1949 World Snooker Championship

Last updated
World Snooker Championship
Tournament information
Dates21 February – 7 May 1949 (1949-02-21 – 1949-05-07)
Venue Leicester Square Hall
City London
CountryEngland
Organisation Billiards Association and Control Council
Highest breakFlag of Scotland.svg  Walter Donaldson  (SCO) (115)
Final
ChampionFlag of England.svg  Fred Davis  (ENG)
Runner-upFlag of Scotland.svg  Walter Donaldson  (SCO)
Score80–65
← 1948
1950 →

The 1949 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held at Leicester Square Hall in London, England from 21 February to 7 May 1949. A qualifying competition was held from 10 to 19 February at the same venue; Conrad Stanbury qualified to join seven other players in the main tournament.

Contents

For the third year running the final was contested by Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson. Davis became the second player to successfully defend his first world title, after Joe Davis in 1928, by defeating Donaldson 80–65 in the final. He had taken a winning lead of 73–58 on the previous day. The match was still in the balance with the score at 63–58 before Davis won 10 frames in a row to secure victory. Donaldson made the highest break of the tournament, 115, on the last day of his semi-final match against John Pulman.

Background

The World Snooker Championship is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. [1] The sport was developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India. [2] Professional English billiards player and billiard hall manager Joe Davis noticed the increasing popularity of snooker compared to billiards in the 1920s, and with Birmingham-based billiards equipment manager Bill Camkin, persuaded the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC) to recognise an official professional snooker championship in the 1926–27 season. [3] In 1927, the final of the first professional snooker championship was held at Camkin's Hall; Davis won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis in the final. [4] The annual competition was not titled the World Championship until the 1935 tournament, [5] [6] but the 1927 tournament is now referred to as the first World Snooker Championship. [7] [8] Davis had also won the title every year from 1928 to 1940, after which the tournament was not held again until 1946 due to World War II. [9] Fred Davis was the defending champion, having defeated Walter Donaldson 84–61 in the 1948 final. [10]

Schedule

The Leicester Square Hall match room (pictured in 1903) Thurston Billiards-Match room Thurston's Hall 1903.jpg
The Leicester Square Hall match room (pictured in 1903)
Schedule of matches for the 1949 World Snooker Championship
MatchDatesVenue, cityRef.
Walter Donaldson v Conrad Stanbury 21–26 February 1949 Leicester Square Hall, London [11] [12]
Sidney Smith v Alec Brown 28 February–5 March 1949Leicester Square Hall, London [13]
Fred Davis v Kingsley Kennerley 7–12 March 1949Leicester Square Hall, London [14] [15]
John Pulman v Albert Brown 14–19 March 1949Leicester Square Hall, London [16] [17]
Walter Donaldson v John Pulman28 March–2 April 1949Leicester Square Hall, London [18] [19]
Fred Davis v Sidney Smith4–9 April 1949Leicester Square Hall, London [20] [21]
Fred Davis v Walter Donaldson25–30 April, 2–7 May 1949Leicester Square Hall, London [22] [23] [24] [25]

Tournament summary

Quarter-finals

The quarter-finals were played over 71 frames . [26] Walter Donaldson led Conrad Stanbury 4–2, 5–1 and 9–3, with four of his nine frames won on the final black ball . [27] He increased his lead to 18–6, [28] and to 29–7. [29] On the fourth day of the match, Donaldson made a 104 break in the first frame, and finished the day 38–10 ahead, having secured a winning margin at 36–10. [30] [31] On the penultimate day, Donaldson took eleven of the twelve frames played, [32] and the final score was 58–13. [33] The reporter for The Billiard Player magazine wrote that Donaldson played "brilliant pots and almost audacious shots, some of which might never have been seen even in an exhibition match". [30]

Having taken an early lead, Sidney Smith defeated Alec Brown 41–30, having made the highest break of the match, 98. [26] [34] Fred Davis led Kingsley Kennerley 18–6 and 23–6, and secured a winning margin at 36–13. [26] His 104 break during the afternoon session on 10 March was the highest of the match. [26] Kennerley won five of the six frames on the last afternoon and finished 21–50 behind. [26] [35] John Pulman established a winning lead of 36–24 on the penultimate day of his match against Albert Brown, to reach the semi-finals of the world championship for the first time. [36] [26] After dead frames , the final score was 42–29. [37]

