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 Myanmarportal |
An indirect presidential by-election was held in Myanmar on 28 March 2018, after the resignation of Htin Kyaw. Members of the Assembly of the Union voted for his replacement.
The election was the first by-election presidential election held under the 2008 constitution.
Win Myint was elected president.
President Htin Kyaw of the National League for Democracy party resigned on 21 March 2018, due to ill health. 1st Vice-President, Myint Swe, was sworn in as Acting President. [1]
Under the 2008 constitution, Myanmar has a President, and two Vice-Presidents. They are elected by the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the national legislature.
The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw consists of two chambers, Pyithu Hluttaw, and Amyotha Hluttaw. Most seats are directly elected, but a quarter of the seats in both chambers are appointed by the Tatmadaw.
| Chamber | Type | MPs |
|---|---|---|
| Pyithu Hluttaw | Directly-elected | 330 |
| Military-appointed | 110 | |
| Amyotha Hluttaw | Directly-elected | 168 |
| Military-appointed | 56 |
The Presidential Electoral College is made up of three committees:
Each committee nominates a single candidate. The whole Pyidaungsu Hluttaw then votes, with all three nominees on the ballot together and each of the 664 MPs being entitled to one vote. The vote is a secret ballot. The candidate that receives the highest number of votes is President, the candidate with the second highest number of votes is 1st Vice-President, and the remaining candidate is 2nd Vice-President. This system guarantees the military at least one Vice-President.
In the event of the resignation, death, permanent disability or otherwise vacant nature of the office of the President, the constitution calls for the 1st Vice-President to serve as Acting President. An election must be held within 21 days. The committee that nominated the candidate that subsequently was elected President nominates a replacement, and the other two Vice-Presidents are automatically candidates. [2]
Win Myint was nominated by the committee from Pyithu Hluttaw. He was a member of that house from the Tamwe Township. He was also the Speaker. Thaung Aye, a member of the Pyithu Hluttaw from the Pyawbwe Township, was nominated by the USDP.
The nomination election occurred on 23 March 2018.
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Win Myint | National League for Democracy | 273 | 91.00 | |
| Thaung Aye | Union Solidarity and Development Party | 27 | 9.00 | |
| Total | 300 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 300 | 98.68 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 4 | 1.32 | ||
| Total votes | 304 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 323 | 94.12 | ||
Seven Pyithu Hluttaw seats were vacant.
Myint Swe (USDP) and Henry Van Thio (NLD) were the Vice-Presidents, and therefore became candidates.
The election was held on 28 March 2018.
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Win Myint | National League for Democracy | 403 | 63.77 | |
| Myint Swe | Union Solidarity and Development Party | 211 | 33.39 | |
| Henry Van Thio | National League for Democracy | 18 | 2.85 | |
| Total | 632 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 632 | 99.37 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 4 | 0.63 | ||
| Total votes | 636 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 657 | 96.80 | ||
| Source: Index Mundi [3] | ||||
Seven Pyithu Hluttaw seats were vacant.
Win Myint was sworn in as President of Myanmar on 30 March 2018.
The president of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the head of state and constitutional head of government of Myanmar. The president leads the Cabinet of Myanmar, the executive branch of the Burmese government. The current president is Myint Swe, who assumed the presidency in an acting capacity through a military coup d'état on 1 February 2021.
Myint Swe is a Burmese politician currently serving as Acting President of Myanmar as well as First Vice President. He previously served as the acting president after the resignation of President Htin Kyaw on 21 March 2018, and the chief minister of Yangon Region from 30 March 2011 to 30 March 2016. On 30 March 2016, he was sworn in as the vice president of Myanmar. He is an ethnic Mon ex-military officer in the Myanmar Army with the rank of a lieutenant general.
The National Democratic Force (NDF) is a political party in Myanmar (Burma). It was founded by former members of the National League for Democracy (NLD) who disagreed with the party leadership's decision to boycott the 2010 general election.
The Union Solidarity and Development Party is a political party in Myanmar, registered on 2 June 2010 by the Union Election Commission and currently standing as the largest opposition party in the bicameral Assembly of the Union. It is the successor to the formerly ruling military junta's mass organisation, the Union Solidarity and Development Association. The party was headed by President Thein Sein until 2013, and its headquarters are in Naypyidaw's Dekkhinathiri Township. It is known for its close ties with the military and most of the party officials are former military personnel. The party supported the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, as well as the military junta during the subsequent protests by the public.
