2000 Zambian census

2000 Census of Zambia
2000 Census of Zambia
General information
Country	Zambia
Topics	Census topics People and population ; Families and living arrangements ; Nationality ; Education ; Economic Characteristics ;
Authority	Central Statistical Office

Last updated November 13, 2022

The 2000 Zambian census was conducted in Zambia in 2000 by DRS under approval of the Government of Zambia, which recorded demographic data from 13 million people and 4 million households.^[1] Planning for the project commenced in 1998.^[1] In October 2000 the census started, with more than 30,000 workers across Zambia completing the 17 million double-sided A4 forms. The census was completed in May 2001.^[1] The scanning was undertaken in collaboration with the Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ) and published by the Central Statistical Office.^[1] The census was noted by the Milton Keynes & North Bucks Chamber of Commerce and the DRS received a special commendation for its census work in Africa.^[1]

According to the census, Zambia had a total population of 9,885,591 with 4,946,298 (50.04%) males and 4,939,293 (49.46%) females and the sex ratio was 999 for every 1,000 males. The total literacy of the population above the age of five stood at 55.3 per cent. Urban population constituted 34.67 per cent and the remaining 65.33 per cent resided in rural areas. The density of population was 13.1 persons per km² and the decadal growth of population was 2.50 per cent. There were 22 major languages spoken in Zambia of which 30.1 per cent of the population spoke Bemba, making it the largest spoken language. Out of the seven broad ethnic groups, Bemba was the most prevalent tribal group (33.6%), followed by Eastern Province group (18.2%). The total labour force was 3,165,151 with a total of 55 per cent of the population being inactive in rural areas and 45 per cent in urban areas. Unemployment increased in the country by 29.9 per cent in 2000. Agriculture was the major occupation with 71.5 per cent involved in it.

The people affected by HIV or AIDS constituted 15 per cent of the population, amounting to one million, of which 60 per cent estimated were women. Only 49 per cent of the total population had access to safe water, while only 15 per cent had access to proper toilets. As per the mortality indicators in 2000, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) stood at 110 deaths per 1,000 children born. The life expectancy at the time of birth increased from 47 in 1990 to 50 in 2000.

Background

The first complete census of Africans in Zambia was carried out in Zambia during May 1963, when the country was a British colony, while the enumeration of non-African people was performed during 1961.^[2] Before the 2000 census enumeration, there were three census enumeration exercises carried out in independent Zambia during 1969, 1980 and 1990.^[3]

Administration

Zambian 2000 census was carried out from 16 October to 15 November 2000 by 30,000 persons deputed by the Census Statistical Office of Zambia. There were two forms: Form A, which had basic details of full name, sex, membership status and was expected to be answered by senior member of each household; Form B had details about individual members of the family. When the respondent was a minor, proxy members having knowledge about the family were enquired. The details in form B were not sufficiently captured on account of lack of knowledge of the proxy members about the family enquired. All buildings that were complete, incomplete, abandoned, habitable or inhabitable were accounted by the enumerators.^[4]

Reports

Zambia had a total population of 9,885,591 including 4,946,298 males and 4,939,293. Among the provinces, Copperbelt Province had the largest population followed by Lusaka, Eastern, Northern and Southern provinces. The interdecadal growth was 3.1 per cent compared to 2.5 per cent during the census of 1990 and 1980. The total literacy of the population above the age of five stood at 55.3 per cent. Urban population constituted 34.67 per cent and the remaining 65.33 per cent resided in rural areas. The density of population was 13.1 persons per km² and the decadal growth of population was 2.50 per cent. The average annual population had a decrease of 19.4 per cent during the decade of 1990-2000. The highest number of females were found at Copperbelt Province, while the lowest was North-Western. Western Province had the highest sex ratio of 1,058 for every 1,000 males while Lusaka had the lowest of 971. The literacy rate was highest in Copperbelt and lowest in Eastern Province. Eastern Province had the largest number of individuals residing in rural areas, while Lusaka had the highest number residing in urban areas. The density of population was highest in Lusaka district with 63.5 persons living per km².

