1952 World Professional Match-play Championship

Last updated

1952 World Professional Match-play Championship
Tournament information
Dates12 November 1951 – 15 March 1952 (1951-11-12 – 1952-03-15)
Final venue Tower Circus
Final city Blackpool
CountryEngland
Organisation Professional Billiard Players' Association
Highest break Fred Davis (140)
Final
ChampionFlag of England.svg  Fred Davis  (ENG)
Runner-upFlag of Scotland.svg  Walter Donaldson  (SCO)
Score38–35
← 1952
1953 →
United Kingdom adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Wellington
Red pog.svg
Slough
Red pog.svg
Darlaston
Red pog.svg
South Shields
Red pog.svg
Derby
Red pog.svg
Scunthorpe
Red pog.svg
Blackpool
class=notpageimage|
Venues

The 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship was a snooker tournament held from 12 November 1951 to 15 March 1952, with the final taking place at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England. The event was created following a dispute between the Professional Billiard Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC). The BACC claimed that the championship was primarily about honour, and financial consideration should come behind this, whilst the PBPA members felt that the BACC was taking too large a share of the income from the events and established an alternative 'world championship' called the World Professional Match-play Championship, editions of which are now recognised as world championships.

Contents

Fred Davis won his fourth world title by defeating Walter Donaldson by 38 frames to 35 in the final. Davis recorded the highest break of the tournament, 140, a new championship record.

Background

The World Snooker Championship, established in 1927, is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. [1] The sport was developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India. [2] Professional English billiards player and billiard hall manager Joe Davis noticed the increasing popularity of snooker compared to billiards in the 1920s, and with Birmingham-based billiards equipment manager Bill Camkin, persuaded the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC) to recognise an official professional snooker championship in the 1926–27 season. [3] In 1927, the final of the first professional snooker championship was held at Camkin's Hall; Davis won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis in the final. [4] The annual competition was not titled the World Championship until 1935, [5] but the 1927 tournament is now referred to as the first World Snooker Championship. [6] [7] Davis also won the title each year until 1940, when the contest was cancelled during World War II, and again when the championship resumed in 1946, accumulating a total of 15 titles before retiring from the event. [8]

In 1952, the World Professional Match-play Championship was created following a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the BACC. [9] In response to player complaints that the BACC was taking too large a percentage of income from the tournament, the BACC claimed that the championship "has always been, and in theory is to be, regarded as an affair of honour and a test of merit", and that "every effort is made to arrange terms advantageous to the professionals competing in the championship, compatible with securing an equitable return for the promoters of it, the B.A.& C.C." [10] [11] The PBPA members established an alternative competition called the World Professional Match-play Championship, [12] perceived in general as the genuine title competition, and now recognised as world championships. [8] [13] Only two of the leading professional players, Horace Lindrum and Clark McConachy, had declined to join the PBPA, and they were the only two entrants to the BACC's 1952 World Snooker Championship. [14] Lindrum won their match, and therefore the title, 94-49 after dead frames . [15] The other professionals at the time, with the exception of Joe Davis who had retired from world title competitions, entered the PBPA's tournament. [16]

Ten players entered the PBPA's first World Professional Match-play Championship. The two finalists in the 1951 World Snooker Championship, Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson, were given byes to the semi-final stage in opposite halves of the draw. The remaining eight played two rounds to determine the other two semi-finalists. [17]

Summary

First round

Sydney Lee withdrew, granting Kingsley Kennerley a walkover into the quarter-finals. [18] Jackie Rea defeated Jim Lees 33–28 in their match from 12 to 17 November 1951, [19] Albert Brown scored a 33–28 win over John Pulman when they met from 27 November to 1 December, [20] and in a match from 17 to 22 December, Alec Brown achieved a winning margin at 33–17 before his last day's play against Rex Williams, finishing at 39–22. [21] Williams had turned professional in 1951, becoming the first player to make the transition from being an amateur since Pulman and Brown had done so in 1946. Snooker historian Clive Everton wrote that Williams was "hammered" by Brown, and that this demonstrated the gulf in ability between the top amateurs and the professionals of the time. [8] : 60 

Quarter-finals

In the first quarter final, held from 7 to 11 January 1952, Kennerley took a 4–1 lead over Rea, who had won the first frame. At the end of the first day they were tied at 6–6. [22] Rea then took ten of the next day's twelve frames to lead 16–8, [23] and on subsequent days was 23–13, 25–17 and 29–19 ahead, [24] eventually finishing the match at 35–26. [25]

