List of Internet top-level domains

This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database. ^[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021 ^[update] , their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains. ^{[2] [3]} As of March 2021 ^[update] , the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains. ^[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing ^[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain). ^[4]

Types

Main article: Top-level domain § Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains: ^[5]

• infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
• generic top-level domains (gTLD)
• generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
• sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
• country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
• test top-level domains (tTLD)

Original top-level domains

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.

• Name: DNS names
• Entity: intended use
• Administrator: managers
• Notes: general remarks
• IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
• DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Name	Entity	Administrator [6]	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC	SLD	IPv6
.com	commercial	Verisign	This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name, [7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.org	organization	Public Interest Registry	This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here." [8] [9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.net	network	Verisign	This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers." [9]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.int	international	Internet Assigned Numbers Authority	The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.edu	education	Educause (via Verisign)	The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.gov	U.S. national and state government agencies	Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign)	The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.mil	U.S. military	United States Department of Defense	The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes

Infrastructure top-level domains

Infrastructure	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.arpa	"Address and Routing Parameter Area"	Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.	No	Yes

Country code top-level domains

Main article: Country code top level domain § Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022 ^[update] , the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains. ^[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalized domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

• Name: DNS name
• Target market: intended use
• Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
• Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
• IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
• DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

English

Main article: List of English-language generic Internet top-level domains

Chinese

Name	Chinese term	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.ren	人 rén	"people/person" in Mandarin pinyin	Restricted TLD [10]	(Cancelled) [11]	Un­known	Yes
.shouji	手机 shǒujī	mobile phone	—	QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu	图书 túshū	books	—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou	网购 wǎnggòu	online shopping	—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo	微博 wēibó	microblogging	—	Sina Corporation
.xihuan	喜欢 xǐhuān	like	—	QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin	信 xìn	credit; honest	—	Alibaba Group

French

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.arte	"ARTE means Association relating to European television"	—	Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.	[12]
.clinique	"clinic or hospital"	—	The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.	[12]
.luxe	"luxury"	—	Minds + Machines [n 1]	Un­known	Yes
.maison	"house"	—	Identity Digital [ID 1]	Yes	Yes
.moi	"me"	—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.	[12]
.rsvp	Invitations and replies	—	Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google) [n 2]	Un­known	Yes
.sarl	Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company	—	Identity Digital [ID 2]	Yes	Yes

German

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.epost	e-mail	—	Deutsche Post AG
.gmbh	GmbH	Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland.	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.haus	"house"	—	Identity Digital [n 3]	Yes	Yes
.immobilien	"real estate"	—	Identity Digital [n 3]	Yes [13]	Yes
.jetzt	"now"	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.kaufen	"buy"	—	Identity Digital [n 3]	Yes [13]	Yes
.kinder	"children"	restricted .brand TLD	Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise	"travel"	Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes. [14]	Identity Digital	Yes [13]	Yes
.reisen	"traveling"	—	Identity Digital [ID 3]	Yes [13]	Yes
.schule	"school"	—	Identity Digital [ID 4]	Yes	Yes
.versicherung	"insurance"	—		Latin script [13]	Yes

Hindi

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.desi	देसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia See also Desi	—	Desi Networks	Un­known	Yes
.shiksha	शिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education".	—	Identity Digital	Un­known	Yes

Italian

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.casa	"house"	—	Minds + Machines [n 1]	Yes	Yes
.immo	French, German, [15] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate"	—	Identity Digital [ID 5]	Yes	Yes
.moda	"fashion"	—	Identity Digital [n 3]	Yes [13]	Yes
.voto	"vote", for election and campaign websites	Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process." [16] Initially only available to registrations in the United States. [17]	Identity Digital	Un­known	Yes

Portuguese

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.bom	good	—	Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens	ticket	—	Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.abogado	"lawyer"	To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms. [18]	Minds + Machines [n 1]	Un­known	Yes
.futbol	"Football" (soccer)	—	Identity Digital [n 3]	Yes	Yes
.gratis	"free"	—	Identity Digital [ID 6]	Yes	Yes
.hoteles	"hotels"	—	Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos	"games"	—	Uniregistry	Yes [19]	Yes
.ltda	companies in South America	Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador. [20]	InterNetX	Un­known	Yes
.soy	"I am" Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives	—	Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google) [n 2]	Latin script, Japanese [21]	Yes
.tienda	"shop", "store"	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.uno	"one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers	—		Spanish	Yes
.viajes	"travel" or "trips"	—	Identity Digital	Spanish	Yes
.vuelos	"flights"	—	Travel Reservations SRL	Yes	Yes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

• Notes: general remarks and intended use
• DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Arabic script

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim [22]	.موقع	Arabic	Arabic	mawqiʿ	"site" or "location"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--fhbei [22]	.كوم		Arabic	kwm	com	Owned by: VeriSign Sarl [12]
xn--mgbb9fbpob [22]	.موبايلي		Arabic	mūbāylī	Mobily	Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L. [12]
xn--mgbi4ecexp [22]	.كاثوليك		Arabic	kāthūlīk	Catholic	Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) [12]
xn--ngbc5azd [22]	.شبكة	Arabic	Arabic	shabaka	"network"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--ngbe9e0a [22]	.بيتك		Arabic	baytak	your home	Owned by: Kuwait Finance House [12]
xn--mgbab2bd [22]	.بازار	Persian	Arabic	bâzâr	"market", "bazaar"	Open TLD	Yes

