.nyc

Last updated

.nyc
.nyc domain logo.svg
IntroducedMarch 20, 2014
TLD type Generic top-level domain
StatusDelegated
Registry GoDaddy
SponsorCity of New York
Intended useFlag of New York City.svg  New York City residents, institutions, and businesses
Registration restrictionsnexus with City
StructureDirect second-level registrations allowed
Registry website www.ownit.nyc OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

.nyc is a top level domain (TLD) for New York City. [1] [2] It was delegated to the root zone by ICANN on March 20, 2014. [3]

Contents

In May 2018, the .nyc registry updated its WHOIS access policy to protect personally identifiable information of domain registrants. Under the new policy, personally identifiable information is no longer publicly available through an initial WHOIS search. [4]

Background

New York-based company name.space, founded by Paul Garrin, began operating its own alternative root zone system in 1997 including a .nyc top level domain. name.space applied for inclusion of its .nyc, along with a number of other strings, as TLDs in the IANA root during the 2000 ICANN application round. [5] Its application was refused. Another company, Names@Work, also put in an application in 2000 but withdrew for lack of funding. [6]

The first municipal support for the .nyc TLD was the Internet Empowerment Resolution passed by Queens Community Board 3, a local planning unit of the City of New York, on April 19, 2001. The Resolution called for the city's Commission on Public Information and Communication or a public interest organization to acquire and develop the TLD. [7]

By the mid-2000s interest in gaining local TLDs had arisen in other cities, notably Paris and Berlin. Some of those proponents contacted Thomas Lowenhaupt, the former Community Board member who had introduced the Queens Resolution. In 2007, with the Bloomberg Administration having indicated that it did not intend to apply for the .nyc TLD, Lowenhaupt formed a non-profit 'Connecting .nyc' to acquire and develop the .nyc TLD for community use. [8] On June 6, 2008 Council Member Gale Brewer led the introduction of Resolution 1495-2008 supporting "the local efforts to acquire the .nyc Top Level Domain and urging The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers to approve the City's application in order to meet the needs of city residents via the Internet." [9]

At the ICANN meeting in Paris in July 2008 a green light was given for the development of a new TLD application round, including cities.

On October 17, 2008, Brewer held a public hearing in support of her bill. Witnesses included Lowenhaupt, Antony Van Couvering of Names@Work, and Paul Garrin. [6] Van Couvering proposed that .nyc be run by his company as a purely commercial enterprise, with a portion of the revenue dedicated to benefiting the community. He testified that he was willing to work with Lowenhaupt on community interests. The bill itself would eventually be shelved at the end of 2009.

In her February 12, 2009 State of the City address City Council Speaker Christine Quinn proposed the .nyc TLD as a public-private partnership. [10] names@work, now under the name DotNYC, opened a new dedicated website which reported on Quinn's speech. "The crowd, made up of elected politicians and dignitaries, literally chanted “Dot N – Y – C” at the end of her description of it." [11] Further press reports were confidently quoted by DotNYC. [12] These included details that they expected to pay the city a third of all revenue, $3 million per year initially, rising to $10 million a year. [13] In June 2009, DotNYC released a testimonial video of former Mayor Ed Koch saying "DotNYC is the best real estate opportunity since the Dutch bought Manhattan". [14]

Wheels had been put in motion and, on April 15, 2009, the New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (DoITT) issued a Request for Information (RFI). Connecting.nyc published its response, [15] which called for many names (second level domains) to be reserved for community use. On October 5, 2009 a Request for Proposals (RFP) was issued by the City of New York seeking "services to obtain, manage, administer, maintain and market the geographic Top Domain name .nyc." [16] Notably, conditions included that proposals include a system of ensuring nexus with the city, and also a preliminary list of reserved names including all city precincts, schools, districts, and neighborhoods. [17]

Creation of .nyc

In March 2012, name.space reported it had filed for trademark protection on a number of its TLDs, including .nyc. [18]

In April 2012 the city announced that NeuStar, Inc., a Virginia-based firm, had been selected from the RFP submissions and on June 12, 2012 the City of New York submitted an application to ICANN for the .nyc TLD. Neustar paid the $185,000 application fee. [19]