In the other quarter-final match, Albert Brown won six of the nine frames against Alec Brown on the first day of their match which lasted from 14 to 18 January. [26] He won the opening six frames on the second day, and finished that day 18–6 ahead, [27] maintaining a six frame lead at the end of the next day, which ended with him leading 24–12. [28] Alec Brown reduced the deficit on the fourth day by winning eight of the twelve frames played, meaning Albert Brown led 28–20 going in to the last day. [29] Albert Brown achieved a certain win at 31–22, and after the remaining scheduled frames were played, he was 36–25 ahead. [30]

Semi-finals

The first semi-final, between Walter Donaldson and Albert Brown, was played in Scunthorpe from 21 to 25 January 1952. Donaldson held a 21–15 lead after three days. [31] However, Brown reduced Donaldson's lead to two frames on the fourth day and the match ended 31–30. [32]

The second semi-final, between Fred Davis and Jackie Rea, was played at Wellington, Shropshire from 4 to 9 February 1952. After four days Davis led 29–11. [33] Davis took a winning 34–16 lead on the fifth day and eventually won 38–23. [34]

Final

The final started on 10 March 1952 and continued until 15 March. [35] [36] In advance of the match, Davis and Donaldson issued a challenge to Horace Lindrum, who had effectively won the BACC-recognised 1952 World Snooker Championship by taking an insurmountable lead on 6 March, that the winner of their match would play him for £500 and gate receipts. [37] Lindrum wrote in his 1974 book that he never received the challenge in writing, and that if he had, the principle that the title should be contested in an official tournament, apart from his existing commitments at the time which made it impractical, meant that he would not have agreed. [38]

In the World Professional Match-play final, Davis won six of the eight frames in their first session , and each player won four frames in the second session, leaving the score at 7–5 to Davis after the first day. Donaldson had compiled a break of 104. [35] Donaldson recorded another century break, 106, in the twentieth frame, but Davis increased his lead over Donaldson to 14–10 by the end of the second day. [39] On the third day, Davis achieved a break of 140, a new world championship record, and Donaldson made a 111. Davis finished the day 21–15 ahead. [40] [41] After another day's play, Davis was 29–19 ahead, [42] Donaldson won eight of the next twelve frames to reduce his arrears to six frames at 27–33. [43] Davis won the title, finishing the last day at 38–35 after achieving a winning margin at 37–30. Davis was trailing by 8 points to 66 in the 67th frame, but compiled a clearance of 67 to take the frame and secure victory. [36] [44]

Schedule

Schedule of matches for the 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship
MatchDatesVenue, cityRef.
Jackie Rea v Jim Lees 12–17 November 1951 Wellington, Shropshire [45]
Albert Brown v John Pulman 27 November–1 December 1951 Slough [46] [20]
Alec Brown v Rex Williams 17–22 December 1951 Darlaston, Staffordshire [47] [21]
Jackie Rea v Kingsley Kennerley 7–11 January 1952 South Shields [48]
Albert Brown v Alec Brown14–18 January 1952 Derby [49]
Walter Donaldson v Albert Brown21–25 January 1952 Scunthorpe [50]
Fred Davis v Jackie Rea4–9 February 1952Wellington, Shropshire [51]
Fred Davis v Walter Donaldson10–15 March 1952 Tower Circus, Blackpool [37] [36]

Main draw

The result for the tournament are shown below. Players in bold denote match winners. [52] [53]

Round 1
61 frames 		Quarter-finals
61 frames 		Semi-finals
61 frames 		Final
73 frames
Flag of England.svg Fred Davis 38
Ulster Banner.svg  Jackie Rea  (NIR)33 Ulster Banner.svg Jackie Rea 23
Flag of England.svg  Jim Lees  (ENG)28 Ulster Banner.svg Jackie Rea 35
Flag of England.svg  Kingsley Kennerley  (ENG)w/o Flag of England.svg Kingsley Kennerley 26
Flag of England.svg  Sydney Lee  (ENG)w/d Flag of England.svg Fred Davis 38
Flag of England.svg  Albert Brown  (ENG)32 Flag of Scotland.svg Walter Donaldson 35
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)27 Flag of England.svg Albert Brown 36
Flag of England.svg  Alec Brown  (ENG)39 Flag of England.svg Alec Brown 25
Flag of England.svg  Rex Williams  (ENG)22 Flag of England.svg Albert Brown 30
Flag of Scotland.svg Walter Donaldson 31

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Snooker Championship</span> Annual professional snooker ranking tournament

The World Snooker Championship is the longest-running and most prestigious tournament in professional snooker. It is also the richest, with total prize money in 2022 of £2,395,000, including £500,000 for the winner. First held in 1927, it is now one of the three tournaments that make up snooker's Triple Crown Series. The reigning world champion is Luca Brecel.