Semi-finals

The semi-finals were contested over 71 frames. [38] Donaldson made breaks of 100 and 115 in successive frames against Pulman. [26] It was the first time that century breaks had been made in consecutive frames in competition, [39] and the 115 was the highest break of the tournament. [40] [41] He achieved a winning margin by winning the first frame on 1 April to make it 36–13. [42] The eventual score was 49–22. [38]

Smith and Davis each won six frames on the first day of their match, [20] and were level again at 9–9 before Davis gained a lead of 13–11 at the end of the second day. [43] Davis secured a winning margin at 36–18, [44] and won 42–29 after dead frames. [38]

Final

The final was contested over 145 frames. [38] For the third consecutive year, the final was contested by Donaldson and Davis. [44] The match started on 25 April, as the best-of-145 frames. [45] Donaldson took a 7–5 lead on the first day. [45] He was still two frames ahead, 13–11, after the second day, [46] but the third day finished with the players level at 18–18. [47] Donaldson regained a two-frame lead (25–23) the next day, [48] and increased his lead to 34–26 on 29 April. [49]

Davis had reduced his deficit, at 33–39, by the end of day 6, and made a break of 102 in the last of those frames; [50] It was the only century break of the match. [9] : 58  Donaldson maintained a six frame lead (45–39) after the next day of play. [51] Davis then took eight of twelve frames on 3 May, including all six frames in the earlier of the two sessions, to lead 49–47. [9] : 58  [52] He moved a further two frames ahead on both of the next two days, and led 63-57. [53] [54]

He then won 10 frames in a row on 6 May to secure the title [55] at 73–58. [56] A reporter for The Times commented that on the decisive day, Davis was in "his best form of the match". [56] After 13 dead frame s on 7 May, the final score was 80–65 to Davis. [57]

Davis became the second player to successfully defend his first world snooker title, after Joe Davis in 1928. [10] The championship trophy was presented by Aubrey Ellwood, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Bomber Command. [58] Richard Holt of the Billiards Association and Control Council's magazine The Billiard Player felt that Davis was "the 'compleat' snooker player", who demonstrated skill in potting, safety play and tactics. [59] Snooker historian Clive Everton later noted that several of the sessions took more than three hours and wrote that "caution was the watchword". [9] : 58 

Main draw

Results of the main tournament were are follows. [60] [61] [38]

Quarter-finals
71 frames 		Semi-finals
71 frames 		Final
145 frames
         
Flag of England.svg  Fred Davis  (ENG)50
Flag of England.svg  Kingsley Kennerley  (ENG)21
Flag of England.svg  Fred Davis  (ENG)42
Flag of England.svg  Sidney Smith  (ENG)29
Flag of England.svg  Sidney Smith  (ENG)41
Flag of England.svg  Alec Brown  (ENG)30
Flag of England.svg  Fred Davis  (ENG)80
Flag of Scotland.svg  Walter Donaldson  (SCO)65
Flag of Scotland.svg  Walter Donaldson  (SCO)58
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Conrad Stanbury  (CAN)13
Flag of Scotland.svg  Walter Donaldson  (SCO)49
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)22
Flag of England.svg  Albert Brown  (ENG)29
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)42

Qualifying

John Barrie withdrew for business reasons, giving Herbert Holt a bye into the final of the qualifying event. [62] Conrad Stanbury beat Herbert Francis 18–17 in his first round match played from 10 to 12 February 1949 [63] and then beat Jackie Rea by the same score in a match played from 14 to 16 February. Stanbury then played Holt in the final of the qualifying from 17 to 19 February and recorded his third 18–17 victory, winning the exciting final frame. [64] All three matches were at Leicester Square Hall. [30]

Round 1
Best of 35 frames 		Round 2
Best of 35 frames 		Round 3
Best of 35 frames
Flag of England.svg  Herbert Holt  (ENG)w/o
Flag of England.svg  John Barrie  (ENG)w/d
Flag of England.svg  Herbert Holt  (ENG)17
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Conrad Stanbury  (CAN)18Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Conrad Stanbury  (CAN)18
Flag of England.svg  Herbert Francis  (ENG)17 Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Conrad Stanbury  (CAN)18
Ulster Banner.svg  Jackie Rea  (NIR)17

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Pulman</span> English former professional snooker player, 8-time world champion (last 1968)

Herbert John Pulman was an English professional snooker player who was the World Snooker Champion from 1957 to 1968. He first won the title at the 1957 Championship and retained it across seven challenges from 1964 to 1968, three of them against Fred Davis and two against Rex Williams. When the tournament reverted to a knockout event in 1969, he lost 18–25 in the first round to the eventual champion John Spencer. After finishing as runner-up to Ray Reardon in 1970, Pulman never again reached the final, although he was a losing semi-finalist in 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Donaldson (snooker player)</span> Scottish snooker and billiards player

Walter Weir Wilson Donaldson was a Scottish professional snooker and billiards player. He contested eight consecutive world championship finals against Fred Davis from 1947 to 1954, and won the title in 1947 and 1950. Donaldson was known for his long potting and his consistency when playing, and had an aversion to the use of side. In 2012, he was inducted posthumously into the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association's World Snooker Hall of Fame.

