1991 Austin yogurt shop killings

Last updated

Austin yogurt shop murders
Location Austin, Texas, U.S.
DateDecember 6, 1991
c. 11:00 p.m. (CST)
Attack type
 Mass shooting, mass murder, rape, arson, femicide
Victims
  • Amy Ayers, aged 13
  • Eliza Thomas, aged 17
  • Jennifer Harbison, aged 17
  • Sarah Harbison, aged 15
PerpetratorUnknown
MotiveUnknown

The 1991 Austin yogurt shop killings are an unsolved quadruple homicide which took place at an I Can't Believe It's Yogurt! shop in Austin, Texas, United States on Friday, December 6, 1991. The victims were four teenage girls: 13-year-old Amy Ayers, 17-year-old Eliza Thomas, 17-year-old Jennifer Harbison, and Jennifer's 15-year-old sister Sarah. Jennifer and Eliza were the shop employees, while Sarah and her friend Amy were in the shop to get a ride home with Jennifer after it closed at 11:00 pm. Approximately one hour before closing time, a man who had tried to hustle customers in his queue was permitted to use the toilet in the back, which took a very long time and may have jammed a rear door open. A couple who left the shop just before 11:00 pm, when Jennifer locked the front door to prevent more customers from entering, reported seeing two men at a table acting furtively.

Contents

Around midnight, a police patrolman reported a fire in the shop, and first responders discovered the bodies of the girls inside. The victims had been shot in the head; at least one of them had been raped. A .22 and a .380 pistol were used to commit the murders, and the perpetrator probably exited out through a back door that was found unlocked. The organized method of operation, ability to control the victims, and destruction of evidence by arson pointed to an adult experienced in crime rather than teenagers, according to one of the original detectives on the case. Austin Police Department has DNA from an unknown male as a result of one of the rapes. [1] A Y-chromosome match for the perpetrator DNA has been found in a research database of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) but it has declined to reveal the identity of the man by the law of anonymity for donors, and because thousands of men could bear this fragment of DNA, which is unable to identify individuals.[ citation needed ]

Killings

Shortly before midnight on Friday, December 6, 1991, a patrolman from the Austin Police Department noticed a fire coming from an I Can't Believe It's Yogurt! shop. He reported it to his dispatcher. [2] After the fire was extinguished, firefighters discovered four nude bodies. [2] [3] Each had been shot in the head execution style with a .22 caliber lead bullet. Sarah, Eliza, and Jennifer were all gagged and bound with their own underwear. All three had been severely charred and shot in the back of the head. [4]

Unlike the others, Amy's body was found in a separate part of the shop. She was not charred but she had received second- and "very early" third-degree burns on 25–30% of her body. She was found with a "sock-like cloth" around her neck. [5] She had been shot the same as the others; however, the bullet had missed her brain. She also had a second bullet which had caused severe damage to her brain, exiting through her lateral cheek and jawline. [6]

Initial investigations had produced a large number of persons of interest, among them a 15-year-old caught with a .22 (not established to be the murder weapon) in a nearby mall days after the killings. Although he initially gave promising information, after tough questioning the detectives decided that he was trying to get himself out of the gun charge and eliminated him and three petty criminal friends whom he had implicated, none of whom were older than 17 at the time. [7] [8]

Several years later, a new detective on the case theorized that the four teens from 1991 were credible suspects. By that time, they were in their twenties. In a string of interrogations conducted by various detectives, confessions were obtained from some of the suspects. They said all four – Robert Springsteen, Michael Scott, Maurice Pierce, and Forrest Welborn [9] – had participated in the murder.

No record of what was said to the men in the 1991 interrogations made it impossible to know whether the detectives had supplied information to the suspects in the initial interrogations. Such information could be used to implicate the suspects in later interrogations if they were to reference it. Two of the four were sent to trial, entirely due to their self-incriminating statements. The prosecution went into great detail about the horrific nature of the crimes against the young victims but presented no hard evidence other than the confessions. The two were convicted, one being sentenced to death and the other sentenced to life imprisonment because he had been 15 at the time. However, the prosecution's tactic of using excerpts of each one's alleged confessions at the other's trial was ruled to have violated the Confrontation Clause because the co-defendant was non-testifying. Both convictions were overturned on the Confrontation Clause alone, and the men were freed in 2009. The prosecution insisted they would be re-tried. However, forensic investigation showed that the DNA found in a victim was not theirs, nor was it that of the other two implicated in their confessions. The prosecution consequently abandoned plans for a retrial. [10] Texas courts later decided that those released were not entitled to compensation as they had not proven they did not commit the crime. [11]

