List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level

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List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level. List based on Fearon's analysis List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level, List based on Fearon's analysis.png
List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level. List based on Fearon's analysis

This is a list of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level, as per Fearon's analysis.

Contents

Methodology

The lists are commonly used in economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries. [1] [2]

Fractionalization is the probability that two individuals drawn randomly from the country's groups are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is). In Fearon's analysis, only groups containing over one percent of the country's population were considered. This limit made Papua New Guinea an outlier; as none of its thousands of groups included more than one percent of the population, it was considered to have zero groups and thus have a perfect fractionalization score of 1.

The two lists have been described by Alesina and Ferrara as follows: [1]

Fearon [3] and Alesina et al. [4] have compiled various measures of ethnic heterogeneity which try to tackle the fact that the difference amongst groups manifests itself in different ways in different places. The two classifications are constructed differently. Alesina et al. [4] do not take a stand on what ethnicity (or language or religion) are more salient than others and adopt the country breakdown suggested by original sources, mainly the Encyclopædia Britannica. Fearon [3] instead is trying to construct the 'right list' of ethnic groups which 'depends on what people in the country identify as the most socially relevant ethnic groupings'. This approach has the advantage of being closer to what the theory would want and the disadvantage of having to make judgement calls (or adopt others' judgement calls) about what is the 'right list'.

List based on Fearon's analysis

In the Fearon list, ethnic fractionalization is approximated by a measure of similarity between languages, varying from 1 = the population speaks two or more unrelated languages to 0 = the entire population speaks the same language. [3] This index of cultural diversity is biased towards linguistic variations as opposed to genetic diversity and other variations.

Ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization (2003) [4]
CountryEthnic
fractionalization
Linguistic
fractionalization
Religious
fractionalization
Flag of the Taliban.svg   Afghanistan 0.7693000.6141000.271700
Flag of Albania.svg   Albania 0.2204000.0399000.471900
Flag of Algeria.svg   Algeria 0.3394000.4427000.009100
Flag of American Samoa.svg   American Samoa 0.0000000.1733000.639500
Flag of Andorra.svg   Andorra 0.7139000.6848000.232600
Flag of Angola.svg   Angola 0.7867000.7870000.627600
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg   Antigua and Barbuda 0.1643000.1063000.684000
Flag of Argentina.svg   Argentina 0.2550000.0618000.223600
Flag of Armenia.svg   Armenia 0.1272000.1291000.457600
Flag of Aruba.svg   Aruba 0.0000000.3889000.410700
Flag of Australia (converted).svg   Australia 0.0929000.3349000.821100
Flag of Austria.svg   Austria 0.1068000.1522000.414600
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg   Azerbaijan 0.2047000.2054000.489900
Flag of the Bahamas.svg   Bahamas 0.4228000.1855000.681500
Flag of Bahrain.svg   Bahrain 0.5021000.4344000.552800
Flag of Bangladesh.svg   Bangladesh 0.0454000.0925000.209000
Flag of Barbados.svg   Barbados 0.1423000.0926000.693400
Flag of Belarus.svg   Belarus 0.3222000.4666000.611600
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg   Belgium 0.5554000.5409000.212700
Flag of Belize.svg   Belize 0.7015000.6303000.581300
Flag of Benin.svg   Benin 0.7872000.7905000.554400
Flag of Bermuda.svg   Bermuda 0.0000000.0000000.711200
Flag of Bhutan.svg   Bhutan 0.6050000.6056000.378700
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg   Bolivia 0.7396000.2240000.208500
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg   Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.6300000.6751000.685100
Flag of Botswana.svg   Botswana 0.4102000.4110000.598600
Flag of Brazil.svg   Brazil 0.5408000.0468000.605400
Flag of Brunei.svg   Brunei 0.5416000.3438000.440400
Flag of Bulgaria.svg   Bulgaria 0.4021000.3031000.596500
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg   Burkina Faso 0.7377000.7228000.579800
Flag of Burundi.svg   Burundi 0.2951000.2977000.515800
Flag of Cambodia.svg   Cambodia 0.2105000.2104000.096500
Flag of Cameroon.svg   Cameroon 0.8635000.8898000.733800
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg   Canada 0.7124000.5772000.695800
Flag of Cape Verde.svg   Cape Verde 0.4174000.0000000.076600
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg   Central African Republic 0.8295000.8334000.791600
Flag of Chad.svg   Chad 0.8620000.8635000.641100
Flag of Chile.svg   Chile 0.1861000.1871000.384100
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg   China 0.1538000.1327000.664300
Flag of Colombia.svg   Colombia 0.6014000.0193000.147800
Flag of the Comoros.svg   Comoros 0.0000000.0103000.013700
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg   DR Congo 0.8747000.8705000.702100
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg   Congo 0.8747000.6871000.664200
Flag of Costa Rica.svg   Costa Rica 0.2368000.0489000.241000
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg   Ivory Coast 0.8204000.7842000.755100
Flag of Croatia.svg   Croatia 0.3690000.0763000.444700
Flag of Cuba.svg   Cuba 0.5908000.0000000.505900
Flag of Cyprus.svg   Cyprus 0.0939000.3962000.396200
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg   Czech Republic 0.3222000.3233000.659100
Flag of Denmark.svg   Denmark 0.0819000.1049000.233300
Flag of Djibouti.svg   Djibouti 0.7962000.6558000.043500
Flag of Dominica.svg   Dominica 0.2003000.0000000.462800
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg   Dominican Republic 0.4294000.0395000.311800
Flag of East Timor.svg   East Timor 0.0000000.5261000.425400
Flag of Ecuador.svg   Ecuador 0.6550000.1308000.141700
Flag of Egypt.svg   Egypt 0.1836000.0237000.197900
Flag of El Salvador.svg   El Salvador 0.1978000.0000000.355900
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg   Equatorial Guinea 0.3467000.3220000.119500
Flag of Eritrea.svg   Eritrea 0.6524000.6530000.425300
Flag of Estonia.svg   Estonia 0.5062000.4944000.498500
Flag of Ethiopia.svg   Ethiopia 0.7235000.8073000.624900
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg   Faroe Islands 0.0000000.0000000.314700
Flag of Fiji.svg   Fiji 0.5479000.5479000.568200
Flag of Finland.svg   Finland 0.1315000.1412000.253100
Flag of France.svg   France 0.1032000.1221000.402900
Flag of France.svg   French Guiana 0.0000000.1154000.495900
Flag of French Polynesia.svg   French Polynesia 0.0000000.6078000.581300
Flag of Gabon.svg   Gabon 0.7690000.7821000.667400
Flag of The Gambia.svg   Gambia 0.7864000.8076000.097000
Flag of Palestine.svg   Gaza Strip 0.0000000.0104000.034200
Flag of Georgia.svg   Georgia 0.4923000.4749000.654300
Flag of Germany.svg   Germany 0.1682000.1642000.657100
Flag of Ghana.svg   Ghana 0.6733000.6731000.798700
Flag of Greece.svg   Greece 0.1576000.0300000.153000