In May 2012 Garrin wrote to local dignitaries protesting the Neustar contract, and asserting name.space's rights to the .nyc TLD. [20]

The application on behalf of the city passed initial evaluation at ICANN on May 24, 2013. [21] [22]

ICANN delegated .nyc to the DNS root zone on March 20, 2014. [3]

In 2015 Connecting.nyc was granted special consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). [23]

Advisory board

On March 22, 2013 [24] the .NYC Community Advisory Board was formed. Members include Thomas Lowenhaupt, former ICANN Chair Esther Dyson, and representatives of the local tech and academic community. [24] It was later disbanded.[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICANN</span> American nonprofit organization that coordinates several Internet address databases

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a global multistakeholder group and nonprofit organization head-quartered in the United States responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the Internet, ensuring the Internet's stable and secure operation. ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANA stewardship functions between ICANN and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.

A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domain name</span> Identification string in the Internet

In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain or an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Root name server</span> Name server for the DNS root zone

A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It directly answers requests for records in the root zone and answers other requests by returning a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain (TLD). The root name servers are a critical part of the Internet infrastructure because they are the first step in resolving human-readable host names into IP addresses that are used in communication between Internet hosts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internationalized domain name</span> Type of Internet domain name

An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or alphabet or in the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures. These writing systems are encoded by computers in multibyte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System (DNS) as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.xxx</span> Sponsored top-level Internet domain

.xxx is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) intended as a voluntary option for pornographic sites on the Internet. The sponsoring organization is the International Foundation for Online Responsibility (IFFOR). The registry is operated by ICM Registry LLC. The ICANN Board voted to approve the sTLD on 18 March 2011. It went into operation on 15 April 2011.

Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet. A top-level domain is the last level of every fully qualified domain name. They are called generic for historical reasons; initially, they were contrasted with country-specific TLDs in RFC 920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.post</span> Sponsored top-level domain for the postal sector

.post is a sponsored top-level domain (STLD) available exclusively for the postal sector. It is secured by DNSSEC. The domain aims to integrate the physical, financial and electronic dimensions of postal services to enable and facilitate e-post, e-finance, e-commerce and e-government services. The domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005, as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.web</span>

.web is a proposed top-level domain (TLD) that was created and assigned by an auction process to several bidding companies. It was awarded to Nu Dot Co LLC, which is primarily funded by Verisign.

Paul Garrin is an interdisciplinary artist and social entrepreneur whose work explores the social impact of technology and issues of media access, free speech, public/private space, and the digital divide. Starting as his assistant in 1981, Garrin eventually emerged as one of the most important collaborators of video art superstar Nam June Paik, working closely together from 1982 to 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.berlin</span> Sponsored top-level domain

.berlin (dotBERLIN) is an approved top level domain (TLD) for the Internet. It is a community-based sponsored top-level domain for Berliners. According to the dotBERLIN Organization, .berlin will allow all Berliners to register their domains under .berlin

The Domain Name System of the Internet consists of a set of top-level domains that constitute the root domain of the hierarchical name space and database. In the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to expand the initial set of six generic top-level domains in 1984. As a result, new top-level domain names have been proposed for implementation by ICANN. Such proposals included a variety of models ranging from adoption of policies for unrestricted gTLDs that could be registered by anyone for any purpose, to chartered gTLDs for specialized uses by specialized organizations. In October 2000, ICANN published a list of proposals for top-level domain strings it had received.

A geographic top-level domain is any of an unofficial group of top-level domains in the Domain Name System of the Internet using the name of or invoking an association with a geographical, geopolitical, ethnic, linguistic or cultural community. The IANA does not recognize these domains as their own group within the Root Zone Database, rather classifying them as generic top-level domains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophia Bekele</span> Ethiopian-American businesswoman

Sophia Bekele Eshete is an entrepreneur, corporate executive, governance and risk management specialist, policy advisor on ICT, commentator and philanthropist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.africa</span> Internet TLD for the African Union

.africa is the officially designated top-level domain (TLD) for the African and Pan African communities and users wherever they reside. It is a sponsored generic top-level domain (gTLD) operated by the Registry Africa. The .africa namespace is open to individuals, businesses and organizations around the world. The .africa domains are intended to showcase their brand and commitment to the African continent, establishing a home for Africa-specific products and services, expanding a brand's regional influence and acquiring online real-estate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.quebec</span> Top-level domain

The .quebec domain is a new GeoTLD and Community Priority Application that was proposed to ICANN's New gTLD Program by PointQuébec, a non-profit organisation. The organisation aims to improve the businesses, culture, tourism, and online identity of Quebec and the Canadians through the .quebec TLD. According to the PointQuébec organisation, .quebec will allow all Quebecers to register their domain names under .quebec.