One of the detectives in the interrogations, Hector Polanco, had been accused of coercing false confessions in a previous, notorious case involving exonerated defendants Christopher Ochoa and Richard Danziger. Both were released after 13 years in prison; Danziger was assaulted in prison which resulted in permanent brain damage. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Seven jurors from the trials have stated that they would not have convicted Scott and Springsteen had this evidence been available at the time. [16] [17]

Subsequent events

At the time of the killings, a known serial killer, Kenneth McDuff, was in the area. He had a history of multiple murders involving teenagers but was soon ruled out. [18] He was executed on November 17, 1998.

False confessions

Austin police admit that over 50 people, including McDuff on the day of his execution, had confessed to the yogurt shop murders. [19] [20] A confession in 1992 by two Mexican nationals, held by Mexican authorities, was soon disputed and finally ruled false. [21]

2006: Springsteen conviction overturned

In 2006, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned Robert Springsteen's conviction based on an unfair trial. [22] The U.S. Supreme Court refused to reinstate the conviction in February 2007. [23]

2008: Scott and Springsteen request DNA tests

On August 20, 2008, the defense lawyers for Scott and Springsteen requested DNA testing of alternative suspects. [24] No matches against evidence discovered earlier that year were found. [25] Seven jurors from the trials have stated that they would not have convicted the men had this evidence been available at the time. [26]

2009: Release of Scott and Springsteen

On Wednesday, June 24, 2009, Judge Mike Lynch ruled, in response to Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg's request that one of the trials be continued, that defendants Springsteen and Scott be freed on bond pending their upcoming trials. [27] At 2:50 p.m. that day, they both walked out of the Travis County Jail with their attorneys. [28]

Later that day, Lehmberg responded to Lynch's decision with the following statement: [29]

Today I requested a continuance in the case against Michael Scott, a defendant in the yogurt shop murders, whose trial was scheduled to begin on July 6. Judge Mike Lynch granted that motion but also released both Michael Scott and Robert Springsteen on personal bond, as he indicated he would do in his previous scheduling order.
Requesting a delay in the case was a difficult decision but one that I believe is the best course toward an ultimate successful prosecution of this important matter.
Knowing that Judge Lynch would release both defendants, we requested certain conditions on their bonds, requiring them to remain in Travis County and report to the Court any change of residence, to have no contact with the victims' families or witnesses, that they not carry weapons or consume alcohol or illegal drugs, that they report to the Court on a routine basis, and attend all court appearances.
As you know, both Springsteen and Scott were convicted by juries in June 2001 and September 2002. Their convictions were then overturned by the appellate court, but their statements to law enforcement were found to be voluntarily given.
Since the original trial of these two men, new developments in DNA technology have become available. As we prepared for retrial, in March 2008, we submitted various evidentiary items for what is called YSTR testing. This test looks for male DNA only and is deemed to be the most accurate test for samples that are mixtures of female and male DNA, as in this case.
We sought this testing because we have an ongoing duty and responsibility to use the most up-to-date science available, to seek the truth in this and all the cases we prosecute.
Currently, it is clear to me that our evidence in the death of these four young women includes DNA from one male whose identity is not yet known to us. The defense asserts that the testing reveals more than one unknown male, but the evidence presented at the hearing on Thursday, June 18 contradicts that notion.
The reliable scientific evidence in the case presents one, and one only, unknown male donor. Given that, I could not in good conscience allow this case to go to trial before the identity of this male donor is determined, and the full truth is known. I remain confident that both Springsteen and Scott are responsible for the deaths at the yogurt shop, but it would not be prudent to risk a trial until we also know the nature of the involvement of this unknown male.
My office and the Austin Police Department remain committed to these cases. Their further investigation will continue to be a priority. My commitment to the victims, their families, and this community is that we will not give up until all of the people responsible for these terrible and tragic murders are brought to justice.

On October 28, 2009, all charges were dismissed against Scott and Springsteen.