Flag of Greenland.svg   Greenland 0.0000000.2188000.459200
Flag of Grenada.svg   Grenada 0.2661000.0000000.589800
Flag of France.svg   Guadeloupe 0.0000000.0933000.306900
Flag of Guam.svg   Guam 0.0000000.7320000.408200
Flag of Guatemala.svg   Guatemala 0.5122000.4586000.375300
Flag of Guinea.svg   Guinea 0.7389000.7725000.264900
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg   Guinea-Bissau 0.8082000.8141000.612800
Flag of Guyana.svg   Guyana 0.6195000.0688000.787600
Flag of Haiti.svg   Haiti 0.0950000.0000000.470400
Flag of Honduras.svg   Honduras 0.1867000.0553000.235700
Flag of Hong Kong.svg   Hong Kong 0.0620000.2128000.419100
Flag of Hungary.svg   Hungary 0.1522000.0297000.524400
Flag of Iceland.svg   Iceland 0.0798000.0820000.191300
Flag of India.svg   India 0.4182000.8069000.326000
Flag of Indonesia.svg   Indonesia 0.7351000.7680000.234000
Flag of Iran.svg   Iran 0.6684000.7462000.115200
Flag of Iraq.svg   Iraq 0.3689000.3694000.484400
Flag of Ireland.svg   Ireland 0.1206000.0312000.155000
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg   Isle of Man 0.0000000.0000000.472900
Flag of Israel.svg   Israel 0.3436000.5525000.346900
Flag of Italy.svg   Italy 0.1145000.1147000.302700
Flag of Jamaica.svg   Jamaica 0.4129000.1098000.616000
Flag of Japan.svg   Japan 0.0119000.0178000.540600
Flag of Jersey.svg   Jersey 0.0000000.0000000.547900
Flag of Jordan.svg   Jordan 0.5926000.0396000.065900
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg   Kazakhstan 0.6171000.6621000.589800
Flag of Kenya.svg   Kenya 0.8588000.8860000.776500
Flag of Kiribati.svg   Kiribati 0.0511000.0237000.554100
Flag of South Korea.svg   South Korea 0.0020000.0021000.660400
Flag of North Korea.svg   North Korea 0.0392000.0028000.489100
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg   Kyrgyzstan 0.6752000.5949000.447000
Flag of Kuwait.svg   Kuwait 0.6604000.3444000.674500
Flag of Laos.svg   Laos 0.5139000.6382000.545300
Flag of Latvia.svg   Latvia 0.5867000.5795000.555600
Flag of Lebanon.svg   Lebanon 0.1314000.1312000.788600
Flag of Lesotho.svg   Lesotho 0.2550000.2543000.721100
Flag of Liberia.svg   Liberia 0.9084000.9038000.488300
Flag of Libya.svg   Libya 0.7920000.0758000.057000
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg   Liechtenstein 0.5726000.2246000.334300
Flag of Lithuania.svg   Lithuania 0.3223000.3219000.414100
Flag of Luxembourg.svg   Luxembourg 0.5302000.6440000.091100
Flag of Macau.svg   Macau 0.0000000.2519000.551100
Flag of North Macedonia.svg   North Macedonia 0.5023000.5021000.589900
Flag of Madagascar.svg   Madagascar 0.8791000.0204000.519100
Flag of Malawi.svg   Malawi 0.6744000.6023000.819200
Flag of Malaysia.svg   Malaysia 0.5880000.5970000.665700
Flag of Mali.svg   Mali 0.6906000.8388000.182000
Flag of Malta.svg   Malta 0.0414000.0907000.122300
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg   Marshall Islands 0.0603000.0734000.520700
Flag of France.svg   Martinique 0.0000000.0000000.233600
Flag of Mauritania.svg   Mauritania 0.6150000.3260000.014900
Flag of Mauritius.svg   Mauritius 0.4634000.4547000.638500
Flag of France.svg   Mayotte 0.0000000.7212000.062000
Flag of Mexico.svg   Mexico 0.5418000.1511000.179600
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg   Micronesia 0.7005000.7483000.646900
Flag of Moldova.svg   Moldova 0.5535000.5533000.560300
Flag of Monaco.svg   Monaco 0.6838000.7305000.304700
Flag of Mongolia.svg   Mongolia 0.3682000.3734000.079900
Flag of Morocco.svg   Morocco 0.4841000.4683000.003500
Flag of Mozambique.svg   Mozambique 0.6932000.8125000.675900
Flag of Myanmar.svg   Burma 0.5062000.5072000.197400
Flag of Namibia.svg   Namibia 0.6329000.7005000.662600
Flag of Nauru.svg   Nauru 0.5832000.6161000.619400
Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 0.6632000.7167000.141700
Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010).svg   Netherlands Antilles 0.0000000.2508000.386600
Flag of the Netherlands.svg   Netherlands 0.1054000.5143000.722200
Flags of New Caledonia.svg   New Caledonia 0.0000000.6633000.546200
Flag of New Zealand.svg   New Zealand 0.3969000.1657000.811000
Flag of Nicaragua.svg   Nicaragua 0.4844000.0473000.429000
Flag of Niger.svg   Niger 0.6518000.6519000.201300
Flag of Nigeria.svg   Nigeria 0.8505000.8316000.742100
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg   Northern Mariana Islands 0.0000000.7754000.481100
Flag of Norway.svg   Norway 0.0586000.0673000.204800
Flag of Oman.svg   Oman 0.4373000.3567000.432200
Flag of Pakistan.svg   Pakistan 0.7098000.7190000.384800
Flag of Palau.svg   Palau 0.4312000.3157000.714700
Flag of Panama.svg   Panama 0.5528000.3873000.333800
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg   Papua New Guinea 0.2718000.3526000.552300
Flag of Paraguay.svg   Paraguay 0.1689000.5975000.212300
Flag of Peru.svg   Peru 0.6566000.3358000.198800
Flag of the Philippines.svg   Philippines 0.2385000.8360000.305600