Desmond Rex Williams is a retired English professional snooker and billiards player. He was the second player to make an official maximum break, achieving this in an exhibition match in December 1965. Williams won the World Professional Billiards Championship from Clark McConachy in 1968, the first time that the title had been contested since 1951. Williams retained the title in several challenge matches in the 1970s, and, after losing it to Fred Davis in 1980, regained it from 1982 to 1983.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Donaldson (snooker player)</span> Scottish snooker and billiards player

Walter Weir Wilson Donaldson was a Scottish professional snooker and billiards player. He contested eight consecutive world championship finals against Fred Davis from 1947 to 1954, and won the title in 1947 and 1950. Donaldson was known for his long potting and his consistency when playing, and had an aversion to the use of side. In 2012, he was inducted posthumously into the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association's World Snooker Hall of Fame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horace Lindrum</span> Australian snooker and billiards player

Horace Lindrum was an Australian professional player of snooker and English billiards. Lindrum won the 1952 World Snooker Championship defeating New Zealander Clark McConachy. The tournament is disputed, as it had only two participants, and other players boycotted the event to play in the 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship. Lindrum won the Australian Professional Billiards Championship on multiple occasions, first winning the event in 1934.

The 1973 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament that took place from 16 to 28 April 1973 at the City Exhibition Halls in Manchester, England. The scheduling was a change of practice from championships in the preceding years, which had taken place over several months. The tournament was the 1973 edition of the World Snooker Championship established in 1927. The 1973 tournament was promoted by Peter West and Patrick Nally, and sponsored by tobacco brand Park Drive, with £8,000 prize money. There were 24 entrants, a new championship record.

The 1972 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place between March 1971 and 26 February 1972, as an edition of the World Snooker Championship. The final was played at Selly Park British Legion from 21 to 26 February. Alex Higgins won his first world title, defeating defending champion John Spencer 37–31 in the final. Higgins also made the highest known break of the tournament, 133. In all, he won six matches to secure the title, including a 31–30 deciding frame victory over Rex Williams in the semi-final after Williams had missed an attempt to pot a blue ball. Higgins became the first qualifier to win the World Championship, and, aged 22, the youngest champion until Stephen Hendry in 1990. Higgins's win led to increased interest in snooker from the media and sponsors.

The 1969 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. It was the first World Snooker Championship in a knock-out format since 1957, following a series of challenge matches from 1964 to 1968. John Spencer won the title, defeating Gary Owen by achieving a winning margin at 37 frames to 24 in the final. Spencer had earlier eliminated defending champion John Pulman from the competition, in the quarter-finals.

The 1970 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 15 October 1969 to 11 April 1970, as an edition of the World Snooker Championship. The final was held at Victoria Hall in London from 6 to 11 April 1970. For the second and last time the event was sponsored by Player's No.6.

The 1939 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held at Thurston's Hall in London, England from 23 January to 4 March 1939. It was the thirteenth edition of the World Snooker Championship. Joe Davis retained the championship title that he had held since 1927. In the best-of-73-frames final against Sidney Smith, Davis won the match 43–30, securing the victory at 37-25 earlier in the match. Fred Davis set a new championship highest break by compiling a 113 in the 22nd frame of his 14–17 semi-final defeat by his brother Joe Davis.

The 1940 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament held at Thurston's Hall in London, England from 22 February to 20 March 1940. It was the fourteenth edition of the World Snooker Championship. Joe Davis defeated his younger brother Fred Davis by 37 frames to 36 in the final, to retain the title that he had held since the tournament's inception in 1927. Joe Davis compiled a century break in the penultimate frame to win the match at 37–35 before a dead frame was played out. The only other century break of the tournament was 101 by Fred Davis earlier in the final.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1946 World Snooker Championship</span> Professional snooker tournament

The 1946 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament held from 4 February to 18 May 1946. Joe Davis won the title by defeating Horace Lindrum by 78 frames to 67 in the final, although the winning margin was reached at 73–62. It was Davis's fifteenth championship win, maintaining his unbeaten record in the tournament since its first edition in 1927. The highest break of the event was 136, a new championship record, compiled by Davis in the final.

