South Atlantic tropical cyclone

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Tracks of named South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones since 2004 South Atlantic hurricane tracks.png
Tracks of named South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones since 2004

South Atlantic tropical cyclones are unusual weather events that occur in the Southern Hemisphere. Strong wind shear, which disrupts the formation of cyclones, as well as a lack of weather disturbances favorable for development in the South Atlantic Ocean, make any strong tropical system extremely rare, and Hurricane Catarina in 2004 is the only recorded South Atlantic hurricane in history. Storms can develop year-round in the South Atlantic, with activity peaking during the months from November through May. Since 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has assigned names to tropical and subtropical systems in the western side of the basin, near the eastern coast of Brazil, when they have sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph), the generally accepted minimum sustained wind speed for a disturbance to be designated as a tropical storm in the North Atlantic basin. Below is a list of notable South Atlantic tropical and subtropical cyclones.

Contents

Theories concerning infrequency of occurrence

It was initially thought that tropical cyclones did not develop within the South Atlantic. [1] Very strong vertical wind shear in the troposphere is considered a deterrent. [2] The Intertropical Convergence Zone drops one to two degrees south of the equator, [3] not far enough from the equator for the Coriolis force to significantly aid development. Water temperatures in the tropics of the southern Atlantic are cooler than those in the tropical north Atlantic. [4]

Although they are rare, during April 1991 the United States' National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported that a tropical cyclone had developed over the Eastern South Atlantic. [1] [5] In subsequent years, a few systems were suspected to have the characteristics needed to be classified as a tropical cyclone, including in March 1994 and January 2004. [6] [7] During March 2004, an extratropical cyclone formally transitioned into a tropical cyclone and made landfall on Brazil, after becoming a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. While the system was threatening the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, a newspaper used the headline "Furacão Catarina", which was originally presumed to mean "furacão (hurricane) threatening (Santa) Catarina (the state)". [1] After international presses started monitoring the system, "Hurricane Catarina" has formally been adopted.

At the Sixth WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-VI) in 2006, it was questioned if any subtropical or tropical cyclones had developed within the South Atlantic before Catarina. [7] It was noted that suspect systems had developed in January 1970, March 1994, January 2004, March 2004, May 2004, February 2006, and March 2006. [7] It was also suggested that an effort should be made to locate any possible systems using satellite imagery and synoptic data; however, it was noted that this effort may be hindered by the lack of any geostationary imagery over the basin before 1966. [7] A study was subsequently performed and published during 2012, which concluded that there had been 63 subtropical cyclones in the Southern Atlantic between 1957 and 2007. [8] During January 2009, a subtropical storm developed in the basin, and in March 2010, a tropical storm developed, which was named Anita by the Brazilian public and private weather services. [9] [10] In 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center started to assign names to tropical and subtropical cyclones that develop within its area of responsibility, to the west of 20°W, when they have sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph). [11]

Notable storms and impacts

Pre-2010s

1991 Angola tropical storm

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
01Q 1991-04-12 1100Z.jpg   01Q 1991 path.png
Duration10 April 1991 – 14 April 1991
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);

A low-pressure area formed over the Congo Basin on 9 April. The next day it moved offshore northern Angola with a curved cloud pattern. It moved westward over an area of warm waters while the circulation became better defined. According to the United States National Hurricane Center, the system was probably either a tropical depression or a tropical storm at its peak intensity. On 14 April, the system rapidly dissipated, as it was absorbed into a large squall line. [5] [12] This is the only recorded tropical cyclone in the eastern South Atlantic.

Hurricane Catarina

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Catarina 2004-03-27 1630Z.jpg   Catarina 2004 track.png
Duration24 March 2004 – 28 March 2004
Peak intensity155 km/h (100 mph) (1-min);
972  hPa  (mbar)

Hurricane Catarina was an extraordinarily rare hurricane-strength tropical cyclone, forming in the southern Atlantic Ocean in March 2004. [13] Just after becoming a hurricane, it hit the southern coast of Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina on the evening of 28 March, with winds up to 195 kilometres per hour (121 mph) making it a Category 2-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. [14] Catarina killed 3 to 11 people and caused millions of dollars in damage in Brazil. [15]

At the time, Brazilians were taken completely by surprise, and were initially skeptical that an actual tropical cyclone could have formed in the South Atlantic. Eventually, however, they were convinced, and adopted the previously unofficial name "Catarina" for the storm, after Santa Catarina state. This event is considered by some meteorologists to be a nearly once-in-a-lifetime occurrence.