Chinese characters

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g [22]	.在线	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	zàixiàn	"online"	Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities. [23]	Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs [22]	.中文网	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	Zhōngwén wǎng	"(written) Chinese (language) network"	Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities. [23]	Yes
xn--ses554g [22]	.网址	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǎngzhǐ	"network address" or "website"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--5tzm5g [22]	.网站	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǎngzhàn	"website"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--io0a7i [22]	.网络	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǎngluò	"network"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--55qx5d [22]	.公司	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	gōngsī	"business organization" or "company"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--czru2d [22]	.商城	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	shāngchéng	"mall"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--nqv7f [22]	.机构	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	jīgòu	"agency"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--6qq986b3xl [22]	.我爱你	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǒ ài nǐ	"I love you"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--czr694b [22]	.商标	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	shāngbiāo	"trademark"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--rhqv96g [22]	.世界	Chinese and Japanese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai)	shìjiè sekai	"world"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--3bst00m [22]	.集团	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	jítuán	"conglomerate"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--30rr7y [22]	.慈善	Chinese and Japanese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Kyūjitai and Shinjitai)	císhàn jizen	"philanthropy"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--45q11c [22]	.八卦	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	bāguà	"gossip"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--55qw42g [22]	.公益	Chinese and Japanese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai)	gōngyì kōeki	"philanthropy"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--g2xx48c [22]	.购物	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	gòuwù	"shopping"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--kput3i [22]	.手机	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	shǒujī	"cell phone"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--mxtq1m [22]	.政府	Hani Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	zhèngfǔ	"public affairs	Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions [24]	Yes

Cyrillic script

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b [22]	.дети	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	dyeti	"kids" or "children"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--80aqecdr1a [22]	.католик		Cyrillic	Katolik	"сatholic" (as noun)	Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications) [12]
xn--j1aef [22]	.ком	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	kom	"com"	Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb [22]	.онлайн	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	onlain	"online"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--c1avg [22]	.орг	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	org	"org" or "organization"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--80aswg [22]	.сайт	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	sait	"site"	Open TLD	Yes

Japanese characters

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c [22]	.みんな	Japanese	Hiragana	minna	everyone	Open TLD [25]	Yes
xn--1ck2e1b [22]	.セール	Japanese	Katakana	sēru	sale	Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc. [12]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c [22]	.ファッション	Japanese	Katakana	fasshon	fashion
xn--cck2b3b [22]	.ストア	Japanese	Katakana	sutoa	store
xn--eckvdtc9d [22]	.ポイント	Japanese	Katakana	pointo	point
xn--gckr3f0f [22]	.クラウド	Japanese	Katakana	kuraudo	cloud
xn--tckwe [22]	.コム	Japanese	Katakana	komu	com	Owned by: VeriSign Sarl [12]

Other script

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc [26]	.বাংলা	Bengali	Bengali	Bānlā	Bangla	Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c [27]	.भारत	Hindi	Devanagari	bharat	India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e [22]	.संगठन	Marathi, Hindi	Devanagari	saṅgaṭhana	"organization"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--11b4c3d [22]	.कॉम	Marathi, Hindi	Devanagari	kom	com
xn--c2br7g [22]	.नेट	Marathi, Hindi	Devanagari	net	net
xn--mk1bu44c [22]	.닷컴	Korean	Hangul	datkeom / tatk'ŏm	dotcom
xn--t60b56a [22]	.닷넷	Korean	Hangul	datnet / tatnet	dotnet
xn--9dbq2a [22]	.קום	Hebrew	Hebrew	qwm	com	Open TLD	Yes
xn--42c2d9a [22]	.คอม	Thai	Thai	khom	com

Geographic top-level domains

• Name: DNS name
• Entity: Target geographic area
• Notes: general remarks
• IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
• DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Africa

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.africa	Africa	[12] [28]		Yes
.capetown	Cape Town, South Africa	[29]	Un­known	Yes
.durban	Durban, South Africa	[30]	Un­known	Yes
.joburg	Johannesburg, South Africa	[31]	Un­known	Yes

Asia

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.abudhabi	Abu Dhabi, UAE	[12]		Yes
.arab	League of Arab States	[12]		Yes
.asia	Asia–Pacific region	This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.	Chinese, Japanese, Korean [13]	Yes
.doha	Doha, Qatar	[12]
.dubai	Dubai, UAE	[12]		Yes
.krd	Kurdistan	This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan [32] [33]	Kurdish	Yes
.kyoto	Kyoto, Japan	[34]		Yes
.nagoya	Nagoya, Japan	[35]	Japanese [13]	Yes
.okinawa	Okinawa, Japan	[36]	Japanese	Yes
.osaka	Osaka, Japan	[12]		Yes
.ryukyu	Ryukyu Islands, Japan	[37]	Un­known	Yes
.taipei	Taipei, Taiwan	Introduced in September 2014 [38]	Un­known	Yes
.tokyo	Tokyo, Japan	[39]	Yes	Yes
.yokohama	Yokohama, Japan	[40]	Japanese	Yes

Europe

Geographic TLDs in France

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.alsace	Alsace	"The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace." [41]	Un­known	Yes
.bzh	Brittany; Breton language and culture	Breizh in Breton. [42] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture	French [13]	Yes
.cat	Catalonia; Catalan language and culture	This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture. [43]	Catalan [13]	Yes
.corsica	Corsica	TLD Related to Corsican Culture	Un­known	Yes
.eus	Basque, Spain and France	Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically. [44]	Un­known	Yes
.paris	Paris	"Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris" [45]	Yes	Yes