The 1970 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 15 October 1969 to 11 April 1970, as an edition of the World Snooker Championship. The final was held at Victoria Hall in London from 6 to 11 April 1970. The championship was sponsored by Player's No.6 for the second and last time.

The 1933 World Snooker Championship, known at the time as the Professional Championship of Snooker, was a snooker tournament held between 23 March and 16 June at various venues in England, with the final beginning on 12 June 1933 at Joe Davis's Saloon in Chesterfield, England. It was the seventh edition of the championship, and Joe Davis won his seventh title by defeating Willie Smith by 25 frames to 18 in the final. The highest break of the tournament was 72, compiled by Davis in the fortieth frame of the final.

The 1935 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held at Thurston's Hall in London, England from 8 to 27 April 1935. It was the first edition of the Championship to incorporate "world" in its name, being called the World's Professional Snooker Championship. Joe Davis won the title for the ninth time by defeating Willie Smith by 28 frames to 21 in the final, having achieved a winning margin at 25–20. Davis recorded the first century break in the history of the championship, a 110 in his semi-final match against Tom Newman.

The 1936 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament that was held at the Burroughes and Thurston's Halls in London, England from 23 March to 2 May 1936. There were 13 entries; a significant increase from five in the previous year and just two in 1934. Defending champion Joe Davis won the Championship for the tenth consecutive time, defeating Horace Lindrum in the final 34–27. Horace Lindrum became the first Australian to compete at the World Championship and made the only century break of the tournament, a 101 in his semi-final match against Stanley Newman.

The 1939 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held at Thurston's Hall in London, England from 23 January to 4 March 1939. It was the thirteenth edition of the World Snooker Championship. Joe Davis retained the championship title that he had held since 1927. In the best-of-73-frames final against Sidney Smith, Davis won the match 43–30, securing the victory at 37-25 earlier in the match. Fred Davis set a new championship highest break by compiling a 113 in the 22nd frame of his 14–17 semi-final defeat by his brother Joe Davis.

The 1940 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament held at Thurston's Hall in London, England from 22 February to 20 March 1940. It was the fourteenth edition of the World Snooker Championship. Joe Davis defeated his younger brother Fred Davis by 37 frames to 36 in the final, to retain the title that he had held since the tournament's inception in 1927. Joe Davis compiled a century break in the penultimate frame to win the match at 37–35 before a dead frame was played out. The only other century break of the tournament was 101 by Fred Davis earlier in the final.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1946 World Snooker Championship</span> Professional snooker tournament

The 1946 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament held from 4 February to 18 May 1946. Joe Davis won the title by defeating Horace Lindrum by 78 frames to 67 in the final, although the winning margin was reached at 73–62. It was Davis's fifteenth championship win, maintaining his unbeaten record in the tournament since its first edition in 1927. The highest break of the event was 136, a new championship record, compiled by Davis in the final.

The 1947 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 20 January to 25 October 1947. The final was held at the Leicester Square Hall in London, England, from 13 to 25 October. The semi-finals were completed in March, but the final was delayed due to building works at the venue, which had been bombed in October 1940. Walter Donaldson won the title by defeating Fred Davis by 82 frames to 63 in the final, although he reached the winning margin earlier, at 73–49. Davis made the highest break of the tournament with a 135 clearance in frame 86 of the final.

The 1948 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 9 March to 1 May 1948. It was an edition of the World Snooker Championship first held in 1927. A qualifying event with eight participants was held from 1 to 13 December 1947 at Burroughes Hall and was won by John Pulman, who joined seven other players in the main event.

The 1950 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England.

The 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship was a snooker tournament held from 12 November 1951 to 15 March 1952, with the final taking place at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England. The event was created following a dispute between the Professional Billiard Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC). The BACC claimed that the championship was primarily about honour, and financial consideration should come behind this, whilst the PBPA members felt that the BACC was taking too large a share of the income from the events and established an alternative 'world championship' called the World Professional Match-play Championship, editions of which are now recognised as world championships.