Population distribution in Zambia by states
Provinces	Rank	Population	% of total population	Males	Females	Sex ratio	Literacy rate (%)	Rural (%) Population^[5]	Urban Population	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)^[4]	Decadal Growth% (1990-2000)
Central	6	1,012,257	10.32%	510,501	501,756	983	55.80%	75.99%	24.01%	94,394	10.7	2.80%
Copperbelt	1	1,581,221	16.16%	799,402	781,819	978	70.50%	22.14%	77.86%	31,328	50.5	0.80%
Eastern	3	1,306,173	13.11%	648,676	657,497	1,014	37.90%	91.17%	8.83%	69,106	18.9	27.00%
Luapula	8	775,353	7.84%	387,825	387,528	999	48.40%	86.95%	13.05%	50,567	15.3	3.20%
Luapula	2	1,391,329	14.27%	705,778	685,551	971	70.10%	18.17%	81.83%	21,896	63.5	3.50%
Northern	4	1,258,696	12.74%	629,976	628,720	998	47.00%	85.93%	14.07%	147,826	8.5	3.10%
North-Western	9	583,350	5.88%	290,856	292,494	1,006	43.40%	87.71%	12.29%	125,826	3.1	2.90%
Southern	5	1,212,124	12.16%	601,440	610,684	1,015	56.20%	78.81%	21.19%	85,283	14.2	2.30%
Western	7	765,088	7.52%	371,844	393,244	1,058	50.60%	87.96%	12.04%	126,386	6.1	1.80%
TOTAL	Zambia	9,885,591	100	4,939,293	4,939,293	999	55.3%	65.33%	34.67%	752,612	13.1	2.5%

Language and ethnicity

The census of 2000 indicated that there were 22 major languages spoken in Zambia. A total of 30.1 per cent of the population spoke Bemba, making it the largest spoken language. Nyanja spoken by 10.7 per cent people and Tonga, spoken by 10.6 per cent people were the other commonly spoken languages. Bemba was most common in Copperbelt, Luapala and Northern provinces with more than 50 per cent of population speaking it as the provinces were historically occupied by Bemba tribal group. Lusaka was the most diverse among all provinces with more number of languages spoken. Southern Province had a majority speaking Tonga (69.8%) while a majority in Western Province spoke Lozi (60%).^[6]

Language spoken
Language	Total (%)	Rural (%)	Urban (%)
Bemba	30.1	19.7	48.5
Bisa	1	1.5	0.2
Chewa	4.9	6.7	1.8
English	1.7	0.3	4.2
Ila	0.8	1.1	0.2
Kaonde	2	2.5	1.2
Lala	2	2.8	0.5
Lamba	1.9	2.6	0.5
Lenje	1.4	2	0.3
Lozi	5.7	6.8	3.9
Lunda	2.2	2.9	0.9
Lungu	0.6	0.8	0.2
Luvale	1.7	2.2	0.8
Mambwe	1.2	1.6	0.7
Namwanga	1.3	1.6	0.7
Ngoni	1.2	1.3	1
Nsenga	3.4	4.4	1.7
Nyanja	10.7	4.4	21.8
Senga	0.6	0.9	0.2
Tonga	10.6	14.1	4.3
Tumbuka	2.5	3.4	0.9

The census identified seven broad ethnic groups, out of which Bemba was the most prevalent tribal group (33.6%), followed by Eastern Province group (18.2%). Bemba was most prevalent in Laupula, Central, Copperbelt and Northern provinces, while Tonga group was prevalent in Southern province. The seven ethnic groups were prevalent in nine of the ten provinces and accounted for two-thirds of the total population. Chewa, Nsenga, Tumbuka and Ngoni were the four ethnic groups of the ten found predominantly in Eastern province. Bemba, Kaonde and Mambwe were prevalent in urban areas.^[6]

Ethnicity
Ethnicity	Total (%)	Male (%)	Female (%)	Rural Total (%)	Rural male (%)	Rural female (%)	Urban Total (%)	Urban male (%)	Urban female (%)
Bemba	33.6	33.5	33.6	30.5	30.5	30.5	39.1	38.8	39.3
Tonga	16.8	16.7	16.9	20	20	20.1	11	10.8	11.1
North-Western	10.3	10.4	10.3	11.3	11.4	11.3	8.6	8.7	8.4
Barotse	7.8	7.7	7.9	8.8	8.6	8.9	6.1	6.2	6.1
Eastern	18.2	18.2	18.2	16.9	16.9	16.9	20.5	20.4	20.5
Mambwe	5.9	5.9	5.8	5.3	5.4	5.3	7	7	6.9
Tumbuka	5.1	5.1	5	4.8	4.8	4.8	5.6	5.7	5.4
Others	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.2

Socio-economic conditions

The census computed economically active persons as persons above age of twelve involved in activities, while inactive people accounted were housewives, homemakers and students. The total labour force was 3,165,151 with 2,755,379 employed and 409,772 unemployed people. A total of 55 per cent of the population was inactive in rural areas and 45 per cent in urban areas. The labour force increased by 22.4 per cent in 2000 compared to 1990. Unemployment increased in the country by 29.9 per cent in 2000. A third of the employed population of 71.5 per cent is still involved in agriculture on account of lack of rapid industrialization. A large proportion (62%) of the country were untrained workers.^[7]