2010: Death of Maurice Pierce

On December 23, 2010, Austin police officer Frank Wilson and his rookie partner, Bradley Smith, conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle driven by Maurice Pierce in the northern part of the city. After a brief foot pursuit, Pierce struggled with Wilson before removing a knife from his belt and stabbing Wilson in the neck. Wilson, who survived his injuries, subsequently pulled out his gun and shot and killed Pierce. [30]

2021: Cold case legislation

On December 8, 2021, the House Judiciary Committee passed legislation from Rep. Michael McCaul giving the families of cold case victims the opportunity to petition the federal government to reexamine cases older than three years. [31]

2022: DNA results

On February 5, 2022, it was announced that advanced DNA technology was bringing investigators closer than ever to solving the crime. [32] [33]

Legislation

On August 3, 2022, President Joe Biden signed The Homicide Victims' Families' Rights Act into law, which was motivated by the Yogurt Shop Murders. The law is intended to help ensure that federal law enforcement reviews cold case files and applies the latest technologies and investigative standards. The logistics are not clear in the bill; however, it states that a request can be made for a cold case review by federal agencies. [34] [35]

Book

The murders were the subject of Beverly Lowry's 2016 nonfiction book Who Killed These Girls? Cold Case: The Yogurt Shop Murders, [36] Corey Mitchell's 2016 nonfiction book Murdered Innocents [37] and the novel See How Small by Scott Blackwood. [38]

See also

Murders in the Austin area:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Memphis Three</span> Three men convicted of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, United States

The West Memphis Three are three freed men convicted as teenagers in 1994 of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas, United States. Damien Echols was sentenced to death, Jessie Misskelley Jr. to life imprisonment plus two 20-year sentences, and Jason Baldwin to life imprisonment. During the trial, the prosecution asserted that the juveniles killed the children as part of a Satanic ritual.

A cold case is a crime, or a suspected crime, that has not yet been fully resolved and is not the subject of a current criminal investigation, but for which new information could emerge from new witness testimony, re-examined archives, new or retained material evidence, or fresh activities of a suspect. New technological methods developed after the crime was committed can be used on the surviving evidence for analysis often with conclusive results.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronnie Earle</span> American politician and judge (1942–2020)

Ronald Dale Earle was an American politician and judge who was, from January 1977 to January 2009, the District Attorney for Travis County, Texas. He became nationally known for filing charges against House majority leader Tom DeLay in September 2005 for conspiring to violate Texas' election law and/or to launder money. In Texas, Earle was known for his criminal justice reform efforts which focused on crime prevention, alternative sentencing, victim advocacy, and the reintegration of former offenders into society. In 1983, Earle – an Eagle Scout – prosecuted himself for an election law violation after missing a campaign finance filing deadline by one day; he was fined $212. Earle was a fixture in Travis County politics and served in public office there for more than 30 years, joking that he was asked if he was the "District Eternity".

The Kentucky Fried Chicken murders were an armed robbery and mass murder which took place at a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant in Kilgore, Texas, in 1983. For over two decades, it was unsolved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder of Amy Mihaljevic</span> 1989 murder of an American schoolgirl

Amy Renee Mihaljevic was a ten-year-old American elementary school student who was kidnapped and murdered in the U.S. state of Ohio in 1989.

The Family Murders is the name given to a series of five murders in Australia, speculated to have been committed by a loosely connected group of individuals who came to be known as "The Family". This group was believed to be involved in the kidnapping and sexual abuse of a number of teenage boys and young men, as well as the torture and murder of five young men aged between 14 and 25, in Adelaide, South Australia, in the 1970s and 1980s.

This is a list of notable overturned convictions in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steve Wright (serial killer)</span> British serial killer

Steven Gerald James Wright is an English serial killer, also known as the Suffolk Strangler. He is currently serving life imprisonment for the murder of five women who worked in Ipswich, Suffolk. The killings took place during the final months of 2006 and Wright was found guilty in February 2008 and given a whole life order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World's End Murders</span> Crime in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1977

The World's End Murders is the colloquial name given to the murder of two girls, Christine Eadie, 17, and Helen Scott, 17, in Edinburgh, in October 1977. The case is so named because both victims were last seen alive leaving The World's End pub in Edinburgh's Old Town. The only person to stand trial accused of the murders, Angus Robertson Sinclair, was acquitted in 2007 in controversial circumstances. Following the amendment of the law of double jeopardy, which would have prevented his retrial, Sinclair was retried in October 2014 and convicted of both murders on 14 November 2014. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 37 years, the longest sentence by a Scottish court, meaning he would have been 106 years old when he was eligible for a potential release on parole. He died at HM Prison Glenochil aged 73 on 11 March 2019. Coincidentally, he died on the same day the BBC's Crimewatch Roadshow programme profiled the murders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derrick Todd Lee</span> American serial killer (1968–2016)