The 1953 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament, the second edition of the World Professional Match-play Championship, held from 10 November 1952 to 28 March 1953. The event was held across several venues in the United Kingdom, with the final held at the Leicester Square Hall in London, England. Fred Davis was the defending champion, after winning the 1952 event, with a 38–35 win over Walter Donaldson. The same players contested the 1953 final, with Davis defeating Donaldson 37–34 in the 71-frame final. The highest break of 133 was made by John Pulman in his semi-final loss to Davis.

The 1954 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament held from 5 October 1953 to 6 March 1954 across various locations in the British Isles. The final was held at Houldsworth Hall in Manchester, England. Fred Davis won his sixth World Snooker Championship title by defeating Walter Donaldson by 45 frames to 26 in the final after securing a winning lead at 36–15. Donaldson compiled a break of 121, the highest of the tournament, on the last day of the final.

The 1955 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament, the fourth edition of the World Professional Match-play Championship, held 4 November 1954 to 19 March 1955. The event was held at several venues across the United Kingdom, with the final at the Tower Circus in Blackpool from 14 to 19 March 1955. The entries did not include Walter Donaldson who reached the 1954 final, but chose not to participate at the event.

The 1956 World Professional Match-play Championship was a snooker tournament that took place from 9 January to 10 March 1956 with the final being held at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England from 5 to 10 March. Fred Davis won his eighth and last world snooker title by defeating John Pulman by 38 frames to 35 in the final. Pulman led 31–29 going into the last day of the final on 10 March, but Davis won 8 of the first 10 frames on that day to take a winning lead of 37–33. The event, organised by the Professional Billiards Players' Association, is now recognised as an edition of the World Snooker Championship.

The 1957 World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament held from 1 to 13 April in Saint Helier, Jersey. This was the 1957 edition of the World Snooker Championship, first held in 1927. John Pulman won the event for the first time by defeating Jackie Rea 39–34 in the 73-frame final. Rea led in the early stages but Pulman pulled ahead and took a winning lead of 37–29 after the final afternoon session.

The 1954/1955 News of the World Snooker Tournament was a professional snooker tournament sponsored by the News of the World. The tournament was won by Jackie Rea who won all of his 8 matches. He finished ahead of Joe Davis who won 6 matches. The News of the World Snooker Tournament ran from 1949/50 to 1959 but this was the last to be held at Leicester Square Hall, which closed soon after the end of the tournament.

The World Professional Match-play Championship was a professional snooker tournament established in 1952 as an alternative to the professional World Snooker Championship by some of the professional players, following a dispute with the Billiards Association and Control Council, the sport's governing body. Fred Davis won the first five editions of the tournament, but didn't participate in 1957, when John Pulman won. After this, the event was discontinued due to a decline in the popularity of snooker.