2010s

Tropical Storm Anita

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
March 2010 TC South Atlantic.jpg   Anita 2010 track.png
Duration8 March 2010 – 12 March 2010
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
995  hPa  (mbar)

On 8 March 2010, a previously extratropical cyclone developed tropical characteristics and was classified as a subtropical cyclone off the coast of southern Brazil. The following day, the United States Naval Research Laboratory began monitoring the system as a system of interest under the designation of 90Q. The National Hurricane Center also began monitoring the system as Low SL90. During the afternoon of 9 March, the system had attained an intensity of 55 km/h (34 mph) and a barometric pressure of 1000 hPa (mbar). It was declared a tropical storm on 10 March and became extratropical late on 12 March. [16] Anita's accumulated cyclone energy was estimated at 2.0525 by the Florida State University. There was no damage associated to the storm, except high sea in the coasts of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Post mortem, the cyclone was given the name "Anita" by private and public weather centers in Southern Brazil. [17]

Subtropical Storm Arani

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Arani 2011-03-16 1540Z.jpg   Arani 2011 track.png
Duration14 March 2011 – 16 March 2011
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
998  hPa  (mbar)

Early on 14 March 2011, the Navy Hydrographic Center-Brazilian Navy (SMM), in coordination with the National Institute of Meteorology, were monitoring an organizing area of convection near the southeast coast of Brazil. [18] Later that day a low-pressure area developed just east of Vitória, Espírito Santo, [19] and by 12:00  UTC, the system organized into a subtropical depression, located about 140 km (87 mi) east of Campos dos Goytacazes. [20] Guided by a trough and a weak ridge to its north, the system moved slowly southeastward over an area of warm waters, [21] [22] intensifying into Subtropical Cyclone Arani on 15 March, [23] as named by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center, [24] and achieving its lowest pressure. [25] The storm was classified as subtropical, as the convection was east of the center. On 16 March, Arani began experiencing 25 kn (13 m/s; 46 km/h; 29 mph) of wind shear because another frontal system bumped it from behind. [26] As it moved east-southeastwards, it achieved its highest winds as it transitioned back to an extratropical cyclone, process that was concluded on early 17 March. [25]

Before it developed into a subtropical cyclone, Arani produced torrential rains over portions of southeastern Brazil, resulting in flash flooding and landslides. Significant damage was reported in portions of Espírito Santo, though specifics are unknown. [27] Increased swells along the coast prompted ocean travel warnings. [28]

Subtropical Storm Bapo

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Bapo 2015-02-06 1630Z.jpg   Bapo 2015 track.png
Duration5 February 2015 – 7 February 2015
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
992  hPa  (mbar)

On 5 February 2015, a subtropical depression developed about 105 nautical miles (195 km; 120 mi) to the southeast of São Paulo, Brazil. [29] During the next day, low-level baroclinity decreased around the system, as it moved southeastwards away from the Brazilian coast and into anomalously warm waters, where it intensified further. [30] [31] The system was named Bapo by the Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center during 6 February as it had intensified into a subtropical storm. [32] [33] Over the next couple of days the system continued to move south-eastwards, achieving its peak intensity just before it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone during 8 February. [34] [31]

Subtropical Storm Cari

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Cari Mar 11 2015 1255Z.jpg   Cari 2015 track.png
Duration10 March 2015 – 13 March 2015
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
998  hPa  (mbar)

On 10 March 2015, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy began issuing warnings on Subtropical Depression 3 during early afternoon, [35] while the Center for Weather Forecast and Climatic Studies (CPTEC in Portuguese) already assigned the name Cari for the storm. [36] At 00:00 UTC on 11 March, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy upgraded Cari to a subtropical storm, also assigning this name to it. [37] [38] On 12 March, the Brazilian Hydrographic Center downgraded Cari to a subtropical depression as it achieved its lowest pressure, [39] [38] while the CPTEC stated that the storm had become a "Hybrid cyclone" [40] as it moved away from the continental coastline. [38] During early afternoon of 13 March, the Brazilian Navy declared that Cari became a remnant low. [41]

Cari brought heavy rainfall, flooding and landslides to eastern cities of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states as it interacted with a South Atlantic Convergence Zone. [42] [38] Rain totals from 100 to 180 mm (3.9 to 7.1 in) were observed associated with the storms and wind topped 75 km/h (47 mph) in Cabo de Santa Marta. [42] A Navy buoy registered a 6-metre (20 ft) wave off the coast of Santa Catarina. [42]

Subtropical Storm Deni

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Deni 2016-11-16 1645Z.jpg   Deni 2016 track.png
Duration15 November 2016 – 16 November 2016
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
998  hPa  (mbar)

On 15 November 2016, instability areas associated with a trough axis over Rio de Janeiro's coastline led to the formation of a subtropical depression southwest of it. [43] [44] It intensified into a subtropical storm and received the name Deni on 16 November. [45] Moving south-southeastwards, Deni soon became extratropical shortly before 00:00 UTC on 17 November, [46] where it was absorbed by a mid-latitude frontal system. [43]

Subtropical Storm Eçaí

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Ecai 2016-12-05 1655Z.jpg   Ecai 2016 track.png
Duration4 December 2016 – 6 December 2016
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min);
992  hPa  (mbar)

An extratropical cyclone entered the South Atlantic Ocean from Santa Catarina early on 4 December 2016. [47] Later, it intensified quickly and then transitioned into a subtropical storm shortly before 22:00 BRST (00:00 UTC on 5 December), with the name Eçaí assigned by the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy. [48] Eçaí started to decay on 5 December as it moved Into cooler waters, and weakened into a subtropical depression at around 00:00 UTC on 6 December. [49] [50] As it decayed and lost its subtropical characteristics, its center divided in two, with the new center moving away southeastwards and the old one degrading into a remnant frontal low. [49]