Flag of Poland.svg   Poland 0.1183000.0468000.171200
Flag of Portugal.svg   Portugal 0.0468000.0198000.143800
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg   Puerto Rico 0.0000000.0352000.495200
Flag of Qatar.svg   Qatar 0.7456000.4800000.095000
Flag of France.svg   Réunion 0.0000000.1578000.195200
Flag of Romania.svg   Romania 0.3069000.1723000.237300
Flag of Russia.svg   Russia 0.2452000.2485000.439800
Flag of Rwanda.svg   Rwanda 0.3238000.0000000.506600
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg   Saint Lucia 0.1769000.3169000.332000
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.3066000.0175000.702800
Flag of Samoa.svg   Western Samoa 0.1376000.0111000.787100
Flag of San Marino.svg   San Marino 0.2927000.0000000.197500
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg   São Tomé and Príncipe 0.0000000.2322000.186600
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg   Saudi Arabia 0.1800000.0949000.127000
Flag of Senegal.svg   Senegal 0.6939000.7081000.149700
Flag of Serbia.svg   Serbia 0.573600--
Flag of Seychelles.svg   Seychelles 0.2025000.1606000.232300
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg   Sierra Leone 0.8191000.7634000.539500
Flag of Singapore.svg   Singapore 0.3857000.3835000.656100
Flag of Slovakia.svg   Slovakia 0.2539000.2551000.565500
Flag of Slovenia.svg   Slovenia 0.2216000.2201000.286800
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg   Solomon Islands 0.1110000.5254000.670800
Flag of Somalia.svg   Somalia 0.8117000.0326000.002800
Flag of South Africa.svg   South Africa 0.7517000.8652000.860300
Flag of Spain.svg   Spain 0.4165000.4132000.451400
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg   Sri Lanka 0.4150000.4645000.485300
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg   Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.184200-0.661400
Flag of Sudan.svg   Sudan 0.7147000.7190000.430700
Flag of Suriname.svg   Suriname 0.7332000.3310000.791000
Flag of Eswatini.svg   Swaziland 0.0582000.1722000.444400
Flag of Sweden.svg   Sweden 0.0600000.1968000.234200
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 0.5314000.5441000.608300
Flag of Syria.svg   Syria 0.5399000.1817000.431000
Flag of the Republic of China.svg   Taiwan 0.2744000.5028000.684500
Flag of Tajikistan.svg   Tajikistan 0.5107000.5473000.338600
Flag of Tanzania.svg   Tanzania 0.7353000.8983000.633400
Flag of Thailand.svg   Thailand 0.6338000.6344000.099400
Flag of Togo.svg   Togo 0.7099000.8980000.659600
Flag of Tonga.svg   Tonga 0.0869000.3782000.621400
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg   Trinidad and Tobago 0.6475000.1251000.793600
Flag of Tunisia.svg   Tunisia 0.0394000.0124000.010400
Flag of Turkey.svg   Turkey 0.3200000.2216000.004900
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg   Turkmenistan 0.3918000.3984000.232700
Flag of Tuvalu.svg   Tuvalu 0.1629000.1372000.252400
Flag of Uganda.svg   Uganda 0.9302000.9227000.633200
Flag of Ukraine.svg   Ukraine 0.4737000.4741000.615700
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg   United Arab Emirates 0.6252000.4874000.331000
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg   United Kingdom 0.1211000.0532000.694400
Flag of the United States.svg   United States 0.4901000.5647000.824100
Flag of Uruguay.svg   Uruguay 0.2504000.0817000.354800
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg   Uzbekistan 0.4125000.4120000.213300
Flag of Vanuatu.svg   Vanuatu 0.0413000.5794000.704400
Flag of Venezuela.svg   Venezuela 0.4966000.0686000.135000
Flag of Vietnam.svg   Vietnam 0.2383000.2377000.508000
Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg   U.S. Virgin Islands 0.0000000.3140000.635900
Flag of Palestine.svg   West Bank 0.0000000.1438000.309500
Flag of Yemen.svg   Yemen 0.0000000.0080000.002300
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg   Yugoslavia 0.8092000.6064000.553000
Flag of Zambia.svg   Zambia 0.7808000.8734000.735900
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg   Zimbabwe 0.3874000.4472000.736300

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References

  1. 1 2 A. Alesina, E. Ferrara (2005). "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature: 762–800. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  2. Natalka Patsiurko, John L. Campbell and John A. Hall (2012). "Measuring cultural diversity: ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization in the OECD" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (2): 195–217. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.579136. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 James Fearon (2003). "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country". Journal of Economic Growth. 8: 195–222. doi:10.1023/A:1024419522867.
  4. 1 2 3 Alberto Alesina; et al. (2003). "Fractionalization". Journal of Economic Growth. 8: 155–194. doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938.