Geographic TLDs in Spain

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.bcn	Barcelona	[12]		Yes
.barcelona			Un­known	Yes
.cat	Catalonia; Catalan language and culture	This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture. [46]	Catalan [13]	Yes
.eus	Basque, Spain and France	Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically. [44]	Un­known	Yes
.gal	Galicia	This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture. [47]	Un­known	Yes
.madrid	Madrid	[48]	Un­known	Yes

Geographic TLDs in Germany

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.bayern	Bavaria	[49]	Yes	Yes
.berlin	Berlin	Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc. [50]	Latin and Cyrillic scripts [13]	Yes
.cologne	Cologne	[51]	Yes	Yes
.koeln		[52]	Yes	Yes
.hamburg	Hamburg		Latin script [13]	Yes
.nrw	North Rhine-Westphalia	[53]	Yes	Yes
.ruhr	Ruhr	[54]	German [13]	Yes
.saarland	Saarland	[55]	Un­known	Yes

Other European Geographic TLDs

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.eu	EU, European Union	[56] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union.	Yes	Yes
.amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	[57]	Un­known	Yes
.bar	Bar, Montenegro	[12] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide	Un­known	Yes
.brussels	Brussels, Belgium	[58]	Latin script [13]	Yes
.cymru	Wales, United Kingdom	[59]	Welsh [13]	Yes
.wales		[59]	Welsh [13]	Yes
.frl	Friesland, Netherlands	Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands. [60]	Un­known	Yes
.gent	Ghent, Belgium	[61]	Un­known	Yes
.helsinki	Helsinki, Finland		Un­known	Yes
.irish	Ireland; global Irish community		Un­known	Yes
.ist	İstanbul, Turkey		Un­known	Yes
.istanbul			Un­known	Yes
.london	London, United Kingdom	[62]	Yes	Yes
.moscow  [ ru ]	Moscow, Russia	[63]	Yes	Yes
.scot	Scotland, United Kingdom	[64]	Un­known	Yes
.stockholm	Stockholm, Sweden	[12]	Yes [65]	Yes
.swiss	Switzerland	[12]	Yes [66]	Yes
.tatar	Tatar peoples and places	Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community. [67]	Un­known	Yes
.tirol	Tyrol, Austria	[68]	Yes [13]	Yes
.vlaanderen	Flanders, Belgium	[69]	Latin script [13]	Yes
.wien	Vienna, Austria	[70]	Latin script [13]	Yes
.zuerich	Zurich, Switzerland	[71]	Un­known	Yes
.su	Soviet Union	[72]	Yes [13]	Yes

North America

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC	Alternatives
.boston	Boston, Massachusetts	[12]		Yes	.boston.ma.us
.miami	Miami, Florida	[73]	Un­known	Yes	.miami.us
.nyc	New York City, New York	[74]	Spanish [13]	Yes	.new-york.ny.us
.quebec	Quebec, Canada	[75]	Un­known	Yes	.qc.ca
.vegas	Las Vegas, Nevada	[76]	Yes	Yes	.las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.kiwi	New Zealanders	[77]	Latin script [13]	Yes
.melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	[78]	Un­known	Yes
.sydney	Sydney, Australia	[79]	Un­known	Yes

South America

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.lat	Latin America	[80]	Spanish [81]	Yes
.rio	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	[82]	Un­known	Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

DNS name	Display name	Entity	Language	Script	Transliteration	Notes	Other TLD	IDN	DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a [22]	.佛山	Foshan, China	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	fat6 saan1	[83]		Yes	Yes
xn--xhq521b [22]	.广东	Guangdong, China	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	gwong2 dung1	[12]
xn--80adxhks [22]	.москва  [ ru ]	Moscow, Russia	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	moskva	[84]	.moscow	Russian [13]	Yes
xn--p1acf [22]	.рус	Russian language, post-Soviet states	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	rus	[12]	.su
xn--mgbca7dzdo [22]	.ابوظبي	Abu Dhabi	Arabic	Arabic	Abū Ẓabī	[12]	.abudhabi
xn--ngbrx [22]	.عرب	Arab	Arabic	Arabic	‘Arab	[12]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