References

  1. ↑ "Snooker championship" . Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 11 May 1927. p. 20. Retrieved 12 March 2019– via British Newspaper Archive.
  2. ↑ Hayton, Eric; Dee, John (2004). The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record & History. Rose Villa Publications. p. 1. ISBN   978-0-9548549-0-4.
  3. ↑ Everton, Clive (23 September 2004). "Davis, Joseph [Joe]" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2020.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ↑ Morrison, Ian (1987). The Hamlyn Encyclopedia of Snooker. London: Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 27–30. ISBN   978-0-600-55604-6.
  5. ↑ "Billiards – Professional title" . Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 3 November 1934. p. 7. Retrieved 24 November 2015– via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ↑ "Canadian's bid for Snooker title" . Dundee Courier. 20 October 1934. p. 9. Retrieved 20 January 2016– via British Newspaper Archive.
  7. ↑ Everton, Clive (1993). The Embassy Book of World Snooker. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 11–13. ISBN   978-0-7475-1610-1.
  8. ↑ "History of snooker – a timeline". World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association . Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Everton, Clive (1986). The History of Snooker and Billiards. Haywards Heath: Partridge Press. ISBN   978-1-85225-013-3.: 50–52 
  10. 1 2 Turner, Chris. "World Professional Championship". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  11. ↑ "Snooker". Evening Despatch. 21 February 1949. p. 4 – via Newspaper.com.
  12. ↑ "Donaldson nears 100th 100". Sunday Mail. 27 February 1949. p. 15.
  13. ↑ "Other results". The Billiard Player. March 1949. p. 6.
  14. ↑ "Davis's good snooker start". Nottingham Journal. 8 March 1949. p. 3.
  15. ↑ "Davis ousts Kennerley". Northern Whig. 12 March 1949. p. 4.
  16. ↑ "Pulman meets Albert Brown". Belfast Telegraph. 14 March 1949. p. 5.
  17. ↑ "Pulman's winning margin". Dundee Evening Telegraph. 9 March 1949. p. 8.
  18. ↑ "Pulman misses chances". Western Morning News. 29 March 1949. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "Donaldson beats John Pulman". Western Morning News. 4 April 1949. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. 1 2 "Western Daily Press". 5 April 1949. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Fred Davis in final". Sunday Sun. 10 April 1949. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Joe tips Fred to hold his title". Grimsby Evening Telegraph. 25 April 1949. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Donaldson still leading in snooker final". The Scotsman. 2 May 1949. p. 7.
  24. ↑ "Donaldson leads". Evening Post. Nottingham. 2 May 1949. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Fred Davis keeps Snooker title". The North Wales Weekly News. 12 May 1949. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "World Snooker Championship (professional 1948-9)". The Billiard Player. April 1949. p. 3.
  27. ↑ "Donaldson forges ahead". Dundee Courier. 22 February 1949. p. 4.
  28. ↑ "Donaldson leads 18–6". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 23 February 1949. p. 4.
  29. ↑ "Donaldson races ahead". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 24 February 1949. p. 4.
  30. 1 2 3 "World Snooker Championship". The Billiard Player. March 1949. p. 3.
  31. ↑ "96th century break". Belfast News-Letter. 25 February 1949. p. 4.
  32. ↑ "Easy for Donaldson". Dundee Courier. 26 February 1949. p. 4.
  33. ↑ "Sports in brief: snooker". The Times. 28 February 1949. p. 6.
  34. ↑ "Sports in brief: snooker". The Times. 7 March 1949. p. 2.
  35. ↑ "Sports in brief: snooker". The Times. 14 March 1949. p. 2.
  36. ↑ "Pulman's winning lead". Sports Argus. 9 March 1949. p. 4. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ "Sports in brief: snooker". The Times. 21 March 1949. p. 6.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Hayton, Eric (2004). The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker. Lowestoft: Rose Villa Publications. p. 143. ISBN   0-9548549-0-X.
  39. ↑ Everton, Clive (August 2022). "Joe Davis and his century of centuries". Snooker Scene. p. 16.
  40. ↑ "2004 Embassy World Championship Information". Global Snooker Centre. Archived from the original on 8 December 2004. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  41. ↑ "Snooker and billiards". The Glasgow Herald . 4 April 1949. p. 2. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "Sports in brief: professional snooker". The Times. 2 April 1949. p. 2.
  43. ↑ "Davis and Smith play for safety". Western Morning News. 6 April 1949. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. 1 2 "Professional snooker". The Times. 9 April 1949. p. 2.
  45. 1 2 "Snooker". The Times. 26 April 1949. p. 6.
  46. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 27 April 1949. p. 2.
  47. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 28 April 1949. p. 6.
  48. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 29 April 1949. p. 2.
  49. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 30 April 1949. p. 6.
  50. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 2 May 1949. p. 6.
  51. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 3 May 1949. p. 6.
  52. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 4 May 1949. p. 6.
  53. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 5 May 1949. p. 6.
  54. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 6 May 1949. p. 2.
  55. ↑ "Snooker title for Fred Davis" . Nottingham Evening Post. 7 May 1949. Retrieved 21 March 2016– via British Newspaper Archive.
  56. 1 2 "Snooker: F. Davis again champion". The Times. 7 May 1949. p. 6.
  57. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 9 May 1949. p. 6.
  58. ↑ "Sir Aubrey B. Ellwood, KCB, DSC". The Billiard Player. June 1949. p. 7.
  59. ↑ Holt, Richard (June 1949). "World's Professional Snooker Championship". The Billiard Player. p. 4.
  60. ↑ "World Championship 1949". Global Snooker. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  61. ↑ "Embassy World Championship". Snooker Scene. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  62. ↑ "J Barrie". The Times. 15 October 1948. p. 6.
  63. ↑ "C Stanbury". The Times. 14 February 1949. p. 2.
  64. ↑ "Snooker". The Times. 21 February 1949. p. 6.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.