostic even for mild forms. Symptoms usually appear in late childhood or early adulthood between the ages of 15 and 30 years and will vary over the lifespan, mainly from flareups.

More severe cases are characterized by dark crusty patches on the skin that are mildly greasy and that can emit a strong odor. These patches, also known as keratotic papules, keratosis follicularis, or dyskeratosis follicularis, most often appear on the arms, chest, back and legs. [4]

DD was initially studied by dermatologists. Recent research however suggests DD has a whole-body effect, including cognitive (learning and intellectual) deficits, and mental health issues, particulatly depression.

Diagnosis and symptoms

Rash associated with Darier's disease Darier disease rash.jpg
Rash associated with Darier's disease
Malformed, weak nails with V-shaped chips, a common sign of Darier's disease Darier disease nails.jpg
Malformed, weak nails with V-shaped chips, a common sign of Darier's disease
Linear Darier's disease Darier's disease.jpg
Linear Darier's disease

Diagnosis of Darier disease is often made by the appearance of the skin, family history, or genetic testing for the mutation in the ATP2A2 gene. However, many individuals are never diagnosed because of the mildness of their symptoms. Mild cases present clinically as minor rashes (without odor) that can become exacerbated by heat, humidity, stress, and sunlight.

The symptoms of the disease are thought to be caused by an abnormality in the desmosome-keratin filament complex leading to a breakdown in cell adhesion. [6] [5]

Clinical symptoms of the disease:[ citation needed ]

Epidemiology and mental health

Worldwide prevalence of DD is estimated as between 1:30,000 and 1:100,000. Case studies have shown estimated prevalence by country to be 3.8:100,000 in Slovenia, [9] 1:36,000 in north-east England, [10] 1:30,000 in Scotland, [11] and 1:100,000 in Denmark. [12]

DD is seen in males and females equally. Symptoms typically arise between the ages of 15 and 30, and vary over the lifetime, in particular flareups that need to be managed. DD is inherited (genetic), and in particular can be traced in family groups in specific geographic localities.

Darier's disease is a non-communicable disorder, but secondary infections by bacteria and viruses can be spread to others.

DD was initially identified and studied by dermatologists as a purely skin disease. Recent research however suggests DD has a whole-body effect, including cognitive and mental health issues. [13]

A study of 100 British individuals diagnosed with Darier's disease reported that affected individuals display elevated frequencies of neuropsychiatric conditions. They had high lifetime rates for mood disorders (50%), including depression (30%), bipolar disorder (4%), suicidal thoughts (31%), and suicide attempts (13%). [13]

A Swedish study of 770 individuals with DD showed a six-fold risk of being diagnosed with an intellectual disability, compared to matched Swedish population controls. [14]

A study of 76 DD patients found that 41% reported learning difficulties, notably reading difficulties, and 74% reported a familiy history of learning disabilities. [15]

Genetics

Mutations in a single gene, ATP2A2, are responsible for the development of Darier's disease. ATP2A2 encodes the SERCA2 protein, which is a calcium pump localized to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in nearly all cells and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells. The ER is where protein processing and transport begins for proteins targeted for secretion. The SR is a specialized form of ER found in muscle cells that sequesters calcium, the regulated efflux of which into the cytosol stimulates muscle fiber contraction. Calcium acts as a second messenger in many cellular signal transduction pathways. SERCA2 is required for Ca2+ signaling in cells by removing nearly all Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm and storing them in the ER/SR compartments. [16] [17] [6] [18]

Darier's disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant - en.svg
Darier's disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

A large number of mutant alleles of ATP2A2 have been identified in association with Darier's Disease. One study of 19 families and 6 sporadic cases found 24 specific, novel mutations associated with DD symptoms. This study reported a loose, imperfect correlation between the severity of ATP2A2 mutations with the severity of the condition. Significant variability in disease severity between members of the same family carrying the same mutation was also reported by this study, suggesting that genetic modifiers contribute to the phenotypic penetrance of certain mutations. [19]