• Name: DNS name
• Entity: company and/or brand
• Notes: general remarks
• IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
• DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.aaa	American Automobile Association	[12]		Yes
.aarp	AARP	[12]		Yes
.abarth	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Abarth)	[12]
.abb	ABB	[12]		Yes
.abbott	Abbott Laboratories	[12]		Yes
.abbvie	AbbVie	[12]		Yes
.abc	American Broadcasting Company [85]	[12]		Yes
.accenture	Accenture	[12]		Yes
.aco	ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG	[12]		Yes
.aeg	Aktiebolaget Electrolux	[12]		Yes
.aetna	Aetna	[12]		Yes
.afl	Australian Football League	[12]		Yes
.agakhan	Aga Khan Foundation	[12]		Yes
.aig	American International Group	[12]		Yes
.aigo	Aigo	[12]
.airbus	Airbus	[12]		Yes
.airtel	Bharti Airtel	[12]		Yes
.akdn	Aga Khan Foundation	[12]		Yes
.alfaromeo	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Alfa Romeo)	[12]
.alibaba	Alibaba Group	[12]		Yes
.alipay	Alibaba Group	[12]		Yes
.allfinanz	Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft	[86]	Un­known	Yes
.allstate	Allstate	[12]		Yes
.ally	Ally Financial	[12]		Yes
.alstom	Alstom	[12]		Yes
.amazon	Amazon			Yes
.americanexpress	American Express	[12]		Yes
.amex	American Express	[12]		Yes
.amica	Amica Mutual Insurance	[12]		Yes
.android	Google (Android)	[87]	Un­known	Yes
.anz	Australia & New Zealand Banking Group	[12]		Yes
.aol	AOL	[12]		Yes
.apple	Apple	[12]		Yes
.aquarelle	Aquarelle.com Group	[88]	Un­known	Yes
.aramco	Aramco	[12]		Yes
.audi	Audi	[12]		Yes
.auspost	Australia Post	[12]		Yes
.aws	Amazon Web Services	[12]		Yes
.axa	Axa	[89]	Yes [13]	Yes
.azure	Microsoft	[12]		Yes
.baidu	Baidu	[12]		Yes
.bananarepublic	Gap (Banana Republic)	[12]
.barclaycard	Barclays	[90]	Un­known	Yes
.barclays	Barclays	[90]	Un­known	Yes
.basketball	FIBA	[91]		Yes
.bauhaus	Werkhaus GmbH	[12]		Yes
.bbc	BBC	[12]		Yes
.bbt	BB&T	[12]		Yes
.bbva	Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria	[12]		Yes
.bcg	Boston Consulting Group	[12]		Yes
.bentley	Bentley	[12]		Yes
.bharti	Bharti Enterprises	[12]		Yes
.bing	Microsoft (Bing)	[12]		Yes
.blanco	BLANCO GmbH + Co KG	[12]
.bloomberg	Bloomberg	[92]	Un­known	Yes
.bms	Bristol-Myers Squibb	[12]		Yes
.bmw	BMW	[93]	No	Yes
.bnl	Banca Nazionale del Lavoro	[94]	Un­known
.bnpparibas	BNP Paribas	[95]	Un­known	Yes
.boehringer	Boehringer Ingelheim	[12]		Yes
.bond	Bond University [12]	Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019		Yes
.booking	Booking.com	[12]		Yes
.bosch	Robert Bosch GmbH	[12]		Yes
.bostik	Bostik	[12]		Yes
.bradesco	Bradesco	[96]	Un­known	Yes
.bridgestone	Bridgestone	[12]		Yes
.brother	Brother Industries	[12]		Yes
.bugatti	Bugatti	[12]
.cal	Google (Google Calendar)	[97]	Un­known	Yes
.calvinklein	PVH	[12]		Yes
.canon	Canon	[12]		Yes
.capitalone	Capital One	[12]		Yes
.caravan	Caravan International	[98]	Un­known	Yes
.cartier	Richemont DNS	[12]
.cba	Commonwealth Bank	[12]		Yes
.cbn	Christian Broadcasting Network	[12]		Yes
.cbre	CBRE Group	[12]		Yes
.cbs	CBS	[12]
.cern	CERN	[99]	Un­known	Yes
.cfa	CFA Institute	[12]		Yes
.chanel	Chanel	[12]		Yes
.chase	Chase Bank	[12]		Yes
.chintai	Chintai Corporation  [ ja ]	[12]		Yes
.chrome	Google (Google Chrome)	[100]	Un­known	Yes
.chrysler	Chrysler	[12]
.cipriani	Hotel Cipriani Srl	[12]		Yes
.cisco	Cisco Systems	[12]		Yes
.citadel	Citadel Domain	[12]		Yes
.citi	Citigroup	[12]		Yes
.citic	CITIC Group	[101]	No	Yes
.clubmed	Club Med	[12]		Yes
.comcast	Comcast	[12]
.commbank	Commonwealth Bank	[12]		Yes
.creditunion	CUNA Performance Resources	[12]		Yes
.crown	Crown Equipment Corporation	[12]		Yes
.crs	Federated Co-operatives (Co-Operative Retailing System)	[102]	Un­known	Yes
.csc	DXC Technology
.cuisinella	Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella)	[103]	Un­known	Yes
.dabur	Dabur	[12]		Yes
.datsun	Nissan (Datsun)	[12]		Yes
.dealer	Dealer Dot Com	[12]		Yes
.dell	Dell	[12]		Yes
.deloitte	Deloitte	[12]		Yes
.delta	Delta Air Lines	[12]		Yes
.dhl	Deutsche Post	[12]		Yes
.discover	Discover Financial Services	[12]		Yes
.dish	Dish Network	[12]		Yes
.dnp	Dai Nippon Printing	[104]	Un­known	Yes
.dodge	Chrysler (Dodge)	[12]
.dunlop	Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres)	[12]		Yes
.dupont	DuPont	[12]		Yes
.dvag	Deutsche Vermögensberatung	[105]	Un­known	Yes
.edeka	Edeka	[106]	Un­known	Yes
.emerck	Merck Group	[107]	Un­known	Yes
.epson	Seiko Epson	[12]		Yes
.ericsson	Ericsson	[12]		Yes
.erni	ERNI Group Holding AG	[12]		Yes
.esurance	Esurance	[12]
.etisalat	Etisalat	[12]
.eurovision	European Broadcasting Union (Eurovision)	[12]		Yes
.everbank	EverBank	[108]	Un­known
.extraspace	Extra Space Storage	[12]		Yes
.fage	Fage	[12]		Yes
.fairwinds	FairWinds Partners	[12]		Yes
.farmers	Farmers Insurance Exchange	[12]		Yes
.fedex	FedEx	[12]		Yes
.ferrari	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Ferrari)	[12]		Yes
.ferrero	Ferrero	[12]		Yes
.fiat	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	[12]
.fidelity	Fidelity Investments	[12]		Yes
.firestone	Bridgestone	[12]		Yes
.firmdale	Firmdale Holdings	[109]	Un­known	Yes
.flickr	Yahoo! (Flickr)	[12]		Yes
.flir	FLIR Systems	[12]		Yes
.flsmidth	FLSmidth	[110]	Un­known
.ford	Ford	[12]		Yes
.fox	Fox Broadcasting Company	[12]		Yes
.fresenius	Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH	[12]		Yes
