2013 Maldivian presidential election

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2013 Maldivian presidential election
Flag of Maldives.svg
←  2008 7 September 2013 (annulled first round)
9 November 2013 (first round re-run)
16 November 2013 (second round)		 2018  →
Turnout87.20% (first round) Increase2.svg 1.82pp
91.41% (second round) Increase2.svg 4.83pp
  Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom in January 2014.jpg Mohamed Nasheed cropped.jpg
Nominee Abdulla Yameen Mohamed Nasheed
Party PPM MDP
Running mate Mohamed Jameel Ahmed Mustafa Lutfi
Popular vote111,203105,181
Percentage51.39%48.61%
President before election

Mohammed Waheed Hassan
GIP

Elected President

Abdulla Yameen
PPM

Presidential elections were held in the Maldives on 7, 9 and 16 November 2013. [1] The first round was held on 7 September. As no candidate received a majority, a second round was planned to be held in 28 September between the candidates who received the most votes in the first round, former President Mohamed Nasheed (who was contesting in the election following his controversial resignation, which he and many claimed was a coup d'état amidst the 2011–12 Maldives political crisis) [2] [3] and Abdulla Yameen, paternal half-brother of former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom. Incumbent President Mohammed Waheed Hassan was eliminated in the first round after receiving less votes than three other candidates.

Contents

However, on 27 September the Supreme Court cancelled the run-off and annulled the first round results. [4] A re-run of the first round was held on 9 November, [5] with a similar result to the annulled vote. A run-off was planned for the following day due to the need to have a new President in place by 11 November. However, it was then postponed until 16 November by the Supreme Court after Yameen claimed he needed more time to campaign. [6] Yameen went on to win the run-off with his share of the vote rising from 30% in the first round to 51% in the second round, whilst Nasheed's share increased by only 2%. [7] [8] [9]

Background

2011–12 political crisis

Political friction in the country escalated in December 2011, when an opposition alliance 'Madhanee Ithihaad' was formed, which included the parties that supported the President Mohamed Nasheed in his 2008 presidential race. On 23 December, the capital city was rocked by protests by the opposition against the President Mohamed Nasheed. [10] Further events transpired leading to the arrest of Chief Justice Abdulla Mohamed from his house by the military. [11] [12] This arrest sparked violent protests near the Republic Square. After the government refused to disclose any information to the public, the protests started gaining momentum. Demands went up for an independent investigation into the Judge and to arrest him according to the constitution and for the president to stop using executive power over another institution. [13] [14] The protest extended for over 22 days in the Republic Square and on 6 February 2012, the Maldives Police Service declined to use force to control or disperse the protests and joined the protest for the release of Judge Abdulla Mohamed. [15] President Nasheed resigned the following day.

On 8 February 2012, the Maldivian Democratic Party announced for all its members across the country to go into streets in protests. President Mohamed Nasheed led the protests to Republic Square, announcing that he was forced to resign at gunpoint, and that the event was a coup d'état orchestrated by Vice-President Mohammed Waheed Hassan, who was sworn in as the new president of Maldives on the same day in accordance with the law of the Maldives. [16]

After Nasheed and his supporters continued to protest Waheed's removal from office, he agreed to call a snap election. In April 2012, Waheed set the election for July 2013, stating that no earlier election was constitutionally possible. However Nasheed, strongly opposed this idea instead arguing for a 2012 election to settle the disputed presidency. This date was later then pushed down to September 2013, to when the next presidential election would constitutionally be taking place.[ citation needed ]

Electoral system

The Maldives has Presidential system of government where the president is both head of state and government. Once in office, they could be re-elected to a second 5-year term, which is the limit allowed by the Constitution. [17]

In the Maldives, the president is elected by a majority or more than fifty (50%) percent of the votes cast. When a candidate does not receive a majority of the votes, the election then proceeds to a runoff (or second round), which are mandated to be held no less than 21 days following the election. In a runoff round, the candidates among the two who receives fifty (50%) percent of the valid votes cast, are elected to the office of the president. [18]

The official results of the voting are announced by the Elections Commission and published in the government gazette within seven days of the voting day of the presidential elections.

Candidates

Incumbent President Mohammed Waheed ran as an independent candidate but backed by the Gaumee Itthihaad (National Unity Party) and the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party. Former President Mohamed Nasheed was the Maldivian Democratic Party's candidate. Qasim Ibrahim is the candidate of the Jumhooree Party (JP) and is supported by the Adhaalath Party (AP) and the Dhivehi Qaumee Party. [19]

Leader of the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), former president Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom, declared that he would not participate in any further election on 25 February. [20] PPM held its presidential primary election on 30 March. The candidacy was won by the party's parliamentary group leader, and half-brother of Gayyoom, Abdulla Yameen with 63% of the vote, beating rival candidate Umar Naseer. A total of 31,298 PPM members were eligible to vote in the party's presidential primary through one of the 167 ballot boxes placed in 140 islands. [21] In August, new political party Maldives Development Alliance (MDA) signed a coalition agreement with PPM to provide support in the presidential election. [22]

