Philosophy of sport

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Philosophy of sport is an area of philosophy that seeks to conceptually analyze issues of sport as human activity. These issues cover many areas, but fall primarily into five philosophical categories: metaphysics, ethics and moral philosophy, philosophy of law, political philosophy and aesthetics. The philosophical perspective on sport originated in Ancient Greece, having experienced a revival in the latter part of the 20th century [1] with the work of Paul Weiss and Howard Slusher. [2] [3]

Contents

A philosophical perspective on sports incorporates its metaphysical relationships with art and play, ethical issues of virtue and fairness and more broadly sociopolitical. [1]

History of the philosophy of sport

Sport and philosophy in ancient Greece

Ancient Greece is considered the birthplace of both ancient philosophy and Olympic sport. Hellenistic philosophies hung great significance on athletic performance. A leader's athletic prowess, according to the view of the times, reflected their ability to lead. [4] (Games of the Phaeacians in Homer's Odyssey ) Sport was seen as an epistemic inquiry, a methodological process by which we learn the objective truth of a person's athletic potential by actualizing it in athletic competition. Athletics as a measure of individual worth was seen as a cure to social inequality. Sport was even seen as moral education, with Plato advocating the participation of women in sport for their moral enrichment. Aristotle emphasized physical activity as an ethical responsibility. [1]

19th century predecessors

Philosophical considerations of sport and physical and activity were discussed as a subset of educational reform in the late 19th century as the link between physical education and health and well-being gained appreciation among scholars. To many of the time, the health and educational benefits of physical activity were a component of public life. Inadvertently, many non-philosopher proponents of physical education took on philosophical positions on teleology, mind-body dualism and metaphysics as part of their model of human agency and personhood. In a broader context, political philosophy entered the picture as thinkers of the time, in response to pressing social and political issues of the day associated civic duty, responsible citizenship and other political features to sport. [3] While much of the focus has been on the work done in the West, philosophers of sport acknowledge the importance of work done in the East, particularly Japan. [5]

Contemporary philosophy of sport

The resurgence of interest in philosophy of sport was marked by Yale philosopher Paul Weiss' book publication Sport: A Philosophical Inquiry (1969), considered the first book-length text in philosophy of sport. In it, Weiss explains the dearth of work in philosophy of sport as a reflection of academic elitism. Sport was always considered vulgar or common, according to Weiss. [6]

Important questions in philosophy of sport are concerned with the social virtues of sport, the aesthetics of sporting performances and display, the epistemology of individual and team strategy and techniques, sporting ethics, the logic of rules in sport, metaphysics of sport as a component of human nature or instinct, etc. [5] However, some writers have composed a philosophy of sport in terms of the body, art and its intersections with generation X sports, such as bouldering, surfing, skateboarding. [7]

Other areas of intersection with contemporary areas of philosophy include philosophy of education, philosophy of law, philosophy of mind, philosophy of rules, philosophy of science, social philosophy and political philosophy.

Issues in philosophy of sport

Distinguishing sport from play and games

Sport is thought in terms of both play and games, yet is not identical with either. "There are few words in the English language which have such a multiplicity of divergent meanings as the word sport,” wrote H. Graves at the beginning of the 20th century. [8] The continued debate about the definition of sport continues to support the observation. In his seminal and aptly named "Tricky Triad: Games, Play, and Sport" (1988), Bernard Suits distinguishes sport as "enterprises or institutions" which mere play or game fail to meet. [9] Other scholars have developed challenging accounts from Suits on all three, and have disputed his definition of sport. One additional requirement proposed is that sport must demonstrate some physical skill of the participants, which the outcome is designed to reflect. [10]

Ethics

Ethical issues in philosophy of sport predominantly center on athlete behavior in relation to rules of the game, other athletes, spectators, external factors such as socioeconomic issues among supporters and communities, and issues of doping.

Issues of doping in sport such as steroid use focus on the ethics of medical intervention on athletic performance: what is acceptable versus what is not, and how boundaries can be drawn. Particular attention is given to the question of what factors ought to be taken into consideration when banning certain medical interventions.