Subtropical Storm Guará

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Guara 2017-12-10 1225Z.jpg   Guara 2017 track.png
Duration9 December 2017 – 10 December 2017
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
996  hPa  (mbar)

According to the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center, on 8 December 2017 a South Atlantic Convergence Zone aligned with a through axis led to the formation of several instability areas. [51] On 9 December a subtropical storm formed from this setup, on border between Espírito Santo and Bahia, moving southeastwards away from land. [51] [52] [53] [54] On late 10 December, a Cold front pushed Guará southwards towards cooler waters, where it started transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. [51] On early 11 December Guará attained its peak intensity, [55] shortly thereafter degenerating into a low-pressure area associated with a through axis. [51] [56]

Tropical Storm Iba

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Iba 2019-03-25 1615Z.jpg   Iba 2019 track.png
Duration23 March 2019 – 27 March 2019
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
1006  hPa  (mbar)

According to the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center, on 22 March 2019, a low-pressure area formed off the coast of Bahia after the passage of a frontal system. [57] On the next day, the cyclone developed a deep warm-core, thus being designated as a tropical depression. [57] [58] [59] On 24 March, the system intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name Iba from the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. [57] After moving southwestward for a couple of days, on 26 March, Iba reached its peak intensity. [57] Afterward, a cold front would approach the storm, which helped intensify the wind shear impacting Iba, leading to its weakening and extratropical transition. [57] On early 28 March, Iba would degenerate into a remnant low, becoming fully extratropical a day later. [57] [60]

Iba was the first tropical storm to develop in the basin since Anita in 2010, as well as the first fully tropical system to be named from the Brazilian naming list. [61]

Subtropical Storm Jaguar

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Jaguar 2019-05-21 1605Z.jpg   Jaguar 2019 track.png
Duration19 May 2019 – 21 May 2019
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
1010  hPa  (mbar)

According to the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center, on 19 May 2019 several instability areas formed from a through axis off the coast of Espírito Santo, which later coalesced into a subtropical depression. [62] On 20 May, the system strengthened into a subtropical storm, receiving the name Jaguar from the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center. [63] However, the system did not intensify any further, as it soon encountered unfavorable conditions while moving southeastwards, weakening into a subtropical depression on early 21 May. [62] Later that day, Jaguar degenerated into several sparse instability areas associated with a low-pressure area, which was absorbed by a frontal system on 22 May. [62]

2020s

Subtropical Storm Kurumí

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Kurumi 2020-01-24.jpg   Kurumi 2020 track.png
Duration23 January 2020 – 24 January 2020
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
998  hPa  (mbar)

On 21 January 2020, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center began monitoring an area of persisting thunderstorms near São Paulo for potential subtropical cyclone development. Generally tracking southeastward, the system began to organize within the afternoon hours of 22 January, aided by the establishment of a South Atlantic Convergence Zone, and was designated a subtropical depression in the early hours of 23 January. [64] Several hours later, due to a lack of wind shear, the system intensified into a subtropical storm and was given the name Kurumí. [65] After this bout of intensification, Kurumí moved southward and began to succumb to much more unfavorable conditions. It weakened back to a subtropical depression on late 24 January, due to an intensification of wind shear over its circulation due to the formation of an extratropical cyclone to its southeast. [64] [66] The last advisory was issued on Kurumí later that same day, as it degenerated into a trough while also beginning to merge with the nearby frontal system. [64]

The front associated with Kurumí would later play a role in the 2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides, producing heavy rainfall. Over 171.8 mm (6.76 in) of rain fell in the Belo Horizonte metro area on 24 January, triggering a landslide and killing 3 people and leaving 1 missing. [67]

Subtropical Storm Mani

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Mani 2020-10-26 1555Z.jpg   Mani 2020 track.png
Duration25 October 2020 – 27 October 2020
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
1004  hPa  (mbar)

According to the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy, on 24 October 2020, a through axis persisted off the coast of the border between Espírito Santo and Bahia, which led to the formation of a subtropical depression on the next day. [68] [69] Later that day it intensified into a subtropical storm, which led it to be named Mani at 00:00 UTC on 26 October. [68] [70] As it moved away from a South Atlantic Convergence Zone on 27 October, Mani gradually lost its subtropical characteristics, until it weakened to a low pressure area. [68] [71]

The storm caused significant damage in Espírito Santo, with landslides of stones and earth leaving more than 400 people homeless. [72] The storm also impacted almost the entire state of Minas Gerais and the northern region of Rio de Janeiro. [73]

Subtropical Storm Oquira

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Oquira 2020-12-29 1710Z.jpg   Oquira 2020 track.png
Duration27 December 2020 – 30 December 2020
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
998  hPa  (mbar)

According to the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy, on 26 December 2020, the prior presence of a South Atlantic Convergence Zone and the subsequent passage of a frontal system led to the presence of several instability areas off the coast east of Rio Grande do Sul, [74] which coalesced into a subtropical depression a day later. [75] Moving southwestward, the system's central pressure dropped to 1,010 millibars (30 inHg) by 00:00 UTC on 28 December. [76] Later that day, the system's winds intensified, and it was named Oquira by the Brazilian Hydrographic Center. [77] On 29 December, Oquira continued to strengthen, deepening while heading further southwestward away from the Brazilian mainland, and reaching a pressure of 1,002 millibars (29.6 inHg). [78] Afterwards, Oquira's movements shifted southeastwards, and its winds decreased as it started to lose its subtropical characteristics, weakening to a subtropical depression on 30 December, but its pressure continued to drop, bottoming out at a minimum central pressure of 998 millibars (29.5 inHg). [74] [79] Later that day, Oquira transitioned into an extratropical low, and the Hydrographic Center issued their final advisory on the storm as it was absorbed by a frontal system. [74] [80]