Results

Following the original first round on 7 September, the Supreme Court annulled the elections and cancelled the planned second round by a vote of four to three. Voting in favour of the annulment, Judge Ahmed Abdulla Didi referenced a confidential police report that claimed that 5,623 ineligible people had voted in the elections including dead people and others under 18. [4] The rechecking of voters' registry was carried out in the presence of the staff of Elections Commission and the Police Service.[ citation needed ]

CandidateRunning matePartyVotes%
Mohamed Nasheed Mustafa Lutfi Maldivian Democratic Party 95,22445.45
Abdulla Yameen Mohamed Jameel Ahmed Progressive Party of Maldives 53,09925.35
Qasim Ibrahim Hassan Saeed Jumhooree Party 50,42224.07
Mohammed Waheed Hassan Ahmed Thasmeen Ali Independent10,7505.13
Total209,495100.00
Valid votes209,49598.87
Invalid/blank votes2,3951.13
Total votes211,890100.00
Registered voters/turnout239,59388.44
Source: Election Commission

Re-run

CandidateRunning matePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Mohamed Nasheed Mustafa Lutfi Maldivian Democratic Party 96,76446.93105,18148.61
Abdulla Yameen Mohamed Jameel Ahmed Progressive Party of Maldives 61,27829.72111,20351.39
Qasim Ibrahim Hassan Saeed Jumhooree Party 48,13123.34
Total206,173100.00216,384100.00
Valid votes206,17398.88216,38498.98
Invalid/blank votes2,3311.122,2371.02
Total votes208,504100.00218,621100.00
Registered voters/turnout239,10587.20239,16591.41
Source: Election Commission

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The history of the Maldives is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions, comprising the areas of South Asia and Indian Ocean. The modern nation is formed of 26 natural atolls, comprising 1194 islands. Historically, the Maldives has held strategic importance due to its location on the major marine routes of the Indian Ocean. The Maldives's nearest neighbors are the British Indian Ocean Territory, Sri Lanka and India. The United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, and some Indian kingdoms have had cultural and economic ties with the Maldives for centuries. In addition to these countries, Maldivians also traded with Aceh and many other kingdoms in what is today Indonesia and Malaysia. The Maldives provided the primary source of cowrie shells, which were then used as currency throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast. Most probably, Maldives were influenced by Kalingas of ancient India who were earliest sea traders to Sri Lanka and the Maldives from India, responsible for the spread of Buddhism. Stashes of Chinese crockery found buried in various locations in the Maldives also show that there was direct or indirect trade contact between China and the Maldives. In 1411 and 1430, the Chinese admiral Zheng He (鄭和) visited the Maldives. The Chinese also became the first country to establish a diplomatic office in the Maldives when the Chinese nationalist government based in Taipei opened an embassy in Malé in 1966. The Embassy of the People's Republic of China has since replaced this office.

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References

  1. ↑ "Presidential Election 2013". Elections Commission of Maldives. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  2. ↑ "Maldives holds fresh election for president". BBC News . 9 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  3. ↑ "Maldives president quits after 'coup'". Al Jazeera . 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  4. 1 2 Robinson, J.J. (8 October 2013). "Maldives top court annuls September 7 presidential vote, sets new election". Yahoo! News . Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  5. ↑ "DG Roundup October 16-22, 2013". IFES Election Guide. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021.
  6. ↑ "Maldives election: Supreme Court delays run-off vote". BBC News . 10 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  7. ↑ "Yameen wins Maldives presidential run-off". Al Jazeera . 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "Presidential Election 2013, Round 1 Statistics". Elections Commission of Maldives. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  9. ↑ "Presidential Election 2013, Round 2 Statistics". Elections Commission of Maldives. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  10. ↑ "Mega Protests to occur all across Maldives tomorrow". Maldives Today. 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  11. ↑ "MNDF arrests Criminal Court Chief Judge Abdulla Mohamed". Haveeru Daily . 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  12. ↑ "Police arrest Judge Abdulla against court orders". Haveeru Daily . 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  13. ↑ Saeed, Shaheeda (27 January 2012). "I will say Judge Abdullah Mohamed is arrested illegally even if I am crushed into pieces:: Kulhudhufushi PM Nasheed". Miadhu. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  14. ↑ "Judge Abdulla's arrest unconstitutional: Suood". Miadhu News. 3 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  15. ↑ "Maldivian police join protesters: Opposition". The Sunday Times . 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  16. ↑ North, Andrew (8 February 2012). "Maldives ex-president Mohamed Nasheed was 'forced out'". BBC News . Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  17. ↑ "Constitution of the Maldives" (PDF). The President's Office . p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  18. ↑ "Comparative Data — Maldives". Ace Project . Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  19. ↑ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Maldives Pres 2013". Electionguide.org.
  20. ↑ Powell, Luke (25 February 2013). "Gayoom opts out of PPM presidential primary". Minivan News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  21. ↑ Powell, Luke (30 March 2013). "Yameen elected as PPM presidential candidate". Minivan News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.
  22. ↑ Bosley, Daniel (14 August 2013). "MDA and PPM successfully conclude coalition talks". Minivan News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013.
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