Derrick Todd Lee, also known as The Baton Rouge Serial Killer, was an American serial killer who, from 1998 to 2003, terrorized the areas surrounding Baton Rouge and Lafayette, Louisiana, by committing the murders of at least seven women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burger Chef murders</span> 1978 quadruple homicide case

The Burger Chef murders took place at a Burger Chef restaurant in Speedway, Indiana, United States, on the night of Friday, November 17, 1978. Four young employees went missing in what was initially thought to be a petty theft of cash from the restaurant's safe. By Saturday morning it became a clear case of robbery-kidnapping, and by Sunday, when their bodies were discovered, a case of murder. While investigators believe they have identified some or all of the perpetrators, without physical evidence they have not been able to prosecute those who remain alive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Tobin</span> Scottish serial killer (1946–2022)

Peter Britton Tobin was a Scottish convicted serial killer and sex offender who served a whole life order at HM Prison Edinburgh for three murders committed between 1991 and 2006. Police also investigated Tobin over the deaths and disappearances of other young women and girls.

The murders of Margaret Tapp and Seana Tapp, sometimes simply referred to as the Tapp murders, are unsolved crimes that occurred on 7 August 1984. The murders have been described as one of the most notorious unsolved murder cases in Australian history.

Scott William Cox is a suspected American serial killer, convicted on two separate counts of homicide in 1993 in Portland, Oregon, and suspected of many more. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison but was granted parole in 2013, five years early. He currently is serving a post-prison supervision term of life. He is also the prime suspect in 20 unsolved murder cases throughout the United States and Canada, although charges were never brought against him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stuart Heaton case</span> 1991 murder case

The Stuart Heaton case was a controversial murder investigation that resulted in the conviction of a man named Stuart Heaton for the 1991 murder of a sixteen-year-old, Krystal Naab, in Ramsey, Illinois. Heaton was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. The case against him was largely circumstantial, except for a semen sample found on the victim. DNA profiling that was conducted and presented at the trial as evidence against Heaton was disputed by some scientists. In 2001 another DNA test was performed, which proved with 31 billion to 1 accuracy that Heaton was the killer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald Lee Moore</span> American murderer (1967–2008)

Ronald Lee Moore was an American fugitive, murderer, rapist and suspected serial killer who murdered at least two women between 1996 and 1999. He was not connected to either murder until over a decade later. In November 2007, while incarcerated in Baltimore for burglary, Moore was accidentally released due to a clerical error. He was captured on December 24, 2007, but committed suicide by hanging in January 2008 at the Nelson Coleman Correctional Center in Louisiana. After his suicide, DNA testing linked him to other crimes and he was mentioned in the podcast Serial (2014) as a possible suspect in the killing of Hae Min Lee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder of Carla Walker</span> Victim of solved cold case

The murder of Carla Jan Walker is a former cold homicide case that occurred in Fort Worth, Texas. On February 17, 1974, 17-year-old Carla Walker was abducted from a bowling alley parking lot in Fort Worth, Texas. Her body was found three days later in a drainage ditch 30 minutes south of Fort Worth. Walker was beaten, tortured, raped, and strangled to death.

Alun Kyte, known as the Midlands Ripper, is an English double murderer, serial rapist, child rapist, paedophile and suspected serial killer. He was convicted in 2000 of the murders of two sex workers, 20-year-old Samo Paull and 30-year-old Tracey Turner, whom he killed in December 1993 and March 1994 respectively. After his conviction, investigators announced their suspicions that Kyte could have been behind a number of other unsolved murders of sex workers across Britain in the 1980s and 1990s. He was apprehended due to the ground-breaking investigations of a wider police inquiry named Operation Enigma, which was launched in 1996 in response to the murders of Paull, Turner and of a large number of other sex workers. Kyte was sentenced to a minimum of 25 years imprisonment for the murders of Paull and Turner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder of Elizabeth McCabe</span> High profile murder case, 1980

The murder of Elizabeth McCabe was the infamous murder of a 20-year-old woman in Dundee, Scotland in February 1980. The case is one of Scotland's most notorious unsolved murders, and led to one of Scotland's largest manhunts. McCabe had disappeared after a night out at Teazer's Disco in Dundee city centre, and was found strangled to death two weeks later in Templeton Woods on the outskirts of the city. This was only 11 months after another woman, 18-year-old Carol Lannen, had been found dead only 150 yards away in the same woods, leading to the killings being labelled the Templeton Woods murders in the press and causing many to fear that there was a serial killer at large in the city at the time, although police have not linked the murders.