.forex	Dotforex Registry Ltd	[12]		Yes
.frogans	OP3FT	Solely for use by the Frogans technology [111]	Yes [13]	Yes
.frontier	Frontier Communications	[12]		Yes
.fujitsu	Fujitsu	[12]		Yes
.fujixerox	Fuji Xerox	[12]
.gallo	E & J Gallo Winery	[12]		Yes
.gallup	Gallup	[12]		Yes
.gap	Gap	[12]		Yes
.gbiz	Google	[112]	Un­known	Yes
.gea	GEA Group	[12]		Yes
.genting	Genting Group	[12]		Yes
.giving	Public Interest Registry	[12]		Yes
.gle	Google	[113]	Un­known	Yes
.globo	Grupo Globo	[114]	No	Yes
.gmail	Google (Gmail)	[115]	Un­known	Yes
.gmo	GMO Internet	[116]	Un­known	Yes
.gmx	1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange)	[117]	Un­known	Yes
.godaddy	Go Daddy	[12]		Yes
.goldpoint	Yodobashi Camera	[12]		Yes
.goodyear	Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company	[12]		Yes
.goog	Google	[118]	Un­known	Yes
.google	Google	[119]	Un­known	Yes
.grainger	Grainger Registry Services, LLC	[12]		Yes
.guardian	Guardian Life Insurance Company of America	[12]
.gucci	Gucci	[12]		Yes
.hbo	HBO	[12]		Yes
.hdfc	Housing Development Finance Corporation	[12]		Yes
.hdfcbank	HDFC Bank	[12]		Yes
.hermes	Hermès	[12]		Yes
.hisamitsu	Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical	[12]		Yes
.hitachi	Hitachi	[12]		Yes
.hkt	Hong Kong Telecom	[12]		Yes
.honda	Honda	[12]		Yes
.honeywell	Honeywell	[12]
.hotmail	Microsoft (Hotmail)	[12]		Yes
.hsbc	HSBC	[120]	Un­known	Yes
.hughes	Hughes Network Systems	[12]		Yes
.hyatt	Hyatt	[12]		Yes
.hyundai	Hyundai Motor Company	[12]		Yes
.ibm	IBM	[121]	Un­known	Yes
.ieee	Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers	[12]		Yes
.ifm	ifm electronic gmbh	[12]		Yes
.ikano	Ikano	[12]		Yes
.imdb	Amazon (IMDb)	[12]		Yes
.infiniti	Nissan (Infiniti)	[12]		Yes
.intel	Intel	[12]
.intuit	Intuit	[12]		Yes
.ipiranga	Ipiranga	[12]		Yes
.iselect	iSelect	[12]
.itau	Itaú Unibanco	[12]		Yes
.itv	ITV	[12]		Yes
.iveco	CNH Industrial (Iveco)	[12]
.jaguar	Jaguar Land Rover	[12]		Yes
.java	Oracle (Java)	[12]		Yes
.jcb	JCB	[12]		Yes
.jcp	JCP Media	[12]
.jeep	Chrysler (Jeep)	[12]		Yes
.jio	Reliance Industries (Jio)	[12]		Yes
.jpmorgan	JPMorgan Chase	[12]		Yes
.juniper	Juniper Networks	[12]		Yes
.kddi	KDDI	[12]		Yes
.kerryhotels	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	[12]		Yes
.kerrylogistics	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	[12]		Yes
.kerryproperties	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	[12]		Yes
.kfh	Kuwait Finance House	[12]		Yes
.kia	Kia Motors Corporation	[12]		Yes
.kinder	Ferrero (Kinder Surprise)	[12]
.kindle	Amazon (Amazon Kindle)	[12]		Yes
.komatsu	Komatsu	[12]		Yes
.kpmg	KPMG	[12]		Yes
.kred	KredTLD	[122]	Un­known	Yes
.kuokgroup	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	[12]		Yes
.lacaixa	Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona	[123]	Un­known	Yes
.ladbrokes	Ladbrokes	[12]
.lamborghini	Lamborghini	[12]		Yes
.lancaster	Lancaster (Coty)	[12]		Yes
.lancia	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Lancia)	[12]
.lancome	L'Oréal	[12]
.landrover	Jaguar Land Rover	[12]		Yes
.lanxess	Lanxess	[12]		Yes
.lasalle	JLL	[12]		Yes
.latrobe	La Trobe University	[124]	Un­known	Yes
.lds	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) [125]	[126]	Un­known	Yes
.leclerc	E.Leclerc	[127]		Yes
.lego	Lego Group	[12]		Yes
.liaison	Liaison Technologies	[12]
.lexus	Toyota (Lexus)	[12]		Yes
.lidl	Lidl	[12]		Yes
.lifestyle	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.	[12]		Yes
.lilly	Eli Lilly and Company	[12]		Yes
.lincoln	Ford (Lincoln)	[12]		Yes
.linde	Linde	[12]
.lipsy	Lipsy Ltd	[12]		Yes
.lixil	Lixil Group	[12]
.locus	Locus Analytics	[12]		Yes
.lotte	Lotte Holdings	[12]		Yes
.lpl	LPL Financial	[12]		Yes
.lplfinancial	LPL Financial	[12]		Yes
.lundbeck	Lundbeck	[12]		Yes
.lupin	Lupin Limited	[12]
.macys	Macy's	[12]
.maif	Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)	[12]		Yes
.man	MAN	[12]		Yes
.mango	Mango	[128]	Latin script [13]	Yes
.marriott	Marriott International	[12]		Yes
.maserati	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Maserati)	[12]
.mattel	Mattel	[12]		Yes
.mckinsey	McKinsey & Company	[12]		Yes
.metlife	MetLife	[12]
.microsoft	Microsoft	[12]		Yes
.mini	BMW (Mini)	[129]	No	Yes
.mit	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	[12]		Yes
.mitsubishi	Mitsubishi Corporation	[12]		Yes
.mlb	MLB Advanced Media	[12]		Yes
.mma	MMA IARD	[12]		Yes
.monash	Monash University	[130] [131]	No	Yes
.mormon	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) [125]	[132]	Un­known	Yes
.moto	Motorola	[12]		Yes
.movistar	Telefónica (Movistar)	[12]
.msd	MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.	[12]		Yes
.mtn	MTN	[12]		Yes
.mtr	MTR Corporation	[12]		Yes
.mutual	Northwestern Mutual	[12]
.nadex	Nadex	[12]
.nationwide	Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company	[12]
.natura	Natura & Co	[12]
.nba	National Basketball Association	[12]		Yes
.nec	NEC	[12]		Yes
.netflix	Netflix	[12]		Yes
.neustar	Neustar	[133]	No	Yes
.newholland	CNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction)	[12]
.nfl	National Football League	[12]		Yes
.nhk	NHK	[134]	Un­known	Yes
.nico	Dwango (Niconico)	[135]	Un­known	Yes
.nike	Nike	[12]		Yes
.nikon	Nikon	[12]		Yes
.nissan	Nissan	[12]		Yes
.nissay	Nippon Life	[12]		Yes
.nokia	Nokia	[12]		Yes
.northwesternmutual	Northwestern Mutual	[12]