Tropical Storm 01Q

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
01Q 2021-02-06 Suomi NPP.jpg   01Q 2021 track.png
Duration4 February 2021 – 6 February 2021
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
990  hPa  (mbar)

On 4 February 2021, an extratropical storm off the coast of Rio Grande do Sul developed into a bomb cyclone. [81] On 6 February, the storm began separating from its weather fronts and developed subtropical characteristics, before fully separating from the frontal zone and transitioning into a fully-tropical storm later that day. As a result, the NOAA classified the system as a tropical storm at 17:30 UTC, with the system being designated as Tropical Storm 01Q. [82] However, the storm was short-lived, as it lost its tropical characteristics several hours later, with the NOAA issuing their final bulletin on the storm at 23:30 UTC that day. The storm dissipated soon afterward. [83] [84] Although the NOAA issued bulletins on the storm, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy did not monitor it.

Subtropical Depression #01-2021

Subtropical depression (SSHWS)
02Q 2021-02-16 1947Z.jpg   02Q 2021 track.png
Duration14 February 2021 – 16 February 2021
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min);
1002  hPa  (mbar)

On 13 February 2021, according to the Brazilian Navy, instability areas associated with a low-pressure area off the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul acquired subtropical characteristics on the next day, becoming a subtropical depression about 700 kilometres (430 mi) from the state. [85] [86] For the next few days, the storm slowly meandered southeastward and then southwestward alongside a trough axis to its east, [85] until it lost its subtropical characteristics over high seas on 17 February, becoming a remnant low. [85] [87]

The Brazilian Navy noted in its post-season analysis that on late 14 February the system could have intensified into a subtropical storm, since the radiometer built into the AMSR-2 satellite found winds of 35 knots, but it wasn't upgraded because no other measurement confirmed such findings. [85]

Subtropical Storm Potira

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Potira 2021-04-23 1235Z.jpg   Potira 2021 track.png
Duration19 April 2021 – 24 April 2021
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
1006  hPa  (mbar)

A low south of Rio de Janeiro transitioned into a subtropical depression on 19 April 2021. [88] On 20 April 2021, the system intensified into a subtropical storm, which Brazilian Navy then decided to name it Potira. [89] Potira moved slowly northeastwards for a couple of days over unusually warmer waters, favorable upper-level tropospheric winds and strong low-level convergence, which led to its intensification and persistence of its peak intensity until 23 April. [90] As it completed a clockwise loop, Potira weakened into a subtropical depression, with the Brazilian Navy downgrading it to a low-pressure area on late 24 January. [90] [91]

The storm caused a gale in the Copacabana fort and the gusts of wind went over 60 km/h (37 mph). [92] In the municipalities of Balneário Camboriú and Florianópolis (SC), the hangover caused by Potira caused flooding in the streets and damage to the sidewalks. [93] The ports of Itajaí and Navegantes were closed for 3 days. No economic or material damage caused by the cyclone has been reported. [94]

Subtropical Storm Raoni

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Raoni 2021-06-29 1728Z.jpg   Raoni 2021 track.png
Duration29 June 2021 – 1 July 2021
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
986  hPa  (mbar)

An extratropical cyclone formed on 26 June 2021, about 520 km (320 mi) east-southeast of Montevideo, Uruguay, associated with a cold airmass that acted over the region. [95] On the next day, the cyclone acquired a warm seclusion while intensifying, while it moved westwards and separated from the frontal system it was previously attached to. [95] As the system occluded, the seclusion deepened and started to acquire subtropical characteristics, which led it to be designated as a subtropical storm on 29 June. [95] [96] It remained unnamed due to it being outside of the Brazilian Navy's area of responsibility. [97] By 23:30 UTC on 28 June, the Satellite Products and Services Division of the NESDIS declared the system to have become a tropical storm, based on a Dvorak rating of 3.5, [98] assigning an invest tag to it. [95] Although being affected by strong wind shear to its north due to a subtropical jet caused by the presence of a frontal system nearby, it further intensified and achieved a minimum pressure 986 millibars (29.1 inHg), while tracking northeastwards towards the Brazilian area of authority. [95] [99] At around 12:00 UTC on the next day, as the storm entered the boundary of METAREA V, Brazilian Navy's area of responsibility, thus it was assigned the name Raoni. [100] Continuing moving northeastwards, Raoni further developed an eye feature as well as a robust band to the east of the system. [101] Raoni began to weaken by 30 June, as the subtropical jet broke the barotropic flow over it, and NESDIS dropped the tag as it lost its convective bands. [95] [102] On 1 July, Raoni lost its subtropical characteristics and degenerated into a low-pressure area. [95] [103]