The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is the de jure national-level bicameral legislature of Myanmar established by the 2008 National Constitution. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is made up of two houses, the Amyotha Hluttaw, a 224-seat upper house as well as the Pyithu Hluttaw, a 440-seat lower house.
The Amyotha Hluttaw is the de jure upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 224 members, of whom 168 are directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces. The last elections to the Amyotha Hluttaw were held in November 2015. At its second meeting on 3 February 2016, Mahn Win Khaing Than and Aye Thar Aung were elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw and Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw as a whole.
The Pyithu Hluttaw is the de jure lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 440 members, of which 330 are directly elected through the first-past-the-post system in each townships, and 110 are appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces.
The Rakhine Nationalities Development Party was a political party in Myanmar (Burma), representing the interests of the Rakhine people in Rakhine State and Yangon Region. The party contested 44 seats, of which it won 35. RNDP was the largest party in the Rakhine State Hluttaw, the sole State or Region Hluttaw whose largest party was not the Union Solidarity and Development Party following the 2010 General Election. The party was at times accused of stirring up anti-Muslim feelings.
The Cabinet of Myanmar, officially the Union Government, is the executive body of the government of Myanmar led by the prime minister of Myanmar. The Provisional Government serves as the current cabinet.
Thein Swe is a Burmese politician and political prisoner who currently serves as an Amyotha Hluttaw member of parliament for Ayeyarwady Region' Constituency № 10. His father Min Swe is a former MP elect, having won a majority of 20,358 in the 1990 Burmese general election.
Win Myint is a Burmese politician who served as the tenth president of Myanmar from 2018 to 2021. He was removed from office in the 2021 Burmese coup d'état. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar from 2016 to 2018. He also served as a member of parliament in the House of Representatives from 2012 to 2018. Win Myint was viewed as an important ally and placeholder for State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, who served as the actual head of government but was constitutionally barred from the presidency.
General elections were held in Myanmar on 8 November 2015, with the National League for Democracy winning a supermajority of seats in the combined national parliament. Voting occurred in all constituencies, excluding seats appointed by the military, to select Members of Assembly to seats in both the upper house and the lower house of the Assembly of the Union, and State and Region Hluttaws. Ethnic Affairs Ministers were also elected by their designated electorates on the same day, although only select ethnic minorities in particular states and regions were entitled to vote for them.
According to Constitution of Myanmar, the Constitutional Tribunal of the Union was founded on 31 March 2011. Its headquarters is located in Office No. 54, Ottarathiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw City, Myanmar. There is one chairperson and eight members on the Tribunal, who serve five year terms. Members of the tribunal are elected proportionally by the President, Pyithu Hluttaw, and Amyotha Hluttaw. The members of the Constitutional Tribunal are all required to be legal experts.
The Presidential Electoral College is an electoral college made up of MPs that elects the President of Myanmar.
Htin Kyaw is a Burmese politician, writer and scholar who served as the ninth president of Myanmar from 30 March 2016 to 21 March 2018. He was the first elected president to hold the office with no ties to the military since the 1962 coup d'état. The second son of scholar Min Thu Wun, Htin Kyaw had held various positions in the education, planning and treasury ministries in prior governments.
Henry Van Thio is a Burmese politician who is the Second Vice President of Myanmar since 30 March 2016. He previously served as a member of Amyotha Hluttaw. In the 2015 election, he contested and won the Chin State No. 3 constituency for a seat in the country's upper house. He was sworn in as the Second Vice President on 30 March 2016.
The Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is a Burmese legislative body in exile, representing a group of National League for Democracy lawmakers and members of parliament ousted in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. The Committee consists of 17 members of the Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw.
A general election is expected to be held in Myanmar sometime in 2023 between 1 February and 1 August. Voters will elect representatives to both the Amyotha Hluttaw and the Pyithu Hluttaw of the Assembly of the Union. The election will be the first after the 2021 military coup d'état. Since the coup, the military has ruled the country under a state of emergency, which has been set by Acting President Myint Swe for the maximum constitutional duration of two years. The constitution requires elections be held no later than six months from the end of the state of emergency, and as such, the military has pledged to hold the election by 1 August 2023, exactly two years and six months after the coup. The military is expected to seek legitimacy for its extended rule through the election, which is unlikely to be free and fair.
Indirect presidential elections were held in Myanmar on 4 February 2011, after the 2010 general election. Members of the Assembly of the Union voted for the country's President, and two Vice-Presidents.
Indirect presidential elections were held in Myanmar on 15 March 2016, after the 2015 general election. Members of the Assembly of the Union voted for the country's President, and two Vice-Presidents.