References

  1. ↑ "25 years later: Murder of 4 Austin teens still unsolved". KXAN.com. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  2. 1 2 Smith, Jordan (December 16, 2011). "Scene of the Crime". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  3. ↑ Palmer, Emily (August 21, 2023). "More than 30 Years Later: Inside the Unsolved Yogurt Shop Murders of 4 Teens". People . Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  4. ↑ Lowry, Beverly (2016). Who killed these girls? cold case: the yogurt shop murders (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN   978-0-307-59411-2.
  5. ↑ Pettaway, Taylor (December 12, 2022). "Rape, murder of four teen girls in Austin yogurt shop remains unsolved 31 years later". San Antonio Express-News . Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  6. ↑ "True Crime Society – The Yogurt Shop Murders". True Crime Society. August 19, 2019. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  7. ↑ González, Christian R. "Prosecution doles out crime scene details". News 8 Austin. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  8. ↑ "More testimony expected in yogurt shop murder trial". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal . May 11, 2001. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  9. ↑ Possley, Maurice (December 22, 2016). "National Registry of Exonerations". National Registry of Exonerations. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  10. ↑ González, Christian R. "Yogurt shop suspects". News 8 Austin. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Michael Scott – National Registry of Exonerations". Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  12. ↑ "Who Killed These Girls? Cold Case: The Yogurt Shop Murders". Kirkus Reviews (September 2016).
  13. ↑ Vargas, Hermelinda (May 26, 2006). "Yogurt shop murder conviction overturned". News 8 Austin. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  14. ↑ "United States Supreme Court refuses to reinstate conviction". News 8 Austin. February 27, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  15. ↑ Kreytak, Steven (August 21, 2008). "Yogurt shop suspects' lawyers want more tests". Austin American-Statesman . Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  16. ↑ 7 jurors say yogurt shop murder votes would change Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ McKinley Jr, James C. (July 1, 2009). "New Evidence Opens Old Wound in 1991 Slaying of 4 Girls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  18. ↑ "More testimony expected in yogurt shop murder trial". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal . May 11, 2001. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  19. ↑ Kirk Walsh, S. (January 30, 2015). "Scott Blackwood's 'See How Small'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  20. ↑ Smith, Jordan (June 15, 2001). "Somebody Has to Die". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Deadly Encounter, A Brutal Murder, Still Unsolved". CBS News. September 14, 1998. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  22. ↑ Vargas, Hermelinda (May 26, 2006). "Yogurt shop murder conviction overturned". News 8 Austin. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  23. ↑ "U.S. Supreme Court refuses to reinstate conviction". News 8 Austin. February 27, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  24. ↑ Kreytak, Steven (August 21, 2008). "Yogurt shop suspects' lawyers want more tests". Austin American-Statesman . Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  25. ↑ Kreytak, Steven (September 18, 2008). "Still no DNA match in yogurt shop case". Austin American-Statesman . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  26. ↑ 7 jurors say yogurt shop murder votes would change Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ McKinley Jr, James C. (July 1, 2009). "New Evidence Opens Old Wound in 1991 Slaying of 4 Girls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  28. ↑ "Yogurt shop murder defendants to be released". KVUE. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  29. ↑ Lehmberg, Rosemary (June 24, 2009). "Lehmberg press release". KVUE. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  30. ↑ Yogurt shop suspect dies in shooting Archived December 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Conklin, Audrey. "Austin 'Yogurt Shop Murders': Texas congressman's cold case legislation passes 30 years after carnage". Fox News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  32. ↑ "New DNA tests bringing crime investigators closer to solving 1991 yogurt shop murders". February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  33. ↑ "Are 2 never-identified customers key to solving yogurt shop murders?". Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  34. ↑ "Austin yogurt shop murders motivate new federal law to crack cold cases". August 4, 2022. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Biden signs bipartisan cold case law establishing federal right to request review for victims' families". Fox News . August 5, 2022. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  36. ↑ "Who Killed These Girls? Cold Case: The Yogurt Shop Murders". Kirkus Reviews. September 2016. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016.
  37. ↑ Mitchell, Corey (December 27, 2016). Murdered Innocents. Pinnacle. ISBN   9780786039920.
  38. ↑ Blackwood, Scott (January 20, 2015). See How Small: A Novel . Little, Brown and Company. ISBN   9780316373807.

30°21′35″N97°44′21″W / 30.3596°N 97.7391°W / 30.3596; -97.7391

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.