As per the report, only 2.7 per cent of the total population were above the age of 65. The country was predominantly rural with 65% of the population living in rural areas. The average size of the households stood at 5 with 80 per cent families led by men. Most of the male-led family households had 88.4 per cent married men, while 45.5 per cent of female-led families were led by widows. The survey also indicated that 73 per cent of the total population lived in poverty, with 83 per cent poor in rural and 56 per cent in urban areas. The people affected by HIV or AIDS constituted 15 per cent of the population, amounting to one million, of which 60 per cent estimated were women. The pandemic results in increased number of orphans, with an estimated 600,000 orphans in the country. It is estimated that by 2014, 974,000 children would be orphaned. There were a total of 1.8 million households with 52.4 per cent of them being traditional. A total of 78 per cent were single house holds. Only 49 per cent of the total population had access to safe water, while only 15 per cent had access to proper toilets. Garbage disposal was improper in 62 per cent of households. Urban households had better sanitation compared to rural areas. A total of 60.9 per cent of households used wood for cooking, while 50 per cent used kerosene for lighting.^[8] The increase in poverty during the decades of 1990 and 2000 were attributed to the cut in government subsidies in agriculture, slash in public services and removal of price control on key commodities.^[9]

Profession
Profession	Total	Male (%)	Female (%)	Total Rural	Rural male (%)	Rural female (%)	Total Urban	Urban male (%)	Urban female (%)
Workers	2812428	1,556,610	1,255,818	2114364	1,086,649	1,027,715	698,064	469,961	228,103
Prof.Tech	4.5	5.6	3.2	1.5	2.1	0.8	13.6	13.6	13.7
Admin & Manag	0.3	0.4	0.1	0	0.1	0	1.1	1.3	0.6
Clerical Workers	1.2	1.4	1	0.2	0.2	0.1	4.5	4.2	5.2
Sales Workers	7.3	7.4	7.2	2.1	2.1	2	23.3	19.8	30.5
Service Workers	3.8	4.6	2.8	0.8	1.1	0.5	12.9	12.8	12.9
Agriculture	71.5	65.4	79	89.5	87.6	91.5	16.9	14.2	22.5
Prod Trans & Worker	7.1	10.7	2.6	2.5	3.4	1.5	21.1	27.6	7.5
Unclassified	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not stated	4.1	4.2	4	3.4	3.4	3.4	6.3	6.1	6.7

Mortality

As per the mortality indicators in 2000, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) stood at 110 deaths per 1,000 children born. It has declined by 12 per cent compared to 1990, but still higher than the levels of 1980. The rate was 16 per cent higher in rural areas compared to the urban areas on account of increased medical facilities in the urban areas. The number of male infants that died was significantly higher than the female infants. Eastern province had the highest IMR, while North-Western province had the lowest. A similar trend was observed in Child Mortality Rate (CMR) where rural and male CMR children were higher than the female counterparts. The life expectancy increased from 47 in 1990 to 50 in 2000, while the low life expectancy at birth is attributed to rural mothers, widowed mothers, uneducated mothers and working mothers.^[10]

Mortality in Zambia by provinces
Provinces	Infant Mortality Rate (per ‘000)	Child Mortality Rate (per ‘000)	Under-five mortality Rate (per ‘000)	Life Expectancy at Birth (Years)
Zambia	110	82	162	50
Male	120	91	169	48
Female	100	72	155	52
Rural	117	89	180	48
Urban	91	64	126	54
Central	100	72	144	52
Copperbelt	91	63	126	54
Eastern	129	100	196	46
Luapula	132	103	224	45
Lusaka	88	60	126	54
Northern	130	101	180	46
North-Western	83	56	137	56
Southern	93	65	138	53
Western	140	111	201	44

Disability

The census computed disability based on whether the respondent was blind or visually impaired, partially sighted, deaf or dumb, hard of hearing, mentally ill, historically suffered mental disorders, mentally retarded or physically challenged. There were a total of eight disabilities thus considered compared to 1990 census when only five disabilities were counted. The loss of feelings in fingers as defined by United Nations was not considered as disability for the survey. There were 256,690 persons in the country, constituting 2.7 per cent of the population, who were disabled. Western Province had 4 per cent disabled individuals, while Copperbelt had only 0.4 per cent disabled persons. The major reasons of disability were computed on account of diseases (38.4%), followed by injury (17.2%), prenatal causes (13.7%) and others (9%). The disabled were higher in rural areas compared to urban and males formed 53 per cent of disabled.^[11]