The predecessor extratropical cyclone of Raoni caused heavy rains and strong winds gust up to 104 km/h (65 mph), downing trees and causing damages to different public and private establishments across Punta del Este. [104] The area's waters were also rough due to the storm. Downpours with continuous gales were also experienced in Uruguay's capital Montevideo. [104] From 24 June to 2 July, Raoni channeled cold air from Antarctica into portions of South America, leading to an unusually potent cold wave across Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil, with the temperature dropping as much as 15 °C (27 °F) below average in some areas. The combination of the cyclone and the cold wave also produced snowfall across the southern portion of South America, with snowfall observed as far north as southern Brazil. [105]

Subtropical Storm Ubá

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Uba 2021-12-10 1210Z.jpg   Uba 2021 track.png
Duration9 December 2021 – 12 December 2021
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
997  hPa  (mbar)

On 9 December 2021, instability areas remained off the coast of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro after the passage of a frontal system and a South Atlantic Convergence Zone. [106] [107] Overnight the system coalesced into an occluded front, which transitioned into a subtropical depression. [106] [108] On the morning of the next day, the system was upgraded to subtropical storm status, receiving the name Ubá. [109] On 11 December Ubá gradually weakened while moving southeastwards, being downgraded to depression status. [106] It degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area on the next day. [110]

The precursor extratropical cyclone and South Atlantic Convergence Zone caused heavy rains in Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and southern Bahia, where heavy precipitation accumulated 450 mm (18 in) in Itamaraju and 331 mm (13 in) in Monte Formoso, killing fifteen people. [111] [112] [113]

Subtropical Storm Yakecan

Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Yakecan 2022-05-18 1720Z.jpg   Yakecan 2022 path.png
Duration16 May 2022 – 19 May 2022
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min);
990  hPa  (mbar)

On 15 May 2022, an extratropical cyclone moved through the southern region of Brazil and stopped offshore. [114] The low occluded and separated form its precursor extratropical cyclone, obtaining subtropical characteristics in the process. [114] On the morning of 17 May, the cyclone fully transitioned into a subtropical storm, and was given the name Yakecan. [115] Taking a more northwestwardly movement, Yakecan moved away from the coastline, gradually losing its subtropical characteristics. [114] On late 19 May, it acquired frontal characteristics and transitioned to an extratropical cyclone. [114] [116]

During its trajectory, the storm caused snow in the Gaúcha and Catarinense Mountains, setting record lows for this time of year. [117] Two people died in Uruguay and Brazil due to the passage of the cyclone. [118] [119] Yakecan is the last name from the regular naming list, which has been in use since 2011.

Tropical Storm Akará

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Akara 2024-02-18 0000Z.jpg   Akara 2024 path.png
Duration16 February 2024 – 22 February 2024
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
994  hPa  (mbar)

In February 2024, a low-pressure area began developing along a stalled cold front. Moisture from the tropics began feeding into the circulation of the developing disturbance, helping it to intensify. [120] On 16 February 2024, the Brazilian Navy designated the system, which at the time was east southeast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a subtropical depression. [121] Two days later, the system transitioned into a tropical cyclone. [122] In the early hours of 19 February, the system intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name Akará from the Brazilian Navy. [123] However, two days later, the system lost its tropical characteristics and weakened into a subtropical depression. [124] The next day, the system lost its subtropical characteristics, resulting in the Brazilian Navy ceasing all bulletins. [125]

The precursor extratropical cyclone to Akará brought heavy rainfall to South America. [126] Nova Iguaçu was affected with intense rainfall and winds. [127] Akará was the first named tropical storm to develop in the basin since Iba in 2019.

Other systems

Pre-2004

MODIS visible satellite imagery a possible January 2004 tropical cyclone SATL TD 2004-01-19 1704Z.jpg
MODIS visible satellite imagery a possible January 2004 tropical cyclone

According to a presentation at the Sixth WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-VI), satellite imagery from January 1970 showed that a system with an eyewall had developed behind a cold front and that the system needed further analysis to determine if it was tropical or subtropical. [7] On 27 March 1974, a weak area of low pressure that had originated over the Amazon River started to intensify further. [128] Over the next 48 hours the system quickly developed further and was classified as subtropical, as it developed a banding structure and deep convection near its warm core. [128] On 29 March, a north-westerly flow encroached on the systems environment, which caused the system to rapidly move towards 40S and the cold waters that were present to the south of 40°S. [128]

In March 1994, a system that was thought to be weaker than Catarina was spawned but was located over cool and open waters. [129] According to the Zambia Meteorological Department, Cyclone Bonita moved off the coast of Angola and entered the South Atlantic Ocean on 19 January 1996. By the next day, the system had succumbed to cold waters and days of land interaction, dissipating completely. It was the first tropical cyclone known to have traversed southern Africa from the South-West Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic. [130]

