Luvale language

Luvale
Chiluvale
Native to	Angola, Zambia
Ethnicity	Lovale
Native speakers	640,000 (2001–2010) [1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu (Zone K) Chokwe–Luchazi (K.10) Luvale
Writing system	Latin (Luvale alphabet) Luvale Braille
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Zambia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	lue
Glottolog	luva1239
Guthrie code	K.14 [2]

Luvale (also spelt Chiluvale, Lovale, Lubale, Luena, Lwena) is a Bantu language spoken by the Lovale people of Angola and Zambia. It is recognized as a regional language for educational and administrative purposes in Zambia, where about 168,000 people speak it as of 2006. Luvale uses a modified form of the Latin alphabet in its written form. ^[3]

Luvale is closely related to Chokwe.

Vocabulary

It contains many loanwords from Portuguese from colonial contact during 20th century, ^[4] such as:

Luvale	Portuguese	English
xikata	escada	ladder
xikitelu	mosquitero	mosquito net
ngatwe	gato	cat
mbalili	barril	powder keg (lit. barrel)
kaluwaxa	carro	bicycle
semana	semana	week

Most verbs begin with "ku" in the infinitive form. In a modern dictionary, verbs are listed without the "ku" prefix, unlike in older dictionaries.

Verb	Without Prefix	English infinitive
kutonga	tonga	to sew
kwimba	imba	to sing
kwehuka	ehuka	to step aside

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants of Luvale ^[5]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd	ᶮdʒ	ᵑɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		h
	voiced	v	z	ʒ
Approximant		w	l	j

Vowels

Vowels of Luvale ^[5]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Close-mid	e eː		o oː
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː		ɔ ɔː
Open		a aː

Speakers

• Bernard K. Mbenga
• Samba Yonga
• Mokoomba

References

1. Luvale at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
3. "Luvale (Chiluvale)". Omniglot. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
4. Albaugh, Ericka A.; de Luna, Kathryn M. (2018). Tracing language movement in Africa. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 263, 267, 269, 271. ISBN   9780190657550.
5. Horton, A. E. (1949). A Grammar of Luvale (2nd ed.). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Further reading

• Horton, A. E. (1949). A Grammar of Luvale. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
• Horton, Albert E. (1953). A Dictionary of Luvale. El Monte, Calif.: Lithographed by Rahn Bros. Print. & Lithographing.
• kasahorow (2025). Luvale Learner's Dictionary. New York City, New York: kasahorow.

External links

• "Luvale Reading Lessons". Lubuto Library Special Collections. Archived from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
• Moses C.B. Mulongesa, Vishimo vya Kuuko ^{[ usurped ]}, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
• Luvale language books ^{[ usurped ]}, Lubuto Library Special Collections
• OLAC resources in and about the Luvale language