The 1947 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 20 January to 25 October 1947. The final was held at the Leicester Square Hall in London, England, from 13 to 25 October. The semi-finals were completed in March, but the final was delayed due to building works at the venue, which had been bombed in October 1940. Walter Donaldson won the title by defeating Fred Davis by 82 frames to 63 in the final, although he reached the winning margin earlier, at 73–49. Davis made the highest break of the tournament with a 135 clearance in frame 86 of the final.

The 1952 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held between 25 February and 8 March 1952 at Houldsworth Hall, in Manchester, England. The event featured only two entrants – Australian Horace Lindrum and New Zealander Clark McConachy. Due to a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC), most players withdrew from the event. The BACC thought the championship was primarily about honour, and financial consideration should come second, whilst the PBPA disagreed. The PBPA established an alternative 'world championship' called the PBPA Snooker Championship which would later become the official world championship as the World Professional Match-play Championship.

The 1954 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament held from 5 October 1953 to 6 March 1954 across various locations in the British Isles. The final was held at Houldsworth Hall in Manchester, England. Fred Davis won his sixth World Snooker Championship title by defeating Walter Donaldson by 45 frames to 26 in the final after securing a winning lead at 36–15. Donaldson compiled a break of 121, the highest of the tournament, on the last day of the final.

The 1955 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament, the fourth edition of the World Professional Match-play Championship, held 4 November 1954 to 19 March 1955. The event was held at several venues across the United Kingdom, with the final at the Tower Circus in Blackpool from 14 to 19 March 1955. The entries did not include Walter Donaldson who reached the 1954 final, but chose not to participate at the event.

The 1956 World Professional Match-play Championship was a snooker tournament that took place from 9 January to 10 March 1956 with the final being held at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England from 5 to 10 March. Fred Davis won his eighth and last world snooker title by defeating John Pulman by 38 frames to 35 in the final. Pulman led 31–29 going into the last day of the final on 10 March, but Davis won 8 of the first 10 frames on that day to take a winning lead of 37–33. The event, organised by the Professional Billiards Players' Association, is now recognised as an edition of the World Snooker Championship.

The 1957 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament held from 1 to 13 April in Saint Helier, Jersey. This was the 1957 edition of the World Snooker Championship first held in 1927. John Pulman won the event for the first time by defeating Jackie Rea 39–34 in the 73–frame final. Rea led in the early stages but Pulman pulled ahead and took a winning lead of 37–29 after the final afternoon session.

The 1951/1952 News of the World Snooker Tournament was a professional snooker tournament sponsored by the News of the World. The tournament was won by Sidney Smith who won 6 of his 8 matches. He finished ahead of Albert Brown who also won 6 matches but won one fewer frame overall. The News of the World Snooker Tournament ran from 1949/50 to 1959.

The World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament established in 1952 as an alternative to the professional World Snooker Championship by some of the professional players, following a dispute with the Billiards Association and Control Council, the sport's governing body. Fred Davis won the first five editions of the tournament, but didn't participate in 1957, when John Pulman won. After this, the event was discontinued due to a decline in the popularity of snooker.

Dickie Laws was an English professional snooker player, who competed in the World Snooker Championship in 1939, 1950 and 1951.