These and other issues are usually compared and contrasted through the lenses of three significant moral theories: consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics. [11]

Most Valuable Player problem

The concept of the 'most valuable player' is discussed within the field of philosophy of sport. Philosophers Stephen Kershnar and Neil Feit argue that the concept of the MVP is a fundamentally vague concept, but yet valuable in that it promotes the active discussion of different types of excellence found within a specific sport and the weight to be assigned these types, thus leading to a gain for the discussants. [12] Stephen Kershnar termed this vagueness the 'Most Valuable Player Problem'. [13] He offered a solution to the problem but later recanted it, conceding that the problem remains unsolved. [14]

Related Research Articles

Axiology is the philosophical study of value. It includes questions about the nature and classification of values and about what kinds of things have value. It is intimately connected with various other philosophical fields that crucially depend on the notion of value, like ethics, aesthetics or philosophy of religion. It is also closely related to value theory and meta-ethics. The term was first used by Eduard von Hartmann in 1887 and by Paul Lapie in 1902.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethics</span> Philosophical study of morality

Ethics or moral philosophy is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. It investigates normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. It is usually divided into three major fields: normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics.

Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates questions regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.

Moral realism is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world, some of which may be true to the extent that they report those features accurately. This makes moral realism a non-nihilist form of ethical cognitivism with an ontological orientation, standing in opposition to all forms of moral anti-realism and moral skepticism, including ethical subjectivism, error theory, and non-cognitivism. Moral realism's two main subdivisions are ethical naturalism and ethical non-naturalism.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Applied philosophy</span> Branch of philosophy

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alasdair MacIntyre</span> Scottish philosopher (born 1929)

Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre is a Scottish-American philosopher who has contributed to moral and political philosophy as well as history of philosophy and theology. MacIntyre's After Virtue (1981) is one of the most important works of Anglophone moral and political philosophy in the 20th century. He is senior research fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP) at London Metropolitan University, emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, and permanent senior distinguished research fellow at the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture. During his lengthy academic career, he also taught at Brandeis University, Duke University, Vanderbilt University, and Boston University.

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<i>After Virtue</i> 1981 book by Alasdair MacIntyre

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffrey Sayre-McCord</span> American philosopher

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Professor David Simon Oderberg is an Australian philosopher of metaphysics and ethics based in Britain since 1987. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading. He describes himself as a non-consequentialist or a traditionalist in his works. Broadly speaking, Oderberg places himself in opposition to Peter Singer and other utilitarian or consequentialist thinkers. He has published over thirty academic papers and has authored six books: The Metaphysics of Good and Evil, Opting Out: Conscience and Cooperation in a Pluralistic Society, Real Essentialism, Applied Ethics, Moral Theory, and The Metaphysics of Identity over Time. Professor Oderberg is an alumnus of the Universities of Melbourne, where he completed his first degrees, and Oxford where he gained his D.Phil.

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This is a list of philosophical literature articles.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Reid, Heather (September 2012). Introduction to the Philosophy of Sport (Elements of philosophy). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN   978-0742570627.
  2. ↑ Quinton, Anthony (August 21, 1969) Locker Room Metaphysics. nybooks.com
  3. 1 2 Kretchmar, R. Scott (November 1996). "Chapter Six: Philosophy of Sport". In Massengale, John D.; Swanson, Richard A. (eds.). The History of Exercise and Sport Science. Human Kinetics Publishers. pp. [181]. ISBN   0873225244.
  4. ↑ Hardman, Alun; Jones, Carwyn, eds. (2010). Philosophy of Sport. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4438-2516-0.
  5. 1 2 Resource Guide to the Philosophy of Sport and Ethics of Sport. Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Network, October 2008
  6. ↑ Shouler, Kenneth (2003) If Life is Finite, Why am I Watching this Damn Game? Philosophy Now
  7. ↑ Sanzaro, Francis (April 2013). The Boulder: A Philosophy for Bouldering. ISBN   978-0954877996.
  8. ↑ Graves, H. (1900). "A Philosophy of Sport." The Contemporary Review, vol. 78, 877.
  9. ↑ Suits, Bernard (1988). "Tricky Triad: Games, Play, and Sport." Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, No. 1:1-9.
  10. ↑ Meier, Klaus (1988). "Triad trickery: Playing with sport and games." Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 15.1: 11-30.
  11. ↑ McNamee, Mike. Ethics and Sport. philosophyofsport.org.uk
  12. ↑ Kershnar, Stephen & Feit, Neil (2001). The Most Valuable Player. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 28 (2):193-206.
  13. ↑ Kershnar, Stephen (2008). Solving the most valuable player problem. Journal of Social Philosophy 39 (1):141–159.
  14. ↑ Kershnar, Stephen (2011). The Most-Valuable-Player Problem Remains Unsolved. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 38 (2):167-174.

Further reading

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