Disability in Zambia by provinces
Province and sex	Zambia	Rural	Urban	Zambia (%)	Rural (%)	Urban (%)
Zambia	9,337,425	5,990,356	3,347,069	2.7	3.2	0.2
Central	957,288	725,100	232,188	2.5	2.7	2
Copperbelt	1,527,294	290,724	1,236,570	2.3	3.5	2
Eastern	1,226,767	1,118,004	108,763	3.1	3.2	2
Luapula	729,828	616,846	112,982	3.4	3.4	3.2
Lusaka	1,341,167	238,483	1,102,684	1.9	2.8	1.7
Northern	1,174,316	1,011,727	162,589	3.2	3.1	3.5
North	539,822	468,796	71,026	2.8	2.9	1.9
Southern	1,132,810	892,141	240,669	2.6	2.8	1.7
Western	708,133	628,535	79,598	3.8	4.1	2

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 "Census Data Capture in Zambia". DRS. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
↑ Census analytical report of 1980 (PDF) (Report). Central Statistical Office of Zambia. 1980. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
↑ "DFID's programme in Zambia - International Development Committee". UK Parliament. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
1 2 Census 2003, p. 1
↑ Rural Census 2003, p. 28
1 2 Language and ethnicity - Chapter IV 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 41–49.
↑ Economic characteristics - Chapter VI 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 113–130.
↑ Land Tenure, Housing Rights and Gender in Zambia Volume 3 of Land Tenure, Housing Rights, and Gender in [name of Country], United Nations Human Settlements Programme Law, land tenure and gender review: Southern Africa. UN-HABITAT. 2005. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9789211317749.
↑ Razy, Elodie; Rodet, Marie (2016). Children on the Move in Africa: Past and Present Experiences of Migration. Boydell & Brewe. pp. 73–4. ISBN 9781847011381.
↑ Mortality - Chapter VIII 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 113–130.
↑ Disability - Chapter IX 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 131–140.

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Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most central point. Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The nation's population of around 19.5 million is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Zambia, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and others aspects of the population.

Zambia is divided into 10 provinces for administrative purposes. Each province is headed by a minister appointed by the President and there are ministries of central government for each province. The administrative head of each province is the Permanent Secretary, appointed by the President. There are Deputy Permanent Secretary, heads of government departments and civil servants at the provincial level.

Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt, and farming and bush areas to the south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973. The province adjoins the Haut-Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is similarly mineral-rich.

Western Province is one of the 10 provinces in Zambia and encompasses most of the area formerly known as Barotseland. The capital is Mongu, and together with the neighbouring town of Limulunga, Mongu is treated as the capital of Barotseland.

Northern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces. It covers approximately one sixth of Zambia in land area. The provincial capital is Kasama. The province is made up of 12 districts, namely Kasama District, Chilubi District, Kaputa District, Luwingu District, Mbala District, Mporokoso District, Mpulungu District, Mungwi District, Nsama District, Lupososhi District, Lunte District and Senga Hill District. Currently, only Kasama and Mbala have attained municipal council status, while the rest are still district councils. It is widely considered to be the heartland of the Bemba, one of the largest tribes in Zambia.

Central Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces. The provincial capital is Kabwe, which is the home of the Mulungushi Rock of Authority. Central Province has an area of 94,394 km (58,654 mi). It borders eight other provinces and has eleven districts. The total area of forest in the province is 9,095,566 ha, and it has a national park and three game management areas. The first mine in the region was opened up in 1905 making the then Broken Hill town the first mining town. In 1966, he town's name was reverted to its indigenous name - Kabwe meaning 'ore' or 'smelting'.

Eastern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces. The province lies between the Luangwa River and borders with Malawi to the east and Mozambique to the south, from Isoka in the northeast to the north of Luangwa in the south. The provincial capital is Chipata. Eastern province has an area of 51,476 km² (19,875 sq mi), locally shares border with three other provinces of the country and is divided into fifteen districts.

Luapula Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces located in the northern part of the country. Luapula Province is named after the Luapula River and its capital is Mansa. As per the 2010 Zambian census, the Province had a population of 991,927, which accounted for 7.57 per cent of the total Zambian population.

Lusaka Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia. Its capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km². Lusaka is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km² as of 2010. It is the most urban province, with the most doctors and fewest malaria-related incidents. The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park.

Southern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces, and home to Zambia's premier tourist attraction, Mosi-oa-Tunya, shared with Zimbabwe. The centre of the province, the Southern Plateau, has the largest area of commercial farmland of any Zambian province, and produces most of the maize crop.