References

  1. ↑ "Snooker championship" . Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 11 May 1927. p. 20. Retrieved 12 March 2019– via British Newspaper Archive.
  2. ↑ Hayton, Eric; Dee, John (2004). The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record & History. Rose Villa Publications. p. 1. ISBN   978-0954854904.
  3. ↑ Everton, Clive (23 September 2004). "Davis, Joseph [Joe]" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2020.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ↑ Morrison, Ian (1987). The Hamlyn Encyclopedia of Snooker. London: Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 27–30. ISBN   9780600556046.
  5. ↑ "Billiards – Professional title" . Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 3 November 1934. p. 7. Retrieved 24 November 2015– via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ↑ Everton, Clive (1993). The Embassy Book of World Snooker. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 11–13. ISBN   0747516103.
  7. ↑ "History of snooker – a timeline". World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 Everton, Clive (1986). The History of Snooker and Billiards. Haywards Heath: Partridge Press. pp. 50–63. ISBN   1852250135.
  9. ↑ "World Snooker Title". The Glasgow Herald . 19 February 1952. p. 2. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  10. ↑ "The B.A.& C.C. and the world's professional snooker championship". The Billiard Player. Billiards Association and Control Council. November 1951. pp. 4–8.
  11. ↑ Everton, Clive (30 April 2009). "Neil Robertson set to rewrite history as first genuine Australian world champion". The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  12. ↑ Williams, Luke; Gadsby, Paul (2005). Masters of the Baize. Edinburgh: Mainstream. p. 47. ISBN   1840188723.
  13. ↑ Turner, Chris. "World Professional Championship". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  14. ↑ Lowe, Ted (1984). Between frames. London: A & C Black. pp. 44–46. ISBN   0713624469.
  15. ↑ Turner, Chris. "World Professional Championship". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  16. ↑ Everton, Clive (October 2019). "Snooker 1945–1957: from boom to bust". Snooker Scene. Birmingham. pp. 19–23.
  17. ↑ ""World" Snooker Draw". The Glasgow Herald . 4 October 1951. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  18. ↑ "Jackie Rea's snooker bid". Belfast Telegraph. 9 November 1951. p. 10.
  19. ↑ "Rea into second round". Belfast News-Letter. 19 November 1951. p. 2.
  20. 1 2 "Brown beats Pulman". Belfast News-Letter. 3 December 1951. p. 7.
  21. 1 2 "Rex Williams out of championship". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 24 December 1951. p. 5.
  22. ↑ "Rea on terms". Belfast Telegraph. 8 January 1952. p. 8.
  23. ↑ "Fred Davis gains lead in snooker match". Bradford Observer. 9 January 1952. p. 6.
  24. ↑ "Rea 10 frames ahead". Northern Whig. 11 January 1952. p. 2.
  25. ↑ "Rea now to meet Davis". Belfast Telegraph. 12 January 1952. p. 6.
  26. ↑ "Albert Brown in snooker lead". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 15 January 1952. p. 6.
  27. ↑ "Albert Brown increases his snooker lead". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 16 January 1952. p. 6.
  28. ↑ "Smith wins £500 on last frame". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 17 January 1952. p. 6.
  29. ↑ "Albert still leads". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 18 January 1952. p. 6.
  30. ↑ "Albert Brown in snooker semi-final". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 19 January 1952. p. 6.
  31. ↑ "Snooker and Billiards". The Glasgow Herald . 24 January 1952. p. 2.
  32. ↑ "Snooker and Billiards". The Glasgow Herald . 25 January 1952. p. 9.
  33. ↑ "Snooker and Billiards". The Glasgow Herald . 8 February 1952. p. 9.
  34. ↑ "Snooker". The Glasgow Herald . 9 February 1952. p. 9.
  35. 1 2 "Fred Davis gains an early lead". Birmingham Daily Gazette. 11 March 1952. p. 6.
  36. 1 2 3 "Leeds billiards player in title semi-final". Bradford Observer. 17 March 1952. p. 6.
  37. 1 2 "Lindrum challenged to £500 match". Aberdeen Evening Express. 7 March 1952. p. 12.
  38. ↑ Lindrum, Horace (1974). Horace Lindrum's Snooker, Billiards and Pool. Dee Why West, Australia: Paul Hamlyn Pty. p. 85. ISBN   0727101056.
  39. ↑ "Fred Davis four frames ahead". Bradford Observer. 12 March 1952. p. 8.
  40. ↑ "Fred Davis beats his brother's record". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 13 March 1952. p. 3.
  41. ↑ "2004 Embassy World Championship Information". Global Snooker Centre. Archived from the original on 8 December 2004. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  42. ↑ "Fred Davis now ten frames ahead". Bradford Observer. 14 March 1952. p. 6.
  43. ↑ "Donaldson reduces gap". Bradford Observer. 15 March 1952. p. 6.
  44. ↑ Kobylecky, John (2019). The Complete International Directory of Snooker Players – 1927 to 2018. Kobyhadrian Books. ISBN   9780993143311.
  45. ↑ "Snooker". The Glasgow Herald . 19 November 1951. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  46. ↑ "Snooker and Billiards". The Glasgow Herald . 28 November 1951. p. 9.
  47. ↑ "Snooker". The Glasgow Herald . 18 December 1951. p. 9.
  48. ↑ "Snooker". The Glasgow Herald . 12 January 1952. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  49. ↑ "Two Snooker Centuries". The Glasgow Herald . 19 January 1952. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  50. ↑ "Snooker and Billiards". The Glasgow Herald . 26 January 1952. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  51. ↑ "Billiards and Snooker". The Glasgow Herald . 11 February 1952. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  52. ↑ "World Championship 1952". Global Snooker. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  53. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 19 November 1951. p. 4.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.