The mutation is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that only one allele needs to be mutated in order to express the trait. This also means that someone who is born to one parent with DD has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutant allele and having the disease. Loss-of-function mutations typically display recessive inheritance while the gain-of-function or hyperactive function of proteins is characteristic of dominant mutations. The observation that only one mutated allele of the SERCA2 is sufficient to produce clinical symptoms suggests that proper "gene dosage" is necessary for maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in cells. [17] This means that two wild type copies of ATP2A2 are needed for proper cell function, which provides a logical basis for dominant phenotypes arising from loss-of-function alleles. Most ATP2A2 mutations are haploinsufficiency mutations, which means that only having only one functional copy of the functional gene results in a reduced level of protein expression that is not sufficient for wild type function for making enough of the coded protein for the cell to function properly. However, there is significant variability in disease severity in how the mutations are expressed even within families that have the same mutation. It is currently unclear in the current research why a reduction in SERCA2 expression/activity causes clinical symptoms restricted to the epidermis. One hypothesis that some researchers have given is that other cell types express additional "back-up" Ca2+ pumps that can compensate for the reduced function or expression of the SERCA2 protein, while skin cells rely exclusively on the SERCA2 gene for calcium sequestration, meaning only they are affected by its reduction in expression. [6]

Linear Darier's disease

Some cases of DD result from somatic mutations to ATP2A2 in epidermal stem cells. These cases are referred to as instances of "linear" Darier's disease. Such individuals display phenotypic mosaicism, where the Darier's phenotype only affects the subset of epidermal tissue arising from the mutated progenitor cell.  Somatic mutations are not inherited by the offspring of such individuals. [20]

Treatment

Treatment of Darier disease depends on the severity of the presented clinical symptoms. In most minor cases, the disorder can be managed using sunscreen, moisturizing lotions, avoidance of non-breathable clothing, and excessive perspiration. In mild cases, signs and symptoms may clear up completely through hygienic interventions. Most patients with Darier's disease live normal, healthy lives.

In more severe cases of Darier's disease, hospitalisation may be required to heal affected individuals who display frequent relapse and remit patterns.

Rapid resolution of rash symptoms can be complicated due to the increased vulnerability of affected skin surfaces by secondary bacterial or viral infections. The main bacteria is epidermal Staphylococcus aureus. The main viruses are human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). In these cases, topical and/or oral antibiotics (for bacteria) and antiviral medications (for viruses) may need to be prescribed. [21]

Typical recommendations are the application of antiseptics, soaking in astringents, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, [22] and topical diclofenac sodium. [23] [24]

If Darier's is more localized, common treatments include:[ citation needed ]

If symptoms are severe, oral retinoids are prescribed and have been proven to be 90% effective. However, there can be many adverse side-effects associated with prolonged use. [26] Common oral retinoids include acitretin, isotretinoin, and cyclosporine.

Some patients are able to prevent flares with use of topical sunscreens and oral vitamin C. [27]

Further information on and advocacy work for Darier's disease are provided by the FIRST Skin Foundation. [28]

History

Darier's disease was first described by the Frech dermatologist Ferdinand-Jean Darier in the journal Annales de dermatologie et de syphilographie. [29] Darier was a well-regarded dermatologist of the time who was the head of the medical department at the Hôpital Saint-Louis. Darier was an early proponent of histopathology, or the examination of samples of diseased flesh under a microscope to determine the cause of illnesses. Using this technique, he was able to uncover the origins of Darier's disease and a host of others that also bear his name. [30]

James Clarke White, a dermatologist at Harvard Medical School, independently characterized and published his observations on this dermatological disorder in the same year as Darier (1889), which is why the condition is sometimes referred to as Darier-White disease. [31]