North-Western Province is one of ten Provinces of Zambia. It covers an area of 125,826 km² (48,582 sq mi), has a population of 727,044 and a population density was 5.80 per square kilometre as of 2010. It is the most sparsely populated province in the country. The provincial capital is Solwezi. The literacy rate stood at 63 per cent against a national average of 70.2 per cent. The rural population constituted 77.45%, while the urban population was 22.55%. North-Western Province is bordered along Angola in the west, the Democratic Republic of Congo in the north, Copperbelt Province in the east, Central in the south-east, and Western Province in the south-west.

Zambia has several major indigenous languages, all members of the Bantu family, as well as Khwedam, Zambian Sign Language, several immigrant languages and the pidgins Settla and Fanagalo. English is the official language and the major language of business and education.

Chinsali is a town in Zambia, which is both the district headquarters of Chinsali District and provincial headquarters of Muchinga Province.

HIV/AIDS is considered the deadliest epidemic in the 21st century. It is transmitted through sex, intravenous drug use and mother-to-child transmission. Zambia is experiencing a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a national HIV prevalence rate of 11.3% among adults ages 15 to 49 as of 2018. Per the 2000 Zambian census, the people affected by HIV/AIDS constituted 15% of the total population, amounting to one million, of which 60% were women. The pandemic results in increased number of orphans, with an estimated 600,000 orphans in the country. It was prevalent more in urban areas compared to rural and among all provinces, Copperbelt Province and Lusaka Province had higher occurrence.

Chitemene, from the ciBemba word meaning “place where branches have been cut for a garden”, is a system of slash and burn agriculture practiced throughout northern Zambia. It involves coppicing or pollarding of standing trees in a primary or secondary growth Miombo woodland, stacking of the cut biomass, and eventual burning of the cut biomass in order to create a thicker layer of ash than would be possible with in situ burning. Crops such as maize, finger millet, sorghum, or cassava are then planted in the burned area.

Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is one of the fastest-developing cities in southern Africa. Lusaka is in the southern part of the central plateau at an elevation of about 1,279 metres (4,196 ft). As of 2019, the city's population was about 3.3 million, while the urban population is estimated at 2.5 million in 2018. Lusaka is the centre of both commerce and government in Zambia and connects to the country's four main highways heading north, south, east and west. English is the official language of the city administration, while Tonga, Lenje, Soli, Lozi and Nyanja are the commonly spoken street languages.

Muchinga Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia. It is located in the northeast of the country and borders with Tanzania in the north, Malawi in the east, Eastern Province in the south, Central Province in the southwest, Luapula Province in the west, and Northern Province in the northwest. The administrative center of the province is Chinsali.

The 2010 Zambian census was conducted in Zambia in 2010 under the approval of the Government of Zambia, which recorded demographic data from 13 million people and 3.2 million households. The 2010 Census of Population and Housing was conducted between 16 October and 15 November 2010, with all parts of the country covered by 30 November 2010. It was the fifth national population census exercise of Zambia since its independence in 1964, with the previous censuses conducted in 1969, 1980, 1990 and 2000. A total of 3.2 million questionnaires were used for data collection and the processing started in April 2011 by the Central Statistical Office. Optical Mark Reading (OMR) and Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) technology were used for data capture. The census was funded by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Kingdom AID, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the African Development Bank (AfDB), who contributed close to 60 per cent of the total expenditure and rest contributed by the Ministry of Finance of the Government of Zambia.

References

Summary report for the 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003.
Population size, growth and Composition - Chapter III 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003.

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[DRS-1] 1 2 3 4 5 "Census Data Capture in Zambia". DRS. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.

[2] Census analytical report of 1980 (PDF) (Report). Central Statistical Office of Zambia. 1980. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.

[pub-3] "DFID's programme in Zambia - International Development Committee". UK Parliament. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2016.

[Census_2003,_p._1-4] 1 2 Census 2003, p. 1

[5] Rural Census 2003, p. 28

[lang-6] 1 2 Language and ethnicity - Chapter IV 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 41–49.

[7] Economic characteristics - Chapter VI 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 113–130.

[8] Land Tenure, Housing Rights and Gender in Zambia Volume 3 of Land Tenure, Housing Rights, and Gender in [name of Country], United Nations Human Settlements Programme Law, land tenure and gender review: Southern Africa. UN-HABITAT. 2005. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9789211317749.

[9] Razy, Elodie; Rodet, Marie (2016). Children on the Move in Africa: Past and Present Experiences of Migration. Boydell & Brewe. pp. 73–4. ISBN 9781847011381.

[10] Mortality - Chapter VIII 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 113–130.

[11] Disability - Chapter IX 2000 Census of population (Report). Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, Republic of Zambia. 2003. pp. 131–140.

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