2004–2009

During 2004, the large-scale conditions over the South Atlantic were more conducive than usual for subtropical or tropical systems, with 4 systems noted. [7] The first possible tropical cyclone developed within a trough of low pressure, to the southeast of Salvador, Brazil on 18 January. [6] [7] The system subsequently displayed a small central dense overcast (CDO) and was suspected to be at the peak of its development as either a tropical depression or a tropical storm during the next day. [6] The system was subsequently affected by some strong shear, before it moved inland and weakened along the coast of Brazil before it was last noted during 21 January. [6] Within Brazil the system caused heavy rain and flooding with a state of emergency declared in Aracaju, after the river overflowed and burst its banks which flooded homes, destroyed crops and caused parts of the highway to collapse. [6] However, it was noted that not all of the heavy rain and impacts were attributable to the system, as a large monsoon low covered much of Brazil at the time. [6] The second system was a possible hybrid cyclone that developed near south-eastern Brazil between 15 and 16 March. [7] Hurricane Catarina was the third system, while the fourth system formed off the coast of Brazil on 15 May 2004. [7]

MODIS visible satellite image of a possible February 2006 tropical storm SATL TC Feb 23 2006 1705Z.jpg
MODIS visible satellite image of a possible February 2006 tropical storm

On 22 February 2006, a baroclinic cyclone intensified quickly and was estimated to have peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 105 km/h (65 mph), after radar data showed that the system had developed an eye and banding. [7] However, there were questions about how tropical the system was, as it did not separate from the westerlies or the baroclinic zone it was in. [7] [131] Between 11 and 17 March 2006, another system with a warm core developed and moved southward along the South Atlantic Zone, before dissipating. [7]

Two subtropical cyclones affected both Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil between 2009 and 2010. On 28 January 2009, a cold-core mid to upper-level trough in phase with a low-level warm-core low formed a system and moved eastward into the South Atlantic. [132] The storm produced rainfall in 24 hours of 300 mm (12 in) or more in some locations of Rocha (Uruguay) and southern Rio Grande do Sul. The weather station owned by MetSul Weather Center in Morro Redondo, Southern Brazil, recorded 278.2 mm (10.95 in) in a 24-hour period. The storm caused fourteen deaths and the evacuation of thousands, with an emergency declared in four cities. [9] It lasted until 1 February, when the cyclone became extratropical. [133]

2010–2016

A subtropical storm in November 2010 Subtropical Cyclone on 2010-11-17 0121Z.jpg
A subtropical storm in November 2010

On 16 November 2010, a cold-core mid to upper-level trough in phase with a low-level warm-core low developed a low-pressure system over Brazil, and moved southeastward into the South Atlantic, where it slightly deepened. [134] The system brought locally heavy rains in southern Brazil and northeast of Uruguay that exceeded 200 millimeters within a few hours, in some locations of Southern Rio Grande do Sul, northwest of Pelotas. [135] Damages and flooding were observed in Cerrito, São Lourenço do Sul and Pedro Osório. [135] Bañado de Pajas, department of Cerro Largo in Uruguay, recorded 240 mm (9.4 in) of rain. [135] The subtropical cyclone then became a weak trough on 19 November, according to the CPTEC. [136]

Between 23 December 2013 and 24 January 2015, the CPTEC and Navy Hydrography Center monitored four subtropical depressions to the south of Rio de Janeiro. The first one lasted until Christmas Day, 2013. [137] [138] [139] [140] Two subtropical depressions formed in 2014: one in late-February 2014 and the other in late-March 2014. [141] [142] [143] A fourth one formed in late January 2015. [144] [145]

On 5 January 2016, the Hydrographic Center of the Brazilian Navy issued warnings on a subtropical depression that formed east of Vitória, Espírito Santo. [146] On the next day, the system strengthened into a tropical depression, and other agencies considered the system an invest, designating it as 90Q; [147] [148] however, on 7 January, the tropical depression dissipated. [147] [149]

2021–present

On 3 January 2021, according to the Météo-France, the remnants of Tropical Storm Chalane from the South-West Indian Ocean crossed southern Africa and briefly emerged into the eastern South Atlantic before dissipating. [150]

On 7 January 2023, a subtropical depression formed about 500 km (310 mi) southeast of Rio de Janeiro. [151] Without affecting any area and moving away from the Brazilian coast, it lost its subtropical characteristics in the afternoon of 10 January, according to the Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center. [152]

Storm names

The following names are published by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center's Marine Meteorological Service and used for tropical and subtropical storms that form in the area west of 20ºW and south of equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. Originally announced in 2011, [11] the list was extended from 10 to 15 names in 2018. [153] In 2022, 32 new names were added after the previous ones were exhausted. [154] The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used sequentially without regard to year.

  • Arani
  • Bapo
  • Cari
  • Deni
  • Eçaí
  • Guará
  • Iba
  • Jaguar
  • Kurumí
  • Mani
  • Oquira
  • Potira
  • Raoni
  • Ubá
  • Yakecan
  • Akará
  • Biguá (unused)
  • Caiobá (unused)
  • Endy (unused)
  • Guarani (unused)
  • Iguaçú (unused)
  • Jaci (unused)
  • Kaeté (unused)
  • Maracá (unused)
  • Okanga (unused)
  • Poti (unused)
  • Reri (unused)
  • Sumé (unused)
  • Tupã (unused)
  • Upaba (unused)
  • Ybatinga (unused)
  • Aratu (unused)
  • Buri (unused)
  • Caiçara (unused)
  • Esapé (unused)
  • Guaí (unused)
  • Itã (unused)
  • Juru (unused)
  • Katu (unused)
  • Murici (unused)
  • Oryba (unused)
  • Peri (unused)
  • Reia (unused)
  • Samburá (unused)
  • Taubaté (unused)
  • Uruana (unused)
  • Ytu (unused)

Retirements

Kamby was replaced by Kurumí in 2018 without being used. [11]

Climatological statistics

There have been 88 recorded tropical and subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean since 1957. Like most southern hemisphere cyclone seasons, most of the storms have formed between November and May.