.music is a community-based top-level domain name (TLD) operated for the benefit of the global music community. It was one of the most highly contested new gTLDs, with eight applicants in contention.

The Internet Empowerment Resolution was passed by Queens Community Board 3Archived 2009-04-23 at the Wayback Machine, a local governance unit of the City of New York, on April 19, 2001. The Resolution called for the acquisition of the .nyc Top Level Domain, or TLD, and for its development as a public interest resource to serve the residents and organizations of New York City. During testimony before the city council on October 17, 2008, Connecting.nyc Inc., an advocacy organization for the city's development of the .nyc TLD as a public interest resource, identified the Internet Empowerment Resolution as the origin of its existence.

DotConnectAfrica Trust (DCA) is an independent non-profit, non-partisan organization founded in 2006. The organization was incorporated in Mauritius with its main charitable objectives to: (a) for the advancement of education in information technology to the African society and access to internet resources; and (b) in connection with (a) to provide the African society with a continental Internet domain name by sponsoring, establishing, and operating a new Top Level Domain (TLD) ".africa" for purposes of branding Africa on the Internet.

References

  1. ↑ Silbert, Sarah (July 2, 2013). "Introducing .nyc: New York City to get its own top-level domain". Engadget. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  2. ↑ "'.nyc' wants to go .com". Mail Tribune. October 3, 2007. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Delegated Strings". ICANN. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Protecting Your Data Privacy". May 25, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  5. ↑ "TLD Application for .ads, .agency, .aids, and others". ICANN. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  6. 1 2 MacFie, Joly (2008). "NYC Council - .nyc public hearing". Punkcast . Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  7. ↑ "Internet Empowerment Resolution". Queens Community Board. April 19, 2001. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  8. ↑ "ISOC-NY Public Forum – Connecting .nyc – May 21". ISOC-NY. May 17, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Res 1495-2008 for the .nyc domain". New York City Council. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  10. ↑ Quinn, Christine C . "State of the City Address, Thursday, February 12, 2009" (PDF). NYC Council. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Introducing .NYC". DotNYC.net. February 12, 2009. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  12. ↑ Lombardi, Frank (February 17, 2009). "City politicians eye '.nyc' domain to generate revenue". NY Daily News. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Press for .NYC". DotNYC.net. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  14. ↑ "Outstanding support for DotNYC, LLC". DotNYC. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  15. ↑ "Connecting.nyc Inc. RFI submission". May 27, 2009. Archived from the original (DOC) on October 1, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  16. ↑ "Services to Obtain, Operate, Manage, Administer, Maintain and Market the Geographic Top Level Domain Name .nyc" (PDF). NYCC.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  17. ↑ "City issues RFP for .nyc management". ISOC-NY. October 5, 2009.
  18. ↑ Goldstein, David (March 26, 2012). "Name.space Claims Trademark Protection Over 482 gTLDs". DomainPulse. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  19. ↑ Montalbano, Elizabeth (March 22, 2012). "NYC To Apply For .nyc Domain". InformationWeek. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  20. ↑ Patterson, Clayton (May 17, 2012). "'Net pioneer needs help in fight for rights to .nyc". The Villager. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  21. ↑ "New gTLD Program: Initial Evaluation Report" (PDF). ICANN. May 24, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  22. ↑ "New York City gets own domain name as ICANN approves ".nyc"". Seriously Media. July 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  23. ↑ Decision 2015/223: Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations (PDF) (Report). United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). July 20, 2015. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  24. 1 2 "The .NYC Top-Level Domain: www.yourname.nyc". NYC Digital. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2018.

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