Court case

In Singapore, a man escaped the death penalty for murder as a result of Darier's disease. Ong Teng Siew, a Malaysian chicken slaughterer aged 27, was charged with murdering a 82-year-old opium addict Ng Gee Seh in December 1995. [32] [33] Ong was sentenced to death in August 1996 after the trial court found him guilty of murder, [34] and while he was appealing against his conviction, Ong was hospitalized in September 1996 for an outbreak of Darier's disease, which had previously went undiagnosed. After his lawyer discovered that the disease had a causal link to psychiatric disorders, this new evidence enabled Ong to successfully apply for a re-trial. [35] The court accepted the new evidence and that Ong was suffering from diminished responsibility as a result of Darier's disease, and therefore he was found guilty of a lesser offence of manslaughter and he was re-sentenced to life imprisonment. [36] [37]

See also

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References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. ISBN   978-1-4160-2999-1.
  2. ↑ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN   0-07-138076-0.
  3. ↑ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN   0-7216-2921-0.
  4. ↑ Sehgal, V. N.; Srivastava, G. (2005). "Darier's (Darier-White) disease/keratosis follicularis". International Journal of Dermatology. 44 (3): 184–192. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02408.x. PMID   15807723. S2CID   45303870.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Darier disease NZ". DermNet. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  6. 1 2 3 Reference, Genetics Home. "Darier disease". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  7. ↑ "Darier disease | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  8. ↑ "Acrokeratosis Verruciformis of Hopf: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". 2020-03-26.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Godic A, Miljkovic J, Kansky A, Vidmar G (June 2005). "Epidemiology of Darier's Disease in Slovenia". Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 14 (2): 43–8. PMID   16001099.
  10. ↑ Munro CS (August 1992). "The phenotype of Darier's disease: penetrance and expressivity in adults and children". Br. J. Dermatol. 127 (2): 126–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb08044.x. PMID   1390140. S2CID   2911858.
  11. ↑ Tavadia S, Mortimer E, Munro CS (January 2002). "Genetic epidemiology of Darier's disease: a population study in the west of Scotland". Br. J. Dermatol. 146 (1): 107–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04559.x. PMID   11841374. S2CID   42621572.
  12. ↑ Burge SM, Wilkinson JD (July 1992). "Darier-White disease: a review of the clinical features in 163 patients". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 27 (1): 40–50. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(92)70154-8. PMID   1619075.
  13. 1 2 Gordon-Smith K, Jones LA, Burge SM, Munro CS, Tavadia S, Craddock N (September 2010). "The neuropsychiatric phenotype in Darier disease". Br. J. Dermatol. 163 (3): 515–22. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09834.x. PMID   20456342. S2CID   22856369.
  14. ↑ Cederlof M, Karlsson R, et al. (July 2015). "Intellectual disability and cognitive ability in Darier disease: Swedish nation-wide study". Br. J. Dermatol. 173 (1): 155–8. doi:10.1111/bjd.13740. PMID   25704118.
  15. ↑ Dodiuk-Gad M, Lerner Z, et al. (2014). "Learning disabilities in Darier's disease patients". J. Eur. Acad. Dermat. Vener. 28 (3): 314–319.
  16. ↑ Monk, Sarah; Sakuntabhai, Anavaj; Carter, Simon A.; Bryce, Steven D.; Cox, Roger; Harrington, Louise; Levy, Elaine; Ruiz-Perez, Victor L.; Katsantoni, Eleni; Kodvawala, Ahmer; Munro, Colin S. (April 1998). "Refined Genetic Mapping of the Darier Locus to a <1-cM Region of Chromosome 12q24.1, and Construction of a Complete, High-Resolution P1 Artificial Chromosome/Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Contig of the Critical Region". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (4): 890–903. doi:10.1086/301794. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   1377034 . PMID   9529352.