List of storms, by month
List of storms, by decade

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtropical cyclone</span> Cyclonic storm with both tropical and extratropical characteristics

A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclone naming</span> Tables of names for tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to simplify communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin. Once storms develop sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots, names are generally assigned to them from predetermined lists, depending on the basin in which they originate. Some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must contain a significant amount of gale-force winds before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1997 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average hurricane season. It officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30 of that year. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The 1997 season was fairly inactive, with only seven named storms forming, with an additional tropical depression and an unnumbered subtropical storm. It was the first time since the 1961 season that there were no active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin during the entire month of August–historically one of the more active months of the season—a phenomenon that would not occur again until 2022. A strong El Niño is credited with reducing activity in the Atlantic, while increasing the number of storms in the eastern and western Pacific basins to 19 and 26 storms, respectively. As is common in El Niño years, tropical cyclogenesis was suppressed in the tropical latitudes, with only two becoming tropical storms south of 25°N.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1965 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season was the first to use the modern-day bounds for an Atlantic hurricane season, which are June 1 to November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was a slightly below average season, with 10 tropical cyclones developing and reaching tropical storm intensity. Four of the storms strengthened into hurricanes. One system reached major hurricane intensity – Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. The first system, an unnamed tropical storm, developed during the month of June in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The storm moved northward across Central America, but caused no known impact in the region. It struck the Florida Panhandle and caused minor impact across much of the Southern United States. Tropical cyclogenesis halted for over two months, until Anna formed on August 21. The storm remained well away from land in the far North Atlantic Ocean and caused no impact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1969 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season since the 1933 season, and was the final year of the most recent positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) era. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. Altogether, 12 tropical cyclones reached hurricane strength, the highest number on record at the time; a mark not surpassed until 2005. The season was above-average despite an El Niño, which typically suppresses activity in the Atlantic Ocean, while increasing tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean. Activity began with a tropical depression that caused extensive flooding in Cuba and Jamaica in early June. On July 25, Tropical Storm Anna developed, the first named storm of the season. Later in the season, Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine caused severe local flooding in the Florida Panhandle and southwestern Georgia in September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1974 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season was a destructive and deadly hurricane season. In terms of overall activity, it was near average, with eleven named storms forming, of which four became hurricanes. Two of those four became major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher systems on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1975 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1975 Atlantic hurricane season was a near average hurricane season with nine named storms forming, of which six became hurricanes. Three of those six became major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher systems on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1976 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1976 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly average Atlantic hurricane season in which 21 tropical or subtropical cyclones formed. 10 of them became nameable storms. Six of those reached hurricane strength, with two of the six became major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the first system, a subtropical storm, developed in the Gulf of Mexico on May 21, several days before the official start of the season. The system spawned nine tornadoes in Florida, resulting in about $628,000 (1976 USD) in damage, though impact was minor otherwise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1944 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1944 Atlantic hurricane season featured the first instance of upper-tropospheric observations from radiosonde – a telemetry device used to record weather data in the atmosphere – being incorporated into tropical cyclone track forecasting for a fully developed hurricane. The season officially began on June 15, 1944, and ended on November 15, 1944. These dates describe the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season's first cyclone developed on July 13, while the final system became an extratropical cyclone by November 13. The season was fairly active season, with 14 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. In real-time, forecasters at the Weather Bureau tracked eleven tropical storms, but later analysis uncovered evidence of three previously unclassified tropical storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1925 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1925 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average Atlantic hurricane season during which four tropical cyclones formed. Only one of them was a hurricane. The first storm developed on August 18, and the last dissipated on December 1. The season began at a late date, more than two months after the season began. The official start of the season is generally considered to be June 1 with the end being October 31; however, the final storm of the season formed nearly a month after the official end. Due to increased activity over the following decades, the official end of the hurricane season was shifted to November 30.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014–15 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean

The 2014–15 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an above average event in tropical cyclone formation. It began on November 15, 2014, and ended on April 30, 2015, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it ended on May 15, 2015. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season was the third in a consecutive series of above-average and damaging Atlantic hurricane seasons, featuring 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, which caused a total of over $50 billion in damages and at least 172 deaths. More than 98% of the total damage was caused by two hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 2018, and ended on November 30, 2018. These dates historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Alberto on May 25, making this the fourth consecutive year in which a storm developed before the official start of the season. The season concluded with Oscar transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 31, almost a month before the official end.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2019 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth consecutive above-average and damaging season dating back to 2016. The season featured eighteen named storms, however, many storms were weak and short-lived, especially towards the end of the season. Six of those named storms achieved hurricane status, while three intensified into major hurricanes. Two storms became Category 5 hurricanes, marking the fourth consecutive season with at least one Category 5 hurricane, the third consecutive season to feature at least one storm making landfall at Category 5 intensity, and the seventh on record to have multiple tropical cyclones reaching Category 5 strength. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Subtropical Storm Andrea on May 20, making this the fifth consecutive year in which a tropical or subtropical cyclone developed outside of the official season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclones in 2015</span>