.norton	NortonLifeLock	[12]		Yes
.nra	National Rifle Association of America	[136]	Un­known	Yes
.ntt	Nippon Telegraph & Telephone	[12]		Yes
.obi	OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA	[12]		Yes
.office	Microsoft (Microsoft Office)	[12]		Yes
.omega	Swatch Group (Omega)	[12]		Yes
.oracle	Oracle	[12]		Yes
.orange	Orange	[12]		Yes
.otsuka	Otsuka Pharmaceutical	[137]	Un­known	Yes
.ovh	OVH	[138]	French [13]	Yes
.panasonic	Panasonic	[12]		Yes
.pccw	PCCW	[12]		Yes
.pfizer	Pfizer	[12]		Yes
.philips	Philips	[12]		Yes
.piaget	Piaget	[139]	Un­known
.pictet	Pictet	[12]		Yes
.ping	Ping	[12]		Yes
.pioneer	Pioneer Corporation	[12]		Yes
.play	Google (Google Play)	[12]		Yes
.playstation	Sony (PlayStation)	[12]		Yes
.pohl	Deutsche Vermögensberatung (founder Reinfried Pohl)	[140]	Un­known	Yes
.politie	Politie Nederland	[12]		Yes
.praxi	Praxi	[141]	Un­known	Yes
.prod	Google (products)	[142]	Un­known	Yes
.progressive	Progressive Corporation	[12]		Yes
.pru	Prudential Financial	[12]		Yes
.prudential	Prudential Financial	[12]		Yes
.pwc	PwC	[143]	Un­known	Yes
.quest	Quest Software	[12]		Yes
.qvc	QVC	[12]
.redstone	Redstone Haute Couture Co	[12]		Yes
.reliance	Reliance Industries	[12]		Yes
.rexroth	Robert Bosch GmbH	[12]		Yes
.ricoh	Ricoh	[12]		Yes
.ril	Reliance Industries	[12]		Yes
.rmit	Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology	[12]
.rocher	Ferrero (Ferrero Rocher)	[12]
.rogers	Rogers Communications	[12]		Yes
.rwe	RWE	[12]		Yes
.safety	Safety Registry Services, LLC.	[12]		Yes
.sakura	Sakura Internet  [ ja ]	[12]		Yes
.samsung	Samsung SDS	[12]		Yes
.sandvik	Sandvik	[12]		Yes
.sandvikcoromant	Sandvik Coromant	[144]	Un­known	Yes
.sanofi	Sanofi	[12]		Yes
.sap	SAP	[145]		Yes
.saxo	Saxo Bank	[12]		Yes
.sbi	State Bank of India	[12]		Yes
.sbs	Special Broadcasting Service [12]	Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021		Yes
.sca	Svenska Cellulosa	[146]	Un­known
.scb	Siam Commercial Bank		Thai [13]	Yes
.schaeffler	Schaeffler Technologies	[12]		Yes
.schmidt	Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisines Schmidt)	[147]	Un­known	Yes
.schwarz	Schwarz Gruppe	[12]		Yes
.scjohnson	S. C. Johnson & Son	[12]
.scor	SCOR	[12]
.seat	SEAT	[12]		Yes
.sener	Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.	[12]		Yes
.ses	SES	[12]
.sew	SEW Eurodrive	[12]		Yes
.seven	Seven West Media	[12]		Yes
.sfr	SFR	[12]		Yes
.seek	Seek	[148]	No	Yes
.shangrila	Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts	[12]		Yes
.sharp	Sharp Corporation	[12]		Yes
.shaw	Shaw Cablesystems G.P.	[12]		Yes
.shell	Shell	[12]		Yes
.shriram	Shriram Capital	[12]
.sina	Sina Corp	[12]		Yes
.sky	Sky Group	[12]		Yes
.skype	Microsoft (Skype)	[12]		Yes
.smart	Smart Communications	[12]		Yes
.sncf	SNCF	[12]		Yes
.softbank	SoftBank	[12]		Yes
.sohu	Sohu	[149]	Un­known	Yes
.sony	Sony	[12]		Yes
.spiegel	Der Spiegel	[150]	Un­known
.stada	Stada Arzneimittel	[12]		Yes
.staples	Staples	[12]		Yes
.star	Disney Star	[12]		Yes
.starhub	StarHub	[12]
.statebank	State Bank of India	[12]		Yes
.statefarm	State Farm	[12]		Yes
.statoil	Statoil	[12]
.stc	Saudi Telecom Company	[12]		Yes
.stcgroup	Saudi Telecom Company	[12]		Yes
.suzuki	Suzuki	[151]	Un­known	Yes
.swatch	Swatch Group	[12]		Yes
.swiftcover	Swiftcover	[12]
.symantec	Gen Digital	[12]
.taobao	Alibaba Group (Taobao)	[12]		Yes
.target	Target	[12]		Yes
.tatamotors	Tata Motors	[12]		Yes
.tdk	TDK	[12]		Yes
.telecity	TelecityGroup	[12]
.telefonica	Telefónica	[12]
.temasek	Temasek Holdings	[12]		Yes
.teva	Teva Pharmaceuticals	[12]		Yes
.tiffany	Tiffany & Co.	[12]
.tjx	TJX Companies	[12]		Yes
.toray	Toray Industries	[12]		Yes
.toshiba	Toshiba	[12]		Yes
.total	Total	[12]		Yes
.toyota	Toyota	[12]		Yes
.travelchannel	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. (Travel Channel)	[12]
.travelers	Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies)	[12]		Yes
.tui	TUI	[152]	Un­known	Yes
.tvs	T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited	[12]		Yes
.ubs	UBS	[12]		Yes
.unicom	China Unicom	[12]		Yes
.uol	Universo Online	Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet. [153]	Un­known	Yes
.ups	United Parcel Service	[12]		Yes
.vanguard	Vanguard Group	[12]		Yes
.verisign	VeriSign	[12]		Yes
.vig	Vienna Insurance Group	[12]		Yes
.viking	Viking River Cruises	[12]		Yes
.virgin	Virgin Group	[12]		Yes
.visa	Visa	[12]		Yes
.vista	Vistaprint	[12]
.vistaprint	Vistaprint	[12]
.vivo	Telefônica Brasil	[12]		Yes
.volkswagen	Volkswagen Group of America	[12]
.volvo	Volvo	[12]		Yes
.walmart	Walmart	[12]		Yes
.walter	Sandvik	[12]		Yes
.weatherchannel	IBM (The Weather Company)	[12]		Yes
.weber	Saint-Gobain	[12]		Yes
.weir	Weir Group	[12]		Yes
.williamhill	William Hill	[154]	Un­known	Yes
.windows	Microsoft (Microsoft Windows)	[12]		Yes
.wme	Endeavor	[155]	Un­known	Yes
.wolterskluwer	Wolters Kluwer	[12]		Yes
.woodside	Woodside Petroleum	[12]		Yes
.wtc	World Trade Centers Association	[156]	Un­known	Yes
.xbox	Microsoft Xbox	[12]		Yes
.xerox	Fuji Xerox	[12]		Yes
.xfinity	Comcast	[12]
.yahoo	Yahoo!	[12]		Yes
.yamaxun	Amazon (Amazon China)	[12]		Yes
.yandex	Yandex	[157]	Un­known	Yes
.yodobashi	Yodobashi Camera	[12]		Yes
.youtube	Google (YouTube)	[158]	Un­known	Yes
.zappos	Amazon (Zappos)	[12]		Yes
.zara	Inditex (Zara)	[12]		Yes
.zippo	Zippo	[12]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