  17. 1 2 Foggia, Lucie; Hovnanian, Alain (2004). "Calcium pump disorders of the skin". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics (in French). 131C (1): 20–31. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30031 . ISSN   1552-4876. PMID   15468148. S2CID   675895.
  18. ↑ Sakuntabhai, Anavaj; Ruiz-Perez, Victor; Carter, Simon; Jacobsen, Nick; Burge, Susan; Monk, Sarah; Smith, Melanie; Munro, Colin S.; O'Donovan, Michael; Craddock, Nick; Kucherlapati, Raju (March 1999). "Mutations in ATP2A2, encoding a Ca 2+ pump, cause Darier disease". Nature Genetics. 21 (3): 271–277. doi:10.1038/6784. ISSN   1546-1718. PMID   10080178. S2CID   38684482.
  19. ↑ Ruiz-Perez, Victor L.; Carter, Simon A.; Healy, Eugene; Todd, Carole; Rees, Jonathan L.; Steijlen, Peter M.; Carmichael, Andrew J.; Lewis, Helen M.; Hohl, D.; Itin, Peter; Vahlquist, Anders (1999-09-01). "ATP2A2 Mutations in Darier's Disease: Variant Cutaneous Phenotypes Are Associated with Missense Mutations, But Neuropsychiatry Features Are Independent of Mutation Class". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (9): 1621–1630. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.9.1621 . ISSN   0964-6906. PMID   10441324.
  20. ↑ Sakuntabhai, Anavaj; Dhitavat, Jittima; Hovnanian, Alain; Burge, Susan (December 2000). "Mosaicism for ATP2A2 Mutations Causes Segmental Darier's Disease". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 115 (6): 1144–1147. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00182.x . ISSN   0022-202X. PMID   11121153.
  21. ↑ Hohl, D. Hand, J. Darier disease. (2017) Uptodate. https://medilib.ir/uptodate/show/15462
  22. ↑ Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry (Champe, Harvey & Ferrier, ISBN   0-7817-2265-9, 3rd ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2005)
  23. ↑ Kamijo M, Nishiyama C, Takagi A, Nakano N, Hara M, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H (May 2012). "Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition restores ultraviolet B-induced downregulation of ATP2A2/SERCA2 in keratinocytes: possible therapeutic approach of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition for treatment of Darier disease". Br. J. Dermatol. 166 (5): 1017–22. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10789.x. PMID   22413864. S2CID   42918432.
  24. ↑ Millán-Parrilla F, Rodrigo-Nicolás B, Molés-Poveda P, Armengot-Carbó M, Quecedo-Estébanez E, Gimeno-Carpio E (April 2014). "Improvement of Darier disease with diclofenac sodium 3% gel". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 70 (4): e89–e90. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.033 . PMID   24629373.
  25. ↑ "Dermabrasion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  26. ↑ "How do retinol creams work, anyway?". Sundaily. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  27. ↑ Andrew's Diseases of the Skin (James, Berger, Elston, 10th ed., Saunders Elsevier, 2006)
  28. ↑ "FIRST Skin Foundation". Archived from the original on 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  29. ↑ Crissey, John Thorne; Parish, Lawrence C.; Holubar, Karl (2013). "Late nineteenth century French dermatology". Historical Atlas of Dermatology and Dermatologists. CRC Press. p. 75. ISBN   978-1-84184-864-8.
  30. ↑ Cadogan, Dr Mike (2019-03-01). "Ferdinand-Jean Darier • LITFL". Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  31. ↑ "Keratosis Follicularis (Darier Disease): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Medscape . 2020-10-01.
  32. ↑ "Was he murdered?". The New Paper. 29 December 1995.
  33. ↑ "Chicken slaughterer charged with murder". The Straits Times. 4 January 1996.
  34. ↑ "Man gets death for murdering opium addict, 82". The Straits Times. 13 August 1996.
  35. ↑ "Did man's skin disease lead him to kill addict?". The Straits Times. 24 February 1998.
  36. ↑ "Skin disease may save man's life". The Straits Times. 18 April 1998.
  37. ↑ "Skin disease saves man's neck". The Straits Times. 28 May 1998.

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