During 2015, tropical cyclones formed in seven major bodies of water, commonly known as tropical cyclone basins. Tropical cyclones will be assigned names by various weather agencies if they attain maximum sustained winds of 35 knots. During the year, one hundred thirty-four systems have formed and ninety-two were named. The most intense storm of the year was Hurricane Patricia, with maximum 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 345 km/h (215 mph) and a minimum pressure of 872 hPa (25.75 inHg). The deadliest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Komen, which caused 280 fatalities in Southeast India and Bangladesh, while the costliest was Typhoon Mujigae, which caused an estimated $4.25 billion USD in damage after striking China. Forty Category 3 tropical cyclones formed, including nine Category 5 tropical cyclones in the year. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2015, as calculated by Colorado State University (CSU) was 1047 units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclones in 2016</span>

During 2016, tropical cyclones formed within seven different tropical cyclone basins, located within various parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the year, 140 tropical cyclones formed in bodies of water known as tropical cyclone basins. Of these, 84, including two subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean and two tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean, were named by various weather agencies when they attained maximum sustained winds of 35 knots. The strongest storm of the year was Winston, peaking with a pressure of 884 hPa (26.10 inHg) and with 10-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (175 mph) before striking Fiji. The costliest and deadliest tropical cyclone in 2016 was Hurricane Matthew, which impacted Haiti, Cuba, Florida, Georgia and the Carolinas, causing US$15.09 billion in damage. Matthew killed 603 people; 546 in Haiti, 47 in United States, 4 in Cuba and Dominican Republic, and 1 in Colombia and St. Vincent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtropical Storm Alpha (2020)</span> Atlantic subtropical storm in 2020

Subtropical Storm Alpha was the first subtropical or tropical cyclone ever observed to make landfall in mainland Portugal. The twenty-second tropical or subtropical cyclone and twenty-first named storm of the extremely active and record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Alpha originated from a large non-tropical low that was first monitored by the National Hurricane Center on 15 September. Initially not anticipated to transition into a tropical cyclone, the low gradually tracked south-southeastward for several days with little development. By early on 17 September, the low had separated from its frontal features and exhibited sufficient organization to be classified as a subtropical cyclone, as it approached the Iberian Peninsula, becoming a subtropical storm around that time. Alpha then made landfall just south of Figueira da Foz, Portugal during the evening of 18 September, then rapidly weakened as it moved over the mountainous terrain of Northeastern Portugal. The system degenerated into a remnant low on 19 September, when it was last noted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical cyclones in 2021</span>

During 2021, tropical cyclones formed in seven major bodies of water, commonly known as tropical cyclone basins. Tropical cyclones will be assigned names by various weather agencies if they attain maximum sustained winds of 35 knots. During the year, one hundred forty-five systems have formed and ninety-one were named, including one subtropical depression and excluding one system, which was unofficial. One storm was given two names by the same RSMC. The most intense storm of the year was Typhoon Surigae, with maximum 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 220 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum pressure of 895 hPa (26.43 inHg). The deadliest tropical cyclone was Typhoon Rai, which caused 410 fatalities in the Philippines and 1 in Vietnam, while the costliest was Hurricane Ida, which caused an estimated $75.25 billion USD in damage after striking Louisiana and the Northeastern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Pablo</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2019

Hurricane Pablo was a late-season Category 1 hurricane that became the farthest east-forming hurricane in the North Atlantic tropical cyclone basin on record, beating the previous record set by Hurricane Vince in 2005. The seventeenth tropical/subtropical cyclone, sixteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season, Pablo originated from a baroclinic cyclone a few hundred miles west of the Azores Islands. The precursor cyclone formed on October 22, traveling eastward towards the island chain. The system initially had multiple centers of circulation, but they consolidated into one small low-pressure system embedded within the larger extratropical storm. On October 25, the embedded cyclone developed into a subtropical cyclone, receiving the name Pablo. The cyclone continued eastwards, transitioning into a fully-tropical storm later that day. Pablo quickly intensified between October 26 and 27, forming an eye and spiral rainbands. At 12:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on October 27, Pablo intensified into a Category 1 hurricane. The storm continued to strengthen, reaching its peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg) at 18:00 UTC on the same day. The storm quickly weakened the next day, becoming extratropical again, and dissipated on October 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtropical Storm Ubá</span> South Atlantic subtropical storm in 2021

Subtropical Storm Ubá was the fourth tropical or subtropical cyclone to form in the South Atlantic Ocean in 2021. Ubá originated from an area of low pressure that formed off the coast of Rio de Janeiro and evolved into a subtropical cyclone on 10 December. The cyclone lingered for two days, before weakening back to a low-pressure area and dissipating on 13 December. Together with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), Ubá caused heavy rains in Minas Gerais, in Espírito Santo and mainly in Bahia. The storm became the deadliest South Atlantic (sub)tropical cyclone, with a death toll of 15.

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