DNS name	IDN TLD	Entity	Script	Transliteration	Comments	DNSSEC
xn--jlq480n2rg	.亚马逊	Amazon	Chinese (Simplified)	Yàmǎxùn	[159]	Yes
xn—cckwcxetd	.アマゾン	Amazon	Katakana	amazon	[160]	Yes
xn--mgba3a3ejt	.ارامكو	Aramco Services Company	Arabic		[12]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf	.اتصالات	Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)	Arabic		[12]
xn--8y0a063a	.联通	China United Network Communications Corporation Limited	Chinese (Simplified)	Liántōng	[12]
xn--6frz82g	.移动	China Mobile Communications Corporation	Chinese (Simplified)	Yídòng
xn--fiq64b	.中信	CITIC Group	Chinese	zhōngxìn	[161]	Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg	.香格里拉	Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited	Chinese	Xiānggélǐlā	[12]
xn--b4w605ferd	.淡马锡	Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited	Chinese (Simplified)	Dànmǎxī	[12]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a	.大众汽车	Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd.	Chinese (Simplified)	Dàzhòngqìchē	[12]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb	.vermögensberater	Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft	Latin		[162]	Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb	.vermögensberatung	Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft	Latin		[163]	Yes
xn--qcka1pmc	.グーグル	Google	Katakana	gūguru	[164]	Yes
xn--flw351e	.谷歌	Google	Chinese	gǔgē	[165]	Yes
xn--estv75g	.工行	Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited	Chinese	Gōngháng	[12]
xn--w4rs40l	.嘉里	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	Chinese	Jiālǐ	[12]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra	.嘉里大酒店	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	Chinese	Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn	[12]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a	.飞利浦	Koninklijke Philips N.V.	Chinese (Simplified)	Fēilìpǔ	[12]
xn--jlq61u9w7b	.诺基亚	Nokia Corporation	Chinese (Simplified)	Nuòjīyà	[12] [166]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm	.電訊盈科	PCCW Enterprises Limited	Chinese (Traditional)	din6 soen3 jing4 fo1	[12]
xn--cg4bki	.삼성	Samsung	Hangul	samseong	[167]	Yes

Special-use domains

ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names. ^[168]

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN
.example		Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example. (example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.)	Un­known
.internal		Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks.	Un­known
.invalid		Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work.	Un­known
.local		Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS). [169]	Un­known
.localhost		Points back to own computer.	Un­known
.onion		Connection to the Tor network.	Un­known
.test		Meant for testing DNS software.	Un­known

Non-IANA domains

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name	RFC	Notes
.home.arpa	RFC 8375 [170]	A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal	RFC 6762 Appendix G [171]	ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use. [172]
.intranet		The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp		Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision. [173]
.home
.lan		Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses. ^[174] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name	Blockchain	Notes
N/A	Handshake	Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root. [175]
.eth	Ethereum	Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses, [176] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto, .zil	Ethereum, Zilliqa	Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone. [177]
.bit	Namecoin	Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018. [178]
.xlm	Stellar	Soroban domain allows Stellar's blockchain addresses to be shortened as a .xlm address using a Soroban smart contract. [179]

Alternate roots

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name	Root	Notes
N/A	Handshake	The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate	OpenNIC
.fur	FurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazar	Emercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm	New Nations

See also

• Top-level domain
• Country code top-level domain
• Generic top-level domain
• IDN Test TLDs
• ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, the standard for two-letter country codes, which most ccTLDs are based on
• Proposed top-level domain
• Second-level domain, information about .co.jp, .co.uk, .co.kr, .co.nf, etc.
• Public Suffix List

Explanatory notes

1. A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
2. Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See .
3. 1 2 3 4 5 Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.

Internet Domain Notes

1. Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
2. Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
3. Operating as New Cypress, LLC
4. Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
5. Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
6. Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC

Citations

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33. .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
34. "About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
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38. ".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
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40. "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
41. "Book your extension .alsace".
42. ".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
43. (in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
44. ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
45. ".paris Registration Policy" (PDF). cdn.paris.fr. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
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47. "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
48. IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
49. "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
50. (in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
51. "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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53. IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
54. ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
55. "dotSaarland GmbH" . Retrieved 28 October 2014.
56. EURid.
57. amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
58. ".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
59. ".cymru .wales Our Home Online" . Retrieved 4 November 2014.
60. (in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
61. "Official website of .GENT" . Retrieved 4 November 2014.
62. "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
63. "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
64. "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
65. "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
66. "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
67. "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
68. "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
69. ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
70. ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
71. ".zuerich Registry Operator Website" . Retrieved 17 June 2015.
72. "Register domain in .su zone" . Retrieved 4 June 2024.
73. IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
74. ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
75. ".QUEBEC" . Retrieved 21 October 2014.
76. "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
77. "Why .kiwi?". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
78. Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
79. IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
80. ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
81. ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
82. "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
83. IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
84. "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development".
85. ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
86. IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
87. IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
88. IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
89. "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
90. "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
91. "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
92. IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
93. "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
94. IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
95. "nic.bnpparibas" . Retrieved 4 November 2014.
96. "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
97. IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
98. IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
99. IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
100. IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
101. "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
102. IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
103. IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
104. IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
105. IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
106. IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
107. IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
108. IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
109. IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
110. IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
111. "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
112. IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
113. IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
114. ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
115. IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
116. IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
117. IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
118. IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
119. IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
120. ".hsbc" . Retrieved 15 August 2015.
121. IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
122. IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
123. IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
124. IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
125. This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
126. IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
127. "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
128. "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
129. "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
130. ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
131. "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
132. IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
133. "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
134. IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
135. ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
136. IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
137. IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
138. "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
139. "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
140. IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
141. IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
142. IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
143. NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
144. "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
145. ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
146. ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
147. IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
148. IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
149. IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
150. IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
151. IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
152. IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
153. IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
154. IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
155. IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
156. IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
157. "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
158. IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
159. ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
160. ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
161. "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
162. IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
163. IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
164. IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
165. IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
166. "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
167. "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
168. "Special-use domain names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
169. Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi: 10.17487/RFC6762 . RFC 6762.
170. Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
171. Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
172. "Approved Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board | 29 July 2024". ICANN. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
173. "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
174. Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-34978-9.
175. "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
176. "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". www.vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
177. Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
178. Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
179. Tupui, Tupui. "Soroban Domains".

External links

• IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format
• Verisign's "Domain Name Industry Brief" site, with reports and dashboards
• The Public Suffix List / PSL – Maintained by Mozilla
• Registry Agreements at ICANN
• Registry Agreement Termination Info Page at ICANN